Background
Methods
Data sources and study population
Variables
Variable Group | Data Source | Identification and/or Definition |
---|---|---|
Socio-demographic Characteristics | Enrollment Files, Claims, Minimum Data Set | Patient age at BAM initiation, gender, race, nursing home geographic region, calculated Body Mass Index (BMI) |
Minimum Data Set | Categories were collapsed as follows: Intact, Borderline Intact/Mild Impairment, Moderate Impairment, Moderate-severe/Severe/Very Severe Impairment. | |
Behavioral Score [56] | Minimum Data Set | Total score includes sum of score of five items, where every item is measured on a scale from 0 (behavior not present in past 7 days) to 3 (behavior is daily), with a total score possibility between 0 and 15 points. The items include wandering (item E4a), verbally abusive behavior (item E4b), physically abusive behavior (item E4c), socially inappropriate or disruptive behavioral symptoms (item E4d), and resistance to care (item E4e). |
Changes in Health, End-Stage Disease and Symptoms and Signs (CHESS) [48] | Minimum Data Set | Categories were collapsed as follows: Score of 0, Score of 1 or 2, Score of 3, Score of 4 or 5. |
Activities of Daily Living [49] | Minimum Data Set | Total score range from 0 to 28. |
Elixhauser Comorbidities [50] | Minimum Data Set | Diagnosis indicators for: congestive heart failure, cardiac arrhythmia, peripheral vascular disorders, hypertension (uncomplicated and complicated), diabetes (uncomplicated and complicated), renal failure, AIDS/HIV, weight loss, paralysis, other neurological disorders, psychoses, depression, blood loss anemia. |
Other Comorbidities | Minimum Data Set, Claims | Diagnosis of: hemiplegia/hemiparesis, paraplegia, quadriplegia, aphasia, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, manic depression/bipolar disease, schizophrenia. |
Continence-Related Measures | Minimum Data Set | Bladder continence (item H1B), bowel continence (item H1A), bowel elimination patterns (items H2A, H2B, H2C, H2D), continence management (scheduled toileting plan [item H3A], bladder retraining program [item H3B], external catheter [item H3C], indwelling catheter [item H3D], intermittent catheter [item H3E], pads/briefs used [item H3G], no appliance or program [item H3J]). |
Infection | Minimum Data Set | Diagnosis of urinary tract infection in last 30 days (item I2J). |
Balance and Gait | Minimum Data Set | Balance while standing (item G3A), balance while sitting (item G3B), unsteady gait (item J1 N), fell in past 30 days (item J4A), fell in past 31–180 days (item J4B), hip fracture in last 180 days (item J4C), other fracture in last 180 days (item J4D). |
Total Medications and Concomitant Medications | Claims | Total number of medications were counted for last 7 days and categorized as: 0 medications, 1 to 5, 6 to 10, or >10 medications. Concomitant medication classes included: calcium channel blockers, cognitive enhancers, antiparkinson, diuretics, antipsychotics, antivertigo, beta blockers, anxiolytic sedative/hypnotics, ACE inhibitors, antidepressants, ARB, alpha blockers, anticonvulsant, vasodilators, benzodiazepines. |
Anticholinergic Burden/ADS Score [51] | Claims | Calculated from concomitant medications after removal of prescribed BAM medications. |
Statistical analysis
Results
New Non-Selective IR Users (n = 5297) | New Non-Selective ER Users (n = 5876) | New Selective Users (n = 1726) | Total New Users (n = 12,899) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | ||||
65–74 | 942 (17.8%) | 1046 (17.8%) | 309 (17.9%) | 2297 (17.8%) |
75–84 | 1959 (37.0%) | 2318 (39.4%) | 651 (37.7%) | 4928 (38.2%) |
85 and Older | 2396 (45.2%) | 2512 (42.8%) | 766 (44.4%) | 5674 (44.0%) |
Sex | ||||
Female | 3793 (71.6%) | 4624 (78.7%) | 1315 (76.2%) | 9732 (75.4%) |
Male | 1504 (28.4%) | 1252 (21.3%) | 411 (23.8%) | 3167 (24.6%) |
Race | ||||
White | 4669 (88.1%) | 5278 (89.8%) | 1561 (90.4%) | 11,508 (89.2%) |
Black | 459 (8.7%) | 427 (7.3%) | 115 (6.7%) | 1001 (7.8%) |
Other | 169 (3.2%) | 171 (2.9%) | 50 (2.9%) | 390 (3.0%) |
Nursing Home Region | ||||
Midwest | 1744 (32.9%) | 2695 (45.9%) | 744 (43.1%) | 5183 (40.2%) |
Northeast | 1500 (28.3%) | 1168 (19.9%) | 285 (16.5%) | 2953 (22.9%) |
South | 1705 (32.2%) | 1615 (27.5%) | 613 (35.5%) | 3933 (30.5%) |
West | 348 (6.6%) | 398 (6.8%) | 84 (4.9%) | 830 (6.4%) |
