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Erschienen in: Der Anaesthesist 6/2006

01.06.2006 | Leitthema

Anästhesie und Analgesie bei Suchtpatienten

Grundlagen zur Erstellung einer „standard operating procedure“

verfasst von: Prof. Dr. J. Jage, F. Heid

Erschienen in: Die Anaesthesiologie | Ausgabe 6/2006

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Zusammenfassung

Suchtkranke haben eine ausgeprägte organische und psychische Komorbidität. Im Fall einer größeren Operation oder eines Polytraumas sind sie als Hochrisikopatienten einzustufen. Perioperativ hinzukommende Probleme sind hoher Analgetikumbedarf, „craving“ (Drogenhunger), körperliches bzw. psychisches Entzugssyndrom, Hyperalgesie und Toleranz. Deren klinische Ausprägung richtet sich nach der missbrauchten Substanz. Zum besseren Verständnis der erforderlichen perioperativen Maßnahmen ist eine Zuordnung in das Zentralnervensystem (ZNS-)dämpfende (Heroin, Alkohol, Sedativa/Hypnotika), ZNS-erregende (Kokain, Amphetamine, Designer-Drogen) sowie weitere psychotrope Substanzen (Cannabis, Halluzinogene, Inhalanzien, Nikotin) hilfreich. Die perioperative Therapie soll nicht Therapie der Suchterkrankung sein. Vielmehr müssen Besonderheiten dieser chronischen Erkrankung akzeptiert werden. Anästhesie und Analgesie müssen großzügig stressabschirmend und ausreichend analgetisch wirksam sein. Gleichrangige perioperative Behandlungsprinzipien sind 1. Stabilisation der körperlichen Abhängigkeit durch Substitution mit Methadon (bei Heroinabhängigen) oder mit Benzodiazepinen und Clonidin (bei Suchterkrankung durch Alkohol, Sedativa, Hypnotika), 2. Vermeiden von „distress“ und Craving, 3. weit gehende intra- und postoperative Stressabschirmung durch Nutzung regionaler Techniken bzw. durch systemisch höher als sonst dosierte Anästhetika/Opioide, 4. striktes Vermeiden einer analgetischen Unterversorgung, 5. postoperative Optimierung der regionalen oder systemischen Analgesie durch Nichtopioide bzw. Koanalgetika und 6. Berücksichtigung der vielschichtigen körperlichen und psychischen Besonderheiten/Komorbiditäten. Auch bei Abstinenten („clean“) muss eine analgetische Unterversorgung vermieden werden. Diese und nicht die adäquate, u. U. auch starke Opioide einschließende Schmerztherapie ist potenziell suchtaktivierend. Das protrahierte Abstinenzsyndrom nach Opioidentzug kann zu erhöhter Ansprechbarkeit (Analgesie, Nebenwirkungen) zugeführter Opioide führen.
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Metadaten
Titel
Anästhesie und Analgesie bei Suchtpatienten
Grundlagen zur Erstellung einer „standard operating procedure“
verfasst von
Prof. Dr. J. Jage
F. Heid
Publikationsdatum
01.06.2006
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
Die Anaesthesiologie / Ausgabe 6/2006
Print ISSN: 2731-6858
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-6866
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-006-1012-9

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