Body Mass Index | ||||
Underweight | 573 (10.9%) | 422 (7.2%) | 100 (5.8%) | 1095 (8.5%) |
Normal | 2304 (43.9%) | 2322 (39.7%) | 674 (39.3%) | 5300 (41.4%) |
Overweight | 1357 (25.8%) | 1614 (27.6%) | 515 (30.0%) | 3486 (27.2%) |
Obese | 1018 (19.4%) | 1487 (25.4%) | 428 (24.9%) | 2933 (22.9%) |
Cognitive Performance Score | ||||
Intact | 978 (18.5%) | 1355 (23.1%) | 384 (22.3%) | 2717 (21.1%) |
Borderline intact/Mild impairment | 1661 (31.4%) | 2286 (39.0%) | 698 (40.5%) | 4645 (36.1%) |
Moderate impairment | 1598 (30.2%) | 1826 (31.1%) | 523 (30.3%) | 3947 (30.7%) |
Moderate-severe/Severe/Very Severe impairment | 1046 (19.8%) | 402 (6.8%) | 119 (6.9%) | 1567 (12.2%) |
Mean Behavioral Score (SD) | 0.6 (1.42) | 0.4 (1.15) | 0.4 (1.12) | 0.5 (1.27) |
CHESS | ||||
Score of 0 | 1397 (27.5%) | 1761 (30.9%) | 560 (33.6%) | 3718 (29.9%) |
Score of 1 or 2 | 2984 (58.7%) | 3418 (60.0%) | 943 (56.6%) | 7345 (59.0%) |
Score of 3 | 552 (10.9%) | 432 (7.6%) | 133 (8.0%) | 1117 (9.0%) |
Score of 4 or 5 | 152 (3.0%) | 85 (1.5%) | 30 (1.8%) | 267 (2.1%) |
Mean Activities of Daily Living (SD) | 17 (7.13) | 14.5 (6.59) | 14.0 (16.7) | 15.5 (6.95) |
Elixhauser Comorbidities | ||||
Congestive Heart Failure | 1291 (24.4%) | 1204 (20.5%) | 352 (20.4%) | 2847 (22.1%) |
Cardiac Arrhythmia | 1233 (23.3%) | 1223 (20.8%) | 345 (20.0%) | 2801 (21.7%) |
Peripheral Vascular Disorders | 388 (7.3%) | 434 (7.4%) | 114 (6.6%) | 936 (7.3%) |
Hypertension, Uncomplicated | 2227 (42.0%) | 2723 (46.3%) | 744 (43.1%) | 5694 (44.1%) |
Hypertension, Complicated | 563 (10.6%) | 519 (8.8%) | 164 (9.5%) | 1246 (9.7%) |
Diabetes, Uncomplicated | 1130 (21.3%) | 1215 (20.7%) | 346 (20.0%) | 2691 (20.9%) |
Diabetes, Complicated | 290 (5.5%) | 323 (5.5%) | 78 (4.5%) | 691 (5.4%) |
Renal Failure | 669 (12.6%) | 572 (9.7%) | 192 (11.1%) | 1433 (11.1%) |
AIDS/HIV | 1 (0.0%) | 1 (0.0%) | 1 (0.1%) | 3 (0.0%) |
Weight Loss | 504 (9.5%) | 311 (5.3%) | 87 (5.0%) | 902 (7.0%) |
Paralysis | 225 (4.2%) | 220 (3.7%) | 49 (2.8%) | 494 (3.8%) |
Other Neurological Disorders | 733 (13.8%) | 648 (11.0%) | 189 (11.0%) | 1570 (12.2%) |
Psychoses | 281 (5.3%) | 314 (5.3%) | 86 (5.0%) | 681 (5.3%) |
Depression | 835 (15.8%) | 968 (16.5%) | 300 (17.4%) | 2103 (16.3%) |
Blood Loss Anemia | 114 (2.2%) | 123 (2.1%) | 29 (1.7%) | 266 (2.1%) |
Other Comorbidities | ||||
Hemiplegia/hemiparesis | 451 (8.5%) | 420 (7.1%) | 111 (6.4%) | 982 (7.6%) |
Paraplegia | 24 (0.5%) | 25 (0.4%) | 8 (0.5%) | 57 (0.4%) |
Quadriplegia | 21 (0.4%) | 8 (0.1%) | 1 (0.1%) | 30 (0.2%) |
Aphasia | 243 (4.6%) | 96 (1.6%) | 26 (1.5%) | 365 (2.8%) |
Cerebral Palsy | 11 (0.2%) | 7 (0.1%) | 1 (0.1%) | 19 (0.1%) |
Multiple Sclerosis | 31 (0.6%) | 32 (0.5%) | 12 (0.7%) | 75 (0.6%) |
Parkinsons Disease | 399 (7.5%) | 389 (6.6%) | 143 (8.3%) | 931 (7.2%) |
Manic Depression/Bipolar Disease | 128 (2.4%) | 162 (2.8%) | 39 (2.3%) | 329 (2.6%) |
Schizophrenia | 121 (2.3%) | 129 (2.2%) | 40 (2.3%) | 290 (2.2%) |
Bladder Continence | ||||
Continent | 2172 (41.0%) | 2431 (41.4%) | 706 (40.9%) | 5309 (41.2%) |
Usually Continent | 515 (9.7%) | 748 (12.7%) | 211 (12.2%) | 1474 (11.4%) |
Occasionally Incontinent | 521 (9.8%) | 873 (14.9%) | 248 (14.4%) | 1642 (12.7%) |
Frequently Incontinent | 918 (17.3%) | 1221 (20.8%) | 364 (21.1%) | 2503 (19.4%) |
Incontinent | 1170 (22.1%) | 603 (10.3%) | 197 (11.4%) | 1970 (15.3%) |
Bladder Continence Management | ||||
Scheduled Toileting Plan | 1369 (25.8%) | 1616 (27.5%) | 448 (26.0%) | 3433 (26.6%) |
Bladder Retaining Program | 58 (1.1%) | 70 (1.2%) | 12 (0.7%) | 140 (1.1%) |
External Catheter | 11 (0.2%) | 11 (0.2%) | 1 (0.1%) | 23 (0.2%) |
Indwelling Catheter | 1133 (21.4%) | 855 (14.6%) | 221 (12.8%) | 2209 (17.1%) |
Intermittent Catheter | 57 (1.1%) | 58 (1.0%) | 20 (1.2%) | 135 (1.0%) |
Pads/Briefs Used | 3376 (63.7%) | 3306 (56.3%) | 1002 (58.1%) | 7684 (59.6%) |
No Appliance or Program | 1172 (22.1%) | 1755 (29.9%) | 496 (28.7%) | 3423 (26.5%) |
Bowel Continence | ||||
Continent | 2544 (48.1%) | 3821 (65.0%) | 1113 (64.5%) | 7478 (58.0%) |
Usually Continent | 461 (8.7%) | 520 (8.9%) | 185 (10.7%) | 1166 (9.0%) |
Occasionally Incontinent | 307 (5.8%) | 393 (6.7%) | 100 (5.8%) | 800 (6.2%) |
Frequently Incontinent | 565 (10.7%) | 494 (8.4%) | 134 (7.8%) | 1193 (9.3%) |
Incontinent | 1417 (26.8%) | 647 (11.0%) | 194 (11.2%) | 2258 (17.5%) |
Bowel Elimination Patterns | ||||
Regular | 4154 (78.4%) | 45,98 (78.3%) | 1342 (77.8%) | 10,094 (78.3%) |
Constipation | 494 (9.3%) | 557 (9.5%) | 166 (9.6%) | 1217 (9.4%) |
Diarrhea | 277 (5.2%) | 228 (3.9%) | 70 (4.1%) | 575 (4.5%) |
Fecal Impaction | 4 (0.1%) | 3 (0.1%) | 2 (0.1%) | 9 (0.1%) |
Urinary Tract Infection in Last 30 Days | 1210 (22.8%) | 1285 (21.9%) | 384 (22.2%) | 2879 (22.3%) |
Vision | ||||
Adequate | 3588 (68.2%) | 4196 (71.5%) | 1240 (71.8%) | 9024 (70.2%) |
Impaired | 935 (17.8%) | 1074 (18.3%) | 314 (18.2%) | 2323 (18.1%) |
Moderately Impaired | 330 (6.3%) | 347 (5.9%) | 97 (5.6%) | 774 (6.0%) |
Highly Impaired | 318 (6.0%) | 172 (2.9%) | 51 (3.0%) | 541 (4.2%) |
Severely Impaired | 93 (1.8%) | 81 (1.4%) | 24 (1.4%) | 198 (1.5%) |
Balance While Standing | ||||
Maintained position as required in test | 256 (4.9%) | 403 (6.9%) | 134 (7.8%) | 793 (6.2%) |
Unsteady, but able to rebalance self without physical support | 709 (13.5%) | 928 (15.9%) | 290 (16.9%) | 1927 (15.0%) |
Partial physical support during test or stands but does not follow directions for test | 1235 (23.5%) | 1668 (28.5%) | 517 (30.0%) | 3420 (26.7%) |
Not able to attempt test without physical help | 3052 (58.1%) | 2845 (48.7%) | 780 (45.3%) | 6677 (52.1%) |
Balance While Sitting | ||||
Maintained position as required in test | 2846 (53.9%) | 3857 (65.8%) | 1188 (68.9%) | 7891 (61.3%) |
Unsteady, but able to rebalance self without physical support | 665 (12.6%) | 773 (13.2%) | 212 (12.3%) | 1650 (12.8%) |
Partial physical support during test or stands but does not follow directions for test | 873 (16.5%) | 767 (13.1%) | 205 (11.9%) | 1845 (14.3%) |
Not able to attempt test without physical help | 897 (17.0%) | 469 (8.0%) | 120 (7.0%) | 1486 (11.5%) |
Unsteady Gait | ||||
Unsteady Gait | 2459 (46.4%) | 3192 (54.3%) | 911 (52.8%) | 6562 (50.9%) |
Fell in past 30 days | 1580 (29.8%) | 2080 (35.4%) | 559 (32.4%) | 4219 (32.7%) |
Fell in past 31–180 days | 1320 (24.9%) | 1548 (26.4%) | 471 (27.3%) | 3339 (25.9%) |
Hip fracture in last 180 days | 304 (5.7%) | 421 (7.2%) | 92 (5.3%) | 817 (6.3%) |
Other fracture in last 180 days | 346 (6.5%) | 533 (9.1%) | 154 (8.9%) | 1033 (8.0%) |
Number of meds in the last 7 days | ||||
0 medications | 9 (0.2%) | 7 (0.1%) | 1 (0.1%) | 17 (0.1%) |
1 to 5 medications | 375 (7.1%) | 376 (6.4%) | 104 (6.0%) | 855 (6.6%) |
6 to 10 medications | 1740 (32.8%) | 1977 (33.7%) | 580 (33.6%) | 4297 (33.3%) |
>10 medications | 3.173 (59.9%) | 3515 (59.8%) | 1041 (60.3%) | 7729 (59.9%) |
Concomitant Medications | ||||
Calcium Channel Blockers | 1319 (24.9%) | 16,26 (27.7%) | 507 (29.4%) | 3452 (26.8%) |
Cognitive Enhancers | 1449 (27.4%) | 1576 (26.8%) | 509 (29.5%) | 3534 (27.4%) |
Antiparkinson | 536 (10.1%) | 585 (10.0%) | 208 (12.1%) | 1329 (10.3%) |
Diuretics | 2378 (44.9%) | 2722 (46.3%) | 811 (47.0%) | 5911 (45.8%) |
Antipsychotics | 1510 (28.5%) | 1277 (21.7%) | 363 (21.0%) | 3150 (24.4%) |
Antivertigo | 1164 (22.0%) | 769 (13.1%) | 210 (12.2%) | 2143 (16.6%) |
Beta Blockers | 2296 (43.3%) | 2497 (42.5%) | 778 (45.1%) | 5571 (43.2%) |
Anxiolytic Sedative/Hypnotic Agent | 795 (15.0%) | 892 (15.2%) | 250 (14.5%) | 1937 (15.0%) |
ACE Inhibitors | 1521 (28.7%) | 1855 (31.6%) | 538 (31.2%) | 3914 (30.3%) |
Antidepressant | 3019 (57.0%) | 3319 (56.5%) | 1004 (58.2%) | 7342 (56.9%) |
ARB | 506 (9.6%) | 653 (11.1%) | 244 (14.1%) | 1403 (10.9%) |
Alpha Blockers | 758 (14.3%) | 822 (14.0%) | 286 (16.6%) | 1866 (14.5%) |
Anticonvulsant | 1336 (25.2%) | 1263 (21.5%) | 411 (23.8%) | 3010 (23.3%) |
Vasodilators | 815 (15.4%) | 734 (12.5%) | 234 (13.6%) | 1783 (13.8%) |
Benzodiazepines | 45 (0.8%) | 49 (0.8%) | 15 (0.9%) | 109 (0.8%) |
Mean Anticholinergic Burden/ADS Score (SD) | 2.8 (2.45) | 4.2 (2.46) | 2.1 (2.00) | 3.3 (2.53) |
New non-selective ER user vs. new non-selective IR user | New selective user vs. New non-selective IR user | |
---|---|---|
OR (95% CI)
|
OR (95% CI)
| |
Age Group | ||
65 to 74 | Ref. | Ref. |
75 to 84 | 1.044 (0.919–1.186) | 0.982 (0.826–1.167) |
85 and Older | 0.857 (0.752–0.977)a
| 0.888 (0.743–1.060) |
Female | 1.266 (1.130–1.418)a
| 1.321 (1.132–1.541)a
|
Race | ||
White | Ref. | Ref. |
Black | 1.288 (1.089–1.523)a
| 0.894 (0.703–1.137) |
Other Race | 1.062 (0.818–1.380) | 1.353 (0.952–1.923) |
Nursing Home Region | ||
Midwest | Ref. | Ref. |
Northeast | 0.624 (0.557–0.700)a
| 0.562 (0.476–0.664)a
|
South | 0.647 (0.581–0.719)a
| 1.052 (0.917–1.207) |
West | 0.848 (0.708–1.016) | 0.622 (0.474–0.815)a
|
Body Mass Index | ||
Underweight | 0.779 (0.663–0.916)a
| 0.673 (0.527–0.859)a
|
Normal | Ref. | Ref. |
Overweight | 1.080 (0.971–1.202) | 1.181 (1.024–1.362)a
|
Obese | 1.346 (1.196–1.515)a
| 1.319 (1.124–1.547)a
|
Cognitive Performance Score | ||
Intact | Ref. | Ref. |
Borderline intact/Mild Impairment | 1.009 (0.895–1.137) | 1.057 (0.900–1.240) |
Moderate impairment | 1.011 (0.886–1.154) | 0.937 (0.783–1.120) |
Moderate-severe/Severe/Very Severe impairment | 0.549 (0.456–0.659)a
| 0.512 (0.391–0.669)a
|
CHESS | ||
Score of 0 | Ref. | Ref. |
Score of 1 or 2 | 0.940 (0.849–1.040) | 0.853 (0.745–0.977)a
|
Score of 3 | 0.727 (0.612–0.864)a
| 0.837 (0.663–1.057) |
Score of 4 or 5 | 0.685 (0.498–0.943)a
| 0.835 (0.538–1.295) |
Activities of Daily Living | 0.989 (0.980–0.997)a
| 0.976 (0.965–0.988)a
|
Elixhauser/Other Comorbidities | ||
Aphasia | 0.554 (0.411–0.746)a
| 0.616 (0.399–0.951)a
|
Congestive Heart Failure | 0.831 (0.745–0.927)a
| 0.834 (0.716–0.971)a
|
Hypertension, Uncomplicated | 1.282 (1.170–1.406)a
| 1.037 (0.915–1.176) |
Weight Loss | 0.777 (0.652–0.926)a
| 0.772 (0.596–0.999)a
|
Bladder Continence | ||
Continent | Ref. | Ref. |
Usually Continent | 1.235 (1.064–1.433)a
| 1.076 (0.880–1.316) |
Occasionally Incontinent | 1.575 (1.355–1.830)a
| 1.495 (1.224–1.827)a
|
Frequently Incontinent | 1.524 (1.326–1.751)a
| 1.503 (1.246–1.813)a
|
Incontinent | 1.083 (0.909–1.290) | 1.204 (0.936–1.550) |
No Bladder Continence Appliance or Program | 1.217 (1.081–1.371)a
| 0.982 (0.836–1.153) |
Bowel Continence | ||
Continent | Ref. | Ref. |
Usually Continent | 0.741 (0.632–0.869)a
| 0.936 (0.763–1.150) |
Occasionally Incontinent | 0.938 (0.775–1.135) | 0.802 (0.617–1.042) |
Frequently Incontinent | 0.759 (0.641–0.899)a
| 0.626 (0.493–0.795)a
|
Incontinent | 0.688 (0.573–0.826)a
| 0.582 (0.446–0.758)a
|
Urinary Tract Infection in Last 30 Days | 1.119 (1.006–1.244)a
| 1.197 (1.037–1.382)a
|
Gait | ||
Unsteady Gait | 1.140 (1.042–1.246)a
| 1.017 (0.900–1.148) |
Fell in Past 30 days | 1.193 (1.082–1.315)a
| 1.072 (0.939–1.223) |
Hip Fracture in Last 180 Days | 1.254 (1.047–1.502)a
| 1.025 (0.778–1.333) |
Other Fracture in Last 180 Days | 1.249 (1.060–1.472)a
| 1.344 (1.071–1.662)a
|
Balance While Sitting | ||
Maintained position as required in test | Ref. | Ref. |
Unsteady, but able to rebalance self without physical support | 1.043 (0.911–1.193) | 0.958 (0.796–1.152) |
Partial physical support during test or stands but does not follow directions for test | 1.026 (0.896–1.174) | 0.866 (0.715–1.049) |
Not able to attempt test without physical help | 0.883 (0.709–0.980)a
| 0.700 (0.551–0.890)a
|
Concomitant Medications | ||
Calcium Channel Blockers | 1.014 (0.919–1.120) | 1.182 (1.036–1.349)a
|
Cognitive Enhancers | 1.031 (0.929–1.144) | 1.203 (1.047–1.382)a
|
Antiparkinson | 0.896 (0.774–1.038) | 1.372 (1.139–1.653)a
|
Antipsychotics | 0.476 (0.425–0.532)a
| 0.874 (0.751–1.017) |
Antivertigo | 0.269 (0.236–0.307)a
| 0.727 (0.608–0.869)a
|
Anxiolytic Sedative or Hypnotic Agent | 0.672 (0.591–0.763)a
| 1.015 (0.853–1.208) |
Antidepressant | 0.597 (0.543–0.656)a
| 1.315 (1.157–1.494)a
|
ARB | 1.024 (0.889–1.180) | 1.287 (1.077–1.538)a
|
Alpha Blockers | 1.024 (0.894–1.173) | 1.299 (1.088–1.553)a
|
Anticonvulsant | 0.719 (0.646–0.799)a
| 0.935 (0.812–1.076) |
Vasodilators | 0.595 (0.523–0.676)a
| 1.024 (0.861–1.216) |
Benzodiazepines | 2.249 (1.357–3.727)a
| 1.694 (0.860–3.338) |
Anticholinergic Burden Score | 1.476 (1.443–1.510)a
| 0.808 (0.780–0.836)a
|
Females (n = 9322) | Males (n = 3011) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
New non-selective ER user vs. new non-selective IR user | New selective user vs. New non-selective IR user | New non-selective ER user vs. new non-selective IR user | New selective user vs. New non-selective IR user | |
OR (95% CI)
|
OR (95% CI)
|
OR (95% CI)
|
OR (95% CI)
| |
Race | ||||
White | – | – | Ref. | Ref. |
Black | – | – | 1.771 (1.319–2.379)a
| 1.085 (0.708–1.664) |
Other Race | – | – | 1.092 (0.685–1.742) | 1.930 (1.086–3.430)a
|
Nursing Home Region | ||||
Midwest | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Northeast | 0.687 (0.603–0.782)a
| 0.607 (0.503–0.734)a
| 0.419 (0.329–0.534)a
| 0.422 (0.295–0.605)a
|
South | 0.709 (0.629–0.799)a
| 1.074 (0.917–1.257) | 0.528 (0.420–0.664)a
| 1.094 (0.823–1.453) |
West | 0.849 (0.689–1.047) | 0.686 (0.501–0.940)a
| 0.886 (0.628–1.250) | 0.550 (0.328–0.923)a
|
Body Mass Index | ||||
Underweight | 0.769 (0.643–0.919)a
| 0.700 (0.537–0.913)a
| 0.846 (0.583–1.227) | 0.498 (0.262–0.949)a
|
Normal | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Overweight | 1.122 (0.992–1.269) | 1.151 (0.974–1.359) | 0.982 (0.791–1.218) | 1.413 (1.065–1.876)a
|
Obese | 1.402 (1.229–1.598)a
| 1.284 (1.073–1.537)a
| 1.398 (1.085–1.801)a
| 1.739 (1.251–2.418)a
|
Cognitive Performance Score | ||||
Intact | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Borderline intact/Mild Impairment | 1.005 (0.878–1.150) | 1.024 (0.854–1.228) | 0.968 (0.747–1.255) | 1.103 (0.782–1.558) |
Moderate impairment | 0.991 (0.853–1.150) | 0.884 (0.722–1.084) | 1.018 (0.772–1.342) | 1.073 (0.740–1.556) |
Moderate-severe/Severe/Very Severe impairment | 0.523 (0.424–0.645)a
| 0.424 (0.310–0.579)a
| 0.519 (0.361–0.747)a
| 0.715 (0.432–1.185) |
CHESS | ||||
Score of 0 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Score of 1 or 2 | 0.959 (0.855–1.077) | 0.916 (0.783–1.071) | 0.882 (0.716–1.086) | 0.709 (0.539–0.932)a
|
Score of 3 | 0.793 (0.653–0.963)a
| 0.906 (0.693–1.185) | 0.517 (0.354–0.754)a
| 0.683 (0.422–1.106) |
Score of 4 or 5 | 0.666(0.468–0.948)a
| 0.673 (0.396–1.144) | 0.657 (0.318–1.356) | 1.639 (0.727–3.695) |
Activities of Daily Living | 0.989 (0.979–0.998)a
| 0.975 (0.963–0.988)a
| 0.983 (0.964–1.002) | 0.969 (0.945–0.994)a
|
Elixhauser/Other Comorbidities | ||||
Aphasia | 0.564 (0.404–0.787)a
| 0.523 (0.313–0.903)a
| – | – |
Congestive Heart Failure | 0.816 (0.720–0.925)a
| 0.804 (0.674–0.959)a
| – | – |
Hypertension, Uncomplicated | 1.348 (1.213–1.497)a
| 1.105 (0.957–1.276) | – | – |
Weight Loss | 0.765 (0.622–0.942)a
| 0.767 (0.565–1.042) | – | – |
Blood Loss Anemia | 0.982 (0.709–1.361) | 0.585 (0.348–0.982)a
| – | – |
Hemiplegia/Hemiparesis | – | – | 1.581 (1.152–2.168)a
| 1.618 (1.075–2.435)a
|
Diabetes, Complicated | – | – | 0.889 (0.615–1.284) | 0.405 (0.215–0.766)a
|
Bladder Continence | ||||
Continent | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Usually Continent | 1.144 (0.963–1.359) | 0.999 (0.789–1.265) | 1.543 (1.108–2.149)a
| 0.994 (0.640–1.543) |
Occasionally Incontinent | 1.570 (1.311–1.881)a
| 1.359 (1.063–1.737)a
| 1.601 (1.153–2.224)a
| 1.510 (0.994–2.294) |
Frequently Incontinent | 1.406 (1.182–1.672)a
| 1.389 (1.097–1.760)a
| 2.011 (1.484–2.726)a
| 1.264 (0.846–1.888) |
Incontinent | 1.048 (0.835–1.315) | 1.100 (0.791–1.531) | 1.282 (0.902–1.822) | 1.055 (0.652–1.708) |
Indwelling Catheter | 1.028 (0.864–1.222) | 0.774 (0.600–0.998)a
| – | – |
No Bladder Continence Appliance or Program | 1.158 (1.002–1.339)a
| 0.917 (0.753–1.117) | – | – |
Pads/Briefs Used | – | – | 0.769 (0.602–0.982)a
| 1.271 (0.917–1.763) |
Bowel Continence | ||||
Continent | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Usually Continent | 0.750 (0.626–0.899)a
| 0.940 (0.742–1.191) | 0.754 (0.535–1.061) | 0.954 (0.622–1.463) |
Occasionally Incontinent | 0.981 (0.786–1.224) | 0.812 (0.597–1.104) | 0.855 (0.581–1.258) | 0.783 (0.469–1.309) |
Frequently Incontinent | 0.771 (0.633–0.938)a
| 0.640 (0.483–0.848)a
| 0.737 (0.525–1.036) | 0.596 (0.371–0.958)a
|
Incontinent | 0.656 (0.529–0.813)a
| 0.564 (0.409–0.778)a
| 0.742 (0.519–1.062) | 0.560 (0.340–0.920)a
|
Bowel Elimination Pattern: Regular | 0.962 (0.854–1.084) | 0.846 (0.720–0.995)a
| – | – |
Urinary Tract Infection in Last 30 Days | 1.123 (0.997–1.265) | 1.254 (1.067–1.474)a
| – | – |
Gait | ||||
Unsteady Gait | 1.156 (1.044–1.280)a
| 1.074 (0.935–1.234) | – | – |
Fell in Past 30 days | 1.153 (1.032–1.288)a
| 1.053 (0.904–1.226) | 1.315 (1.077–1.607)a
| 1.063 (0.812–1.390) |
Hip Fracture in Last 180 Days | 1.297 (1.063–1.583)a
| 1.084 (0.811–1.449) | – | – |
Other Fracture in Last 180 Days | 1.230 (1.033–1.465)a
| 1.339 (1.059–1.694)a
| – | – |
Balance While Standing | ||||
Maintained position as required in test | – | – | Ref. | Ref. |
Unsteady, but able to rebalance self without physical support | – | – | 0.572 (0.370–0.885)a
| 0.806 (0.465–1.396) |
Partial physical support during test or stands but does not follow directions for test | – | – | 0.766 (0.503–1.167) | 0.879 (0.513–1.506) |
Not able to attempt test without physical help | – | – | 0.777 (0.500–1.208) | 0.896 (0.506–1.588) |
Balance While Sitting | ||||
Maintained position as required in test | – | – | Ref. | Ref. |
Unsteady, but able to rebalance self without physical support | – | – | 0.968 (0.719–1.302) | 1.259 (0.871–1.819) |
Partial physical support during test or stands but does not follow directions for test | – | – | 0.883 (0.662–1.178) | 0.702 (0.463–1.064) |
Not able to attempt test without physical help | – | – | 0.650 (0.466–0.909)a
| 0.580 (0.356–0.945)a
|
Concomitant Medications | ||||
Calcium Channel Blockers | 1.025 (0.917–1.145) | 1.195 (1.031–1.386)a
| – | – |
Cognitive Enhancers | 1.057 (0.939–1.191) | 1.280 (1.091–1.501)a
| – | – |
Antiparkinson | 0.891 (0.749–1.059) | 1.334 (1.066–1.668)a
| 0.957 (0.727–1.259) | 1.462 (1.039–2.056)a
|
Antipsychotics | 0.500 (0.440–0.567)a
| 0.875 (0.735–1.043) | 0.440 (0.349–0.556)a
| 0.891 (0.657–1.207) |
Antivertigo | 0.296 (0.256–0.342)a
| 0.763 (0.624–0.932)a
| 0.174 (0.127–0.237)a
| 0.642 (0.430–0.960)a
|
Anxiolytic Sedative or Hypnotic Agent | 0.671 (0.580–0.775)a
| 1.070 (0.879–1.302) | 0.723 (0.548–0.952)a
| 0.911 (0.625–1.327) |
Antidepressant | 0.585 (0.526–0.651)a
| 1.326 (1.145–1.535)a
| 0.617 (0.508–0.952)a
| 1.313 (1.012–1.704)a
|
ARB | 1.066 (0.913–1.244) | 1.340 (1.103–1.629)a
| – | – |
Alpha Blockers | 0.763 (0.622–0.935)a
| 0.893 (0.678–1.176) | 1.286 (1.067–1.549)a
| 1.752 (1.372–2.237)a
|
Anticonvulsant | 0.733 (0.650–0.826)a
| 0.941 (0.801–1.106) | 0.755 (0.607–0.940)a
| 0.965 (0.726–1.283) |
Vasodilators | 0.609 (0.526–0.705)a
| 1.071 (0.879–1.306) | 0.508 (0.390–0.663)a
| 0.912 (0.641–1.297) |
Benzodiazepines | 1.968 (1.099–3.526)a
| 2.232 (1.085–4.592)a
| 3.592 (1.331–9.690)a
| Omission (Not enough data) |
Anticholinergic Burden Score | 1.455 (1.418–1.493)a
| 0.798 (0.767–0.830)a
| 1.578 (1.501–1.659)a
| 0.846 (0.786–0.911)a
|
Sensitivity analyses
New non-selective ER user vs. New non-selective IR user | New selective user vs. new non-selective IR user | |
---|---|---|
OR (95% CI)
|
OR (95% CI)
| |
Age Group | ||
65 to 74 | Ref. | Ref. |
75 to 84 | 1.019 (0.900–1.153) | 0.956 (0.808–1.130) |
85 and Older | 0.863 (0.760–0.980)a
| 0.884 (0.745–1.050) |
Female | 1.279 (1.145–1.428)a
| 1.324 (1.139–1.539)a
|
Race | ||
White | Ref. | Ref. |
Black | 1.269 (1.078–1.494)a
| 0.925 (0.734–1.165) |
Other Race | 1.019 (0.789–1.316) | 1.269 (0.898–1.793) |
Nursing Home Region | ||
Midwest | Ref. | Ref. |
Northeast | 0.627 (0.561–0.700)a
| 0.575 (0.489–0.675)a
|
South | 0.651 (0.587–0.723) | 1.043 (0.911–1.193) |
West | 0.868 (0.727–1.036) | 0.630 (0.483–0.821)a
|
Body Mass Index | ||
Underweight | 0.785 (0.670–0.919)a
| 0.684 (0.539–0.869)a
|
Normal | Ref. | Ref. |
Overweight | 1.085 (0.978–1.204) | 1.198 (1.042–1.378)a
|
Obese | 1.322 (1.178–1.483)a
| 1.342 (1.149–1.567)a
|
Cognitive Performance Score | ||
Intact | Ref. | Ref. |
Borderline intact/Mild Impairment | 1.006 (0.896–1.131) | 1.071 (0.916–1.252) |
Moderate impairment | 0.997 (0.876–1.134) | 0.943 (0.792–1.123) |
Moderate-severe/Severe/Very Severe impairment | 0.526 (0.440–0.628)a
| 0.527 (0.406–0.683)a
|
CHESS | ||
Score of 0 | Ref. | Ref. |
Score of 1 or 2 | 0.928 (0.840–1.025) | 0.852 (0.746–0.974)a
|
Score of 3 | 0.729 (0.615–0.865)a
| 0.820 (0.650–1.034) |
Score of 4 or 5 | 0.650 (0.475–0.890)a
| 0.811 (0.527–1.248 |
Activities of Daily Living | 0.989 (0.980–0.997)a
| 0.976 (0.965–0.987)a
|
Elixhauser/Other Comorbidities | ||
Aphasia | 0.605 (0.457–0.801)a
| 0.574 (0.373–0.882)a
|
Congestive Heart Failure | 0.839 (0.755–0.934)a
| 0.865 (0.747–1.002) |
Hypertension, Uncomplicated | 1.295 (1.184–1.416)a
| 1.054 (0.933–1.191) |
Weight Loss | 0.753 (0.635–0.893)a
| 0.745 (0.580–0.958)a
|
Bladder Continence | ||
Continent | Ref. | Ref. |
Usually Continent | 1.244 (1.076–1.438)a
| 1.099 (0.903–1.337) |
Occasionally Incontinent | 1.586 (1.370–1.837)a
| 1.494 (1.228–1.819)a
|
Frequently Incontinent | 1.538 (1.343–1.761)a
| 1.517 (1.263–1.823)a
|
Incontinent | 1.083 (0.915–1.281) | 1.240 (0.973–1.582) |
No Bladder Continence Appliance or Program | 1.214 (1.081–1.363)a
| 0.997 (0.852–1.166) |
Bowel Continence | ||
Continent | Ref. | Ref. |
Usually Continent | 0.729 (0.624–0.852)a
| 0.943 (0.771–1.153) |
Occasionally Incontinent | 0.901 (0.748–1.086) | 0.768 (0.593–0.994)a
|
Frequently Incontinent | 0.750 (0.636–0.885)a
| 0.641 (0.508–0.809)a
|
Incontinent | 0.678 (0.568–0.808)a
| 0.583 (0.451–0.753)a
|
Urinary Tract Infection in Last 30 Days | 1.104 (0.995–1.225) | 1.168 (1.015–1.344)a
|
Gait | ||
Unsteady Gait | 1.019 (0.894–1.162) | 0.939 (0.784–1.124) |
Fell in Past 30 days | 1.032 (0.904–1.177) | 0.890 (0.739–1.071) |
Hip Fracture in Last 180 Days | 0.825 (0.705–0.966)a
| 0.679 (0.538–0.857)a
|
Other Fracture in Last 180 Days | 1.131 (1.037–1.235)a
| 1.025 (0.911–1.155) |
Balance While Sitting | ||
Maintained position as required in test | Ref. | Ref. |
Unsteady, but able to rebalance self without physical support | 1.183 (1.076–1.300)a
| 1.064 (0.935–1.210) |
Partial physical support during test or stands but does not follow directions for test | 0.252 (1.049–1.494)a
| 1.057 (0.818–1.365) |
Not able to attempt test without physical help | 1.250 (1.065–1.467)a
| 1.348 (1.090–1.668)a
|
Concomitant Medications | ||
Calcium Channel Blockers | 1.029 (0.935–1.134) | 1.156 (1.016–1.315)a
|
Cognitive Enhancers | 1.049 (1.044–1.369)a
| 1.196 (1.044–1.369)a
|
Antiparkinson | 0.902 (0.782–1.040) | 1.354 (1.129–1.625)a
|
Antipsychotics | 0.472 (0.423–0.526)a
| 0.873 (0.753–1.012) |
Antivertigo | 0.267 (0.235–0.303)a
| 0.729 (0.612–0.867)a
|
Anxiolytic Sedative or Hypnotic Agent | 0.671 (0.592–0.760)a
| 1.025 (0.865–1.214) |
Antidepressant | 0.602 (0.549–0.660)a
| 1.301 (1.148–1.474)a
|
ARB | 1.004 (0.874–1.152) | 1.305 (1.097–1.552)a
|
Alpha Blockers | 1.038 (0.909–1.186) | 1.327 (1.116–1.579)a
|
Anticonvulsant | 0.727 (0.656–0.806)a
| 0.930 (0.810–1.067) |
Vasodilators | 0.584 (0.515–0.662)a
| 0.990 (0.836–1.172) |
Benzodiazepines | 2.058 (1.251–3.387)a
| 1.885 (0.993–3.578) |
Anticholinergic Burden Score | 1.478 (1.445–1.511)a
| 0.807 (0.780–0.835)a
|
Females (n = 9732) | Males (n = 3167) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
New non-selective ER user vs. new non-selective IR user | New selective user vs. New non-selective IR user | New non-selective ER user vs. new non-selective IR user | New selective user vs. New non-selective IR user | |
OR (95% CI)
|
OR (95% CI)
|
OR (95% CI)
|
OR (95% CI)
| |
Race | ||||
White | – | – | Ref. | Ref. |
Black | – | – | 1.732 (1.301–2.305)a
| 1.020 (0.673–1.547) |
Other Race | – | – | 1.092 (0.692–1.723) | 1.769 (1.004–3.118)a
|
Nursing Home Region | ||||
Midwest | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Northeast | 0.688 (0.606–0.781)a
| 0.604 (0.503–0.727)a
| 0.426 (0.337–0.539)a
| 0.478 (0.340–0.672)a
|
South | 0.709 (0.630–0.797)a
| 1.047 (0.897–1.222) | 0.534 (0.428–0.667)a
| 1.101 (0.834–1.454) |
West | 0.857 (0.698–1.053) | 0.660 (0.483–0.903)a
| 0.912 (0.651–1.278) | 0.603 (0.366–0.993)a
|
Body Mass Index | ||||
Underweight | 0.781 (0.656–0.931)a
| 0.727 (0.561–0.943)a
| 0.816 (0.570–1.170) | 0.442 (0.234–0.837)a
|
Normal | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Overweight | 1.130 (1.002–1.276)a
| 1.184 (1.006–1.394)a
| 0.982 (0.795–1.211) | 1.365 (1.038–1.796)a
|
Obese | 1.364 (1.200–1.551)a
| 1.347 (1.131–1.605)a
| 1.394 (1.090–1.783)a
| 1.654 (1.201–2.278)a
|
Cognitive Performance Score | ||||
Intact | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Borderline intact/Mild Impairment | 1.008 (0.883–1.150) | 1.061 (0.889–1.267) | 0.960 (0.747–1.235) | 1.016 (0.729–1.417) |
Moderate impairment | 0.978 (0.845–1.132) | 0.891 (0.730–1.088) | 1.009 (0.772–1.320) | 1.018 (0.711–1.457) |
Moderate-severe/Severe/Very Severe impairment | 0.508 (0.414–0.624)a
| 0.445 (0.328–0.603)a
| 0.509 (0.358–0.723)a
| 0.689 (0.424–1.119) |
CHESS | ||||
Score of 0 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Score of 1 or 2 | 0.951 (0.849–1.066) | 0.906 (0.776–1.057) | 0.871 (0.710–1.069) | 0.727 (0.557–0.949)a
|
Score of 3 | 0.788 (0.650–0.956)a
| 0.882 (0.675–1.152) | 0.525 (0.361–0.764)a
| 0.684 (0.423–1.103) |
Score of 4 or 5 | 0.648 (0.457–0.920)a
| 0.691 (0.412–1.159) | 0.612 (0.299–1.252) | 1.431 (0.639–3.204) |
Activities of Daily Living | 0.990 (0.980–0.999)a
| 0.975 (0.963–0.988)a
| 0.984 (0.965–1.002) | 0.972 (0.948–0.997)a
|
Elixhauser/Other Comorbidities | ||||
Aphasia | 0.574 (0.416–0.790)a
| 0.496 (0.293–0.840)a
| – | – |
Congestive Heart Failure | 0.814 (0.720–0.920)a
| 0.811 (0.683–0.963)a
| – | – |
Hypertension, Uncomplicated | 1.348 (1.216–1.494)a
| 1.108 (0.962–1.275) | – | – |
Weight Loss | 0.752 (0.614–0.920)a
| 0.746 (0.552–1.007) | – | – |
Blood Loss Anemia | 0.987 (0.718–1.357) | 0.596 (0.359–0.988)a
| – | – |
Hemiplegia/Hemiparesis | – | – | 1.547 (1.139–2.100)a
| 1.598 (1.075–2.376)a
|
Diabetes, Complicated | – | – | 0.940 (0.657–1.344) | 0.454 (0.250–0.826)a
|
Bladder Continence | ||||
Continent | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Usually Continent | 1.157 (0.978–1.370) | 1.028 (0.816–1.295) | 1.476 (1.070–2.035)a
| 0.988 (0.645–1.512) |
Occasionally Incontinent | 1.536 (1.288–1.833)a
| 1.346 (1.058–1.712)a
| 1.663 (1.295–2.295)a
| 1.442 (0.957–2.174) |
Frequently Incontinent | 1.400 (1.181–1.659)a
| 1.403 (1.113–1.770)a
| 2.032 (1.509–2.737)a
| 1.269 (0.859–1.875) |
Incontinent | 1.018 (0.815–1.270) | 1.120 (0.812–1.543) | 1.274 (0.908–1.786) | 0.987 (0.620–1.571) |
Indwelling Catheter | 1.006 (0.849–1.191) | 0.769 (0.601–0.985)a
| – | – |
Pads/Briefs Used | – | – | 0.793 (0.625–1.006) | 1.286 (0.935–1.767) |
No Bladder Continence Appliance or Program | 1.156 (1.003–1.333)a
| 0.935 (0.771–1.134) | – | – |
Bowel Continence | ||||
Continent | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Usually Continent | 0.741 (0.620–0.885)a
| 0.934 (0.740–1.178) | 0.719 (0.515–1.004) | 0.977 (0.647–1.475) |
Occasionally Incontinent | 0.935 (0.753–1.161) | 0.779 (0.576–1.055) | 0.832 (0.569–1.218) | 0.764 (0.460–1.269) |
Frequently Incontinent | 0.766 (0.631–0.929)a
| 0.649 (0.493–0.854)a
| 0.728 (0.522–1.014) | 0.595 (0.374–0.945)a
|
Incontinent | 0.659 (0.535–0.813)a
| 0.575 (0.421–0.785)a
| 0.731 (0.517–1.033) | 0.569 (0.352–0.921)a
|
Bowel Elimination Pattern: Regular | 0.977 (0.869–1.098) | 0.862 (0.736–1.010) | – | – |
Urinary Tract Infection in Last 30 Days | 1.118 (0.996–1.256) | 1.217 (1.039–1.426)a
| – | – |
Balance While Standing | ||||
Maintained position as required in test | – | – | Ref. | Ref. |
Unsteady, but able to rebalance self without physical support | – | – | 0.591 (0.387–0.904)a
| 0.738 (0.436–1.248) |
Partial physical support during test or stands but does not follow directions for test | – | – | 0.769 (0.511–1.157) | 0.827 (0.495–1.381) |
Not able to attempt test without physical help | – | – | 0.786 (0.512–1.206) | 0.838 (0.486–1.445) |
Balance While Sitting | ||||
Maintained position as required in test | – | – | Ref. | Ref. |
Unsteady, but able to rebalance self without physical support | – | – | 0.918 (0.688–1.224) | 1.182 (0.827–1.690) |
Partial physical support during test or stands but does not follow directions for test | – | – | 0.878 (0.664–1.162) | 0.679 (0.454–1.017) |
Not able to attempt test without physical help | – | – | 0.601 (0.434–0.831)a
| 0.532 (0.331–0.855)a
|
Gait | ||||
Unsteady Gait | 1.147 (1.038–1.267)a
| 1.087 (0.949–1.245) | – | – |
Fell in Past 30 days | 1.137 (1.020–1.266)a
| 1.050 (0.906–1.219) | 1.349 (1.10–1.639)a
| 1.071 (0.825–1.391) |
Hip Fracture in Last 180 Days | 1.277 (1.050–1.554)a
| 1.117 (0.842–1.482) | – | – |
Other Fracture in Last 180 Days | 1.228 (1.035–1.457)a
| 1.331 (1.058–1.673)a
| – | – |
Concomitant Medications | ||||
Calcium Channel Blockers | 1.035 (0.929–1.154) | 1.177 (1.018–1.361)a
| – | – |
Cognitive Enhancers | 1.079 (0.960–1.212) | 1.282 (1.097–1.499)a
| – | – |
Antiparkinson | 0.894 (0.755–1.060) | 1.327 (1.066–1.652)a
| 0.968 (0.741–1.266) | 1.416 (1.014–1.978)a
|
Antipsychotics | 0.490 (0.433–0.555)a
| 0.878 (0.722–1.019) | 0.455 (0.363–0.571)a
| 0.928 (0.692–1.245) |
Antivertigo | 0.292 (0.254–0.337)a
| 0.791 (0.650–0.962)a
| 0.179 (0.132–0.242)a
| 0.573 (0.385–0.853)a
|
Anxiolytic Sedative or Hypnotic Agent | 0.668 (0.580–0.770)a
| 1.074 (0.887–1.301) | 0.710 (0.543–0.928)a
| 0.881 (0.609–1.275) |
Antidepressant | 0.593 (0.534–0.658)a
| 1.311 (1.136–1.513)a
| 0.598 (0.494–0.723)a
| 1.277 (0.991–1.646) |
ARB | 1.045 (0.898–1.216) | 1.337 (1.104–1.619)a
| – | – |
Alpha Blockers | 0.778 (0.637–0.950)a
| 0.921 (0.703–1.206) | 1.288 (1.074–1.544)a
| 1.785 (1.408–2.264)a
|
Anticonvulsant | 0.740 (0.658–0.833)a
| 0.931 (0.794–1.091) | 0.750 (0.607–0.927)a
| 0.970 (0.737–1.277) |
Vasodilators | 0.600 (0.520–0.693)a
| 1.043 (0.859–1.268) | 0.516 (0.398–0.669)a
| 0.875 (0.618–1.239) |
Benzodiazepines | 1.821 (1.022–3.245)a
| 2.327 (1.156–4.685)a
| 3.108 (1.168–8.269)a
| 0.573 (0.068–4.790) |
Anticholinergic Burden Score | 1.458 (1.422–1.495)a
| 0.796 (0.766–0.828)a
| 1.569 (1.495–1.647)a
| 0.846 (0.787–0.909)a
|