Background
Methods
Participants
Demographic variables | Group 1 Normal (n = 10) | Group 2 Moderately ill (n = 17) | Group 3 Markedly ill (n = 17) | Group 1 and 2 (p value) | Group 1 and 3 (p value) | Group 2 and 3 (p value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 41.7 ± 6.31 | 42.18 ± 7.07 | 42.47 ± 6.98 | .862 | .777 | .904 |
Sex (male/female) | 4/6 | 8/9 | 9/8 | 0.734 | 0.534 | .741 |
Age of illness onset (y/o) | 0 | 27 ± 8.75 | 23.82 ± 5.74 | N/A | N/A | .220 |
Illness duration (years) | 0 | 17.53 ± 6.86 | 19.65 ± 6.72 | N/A | N/A | .370 |
Medication (e.g., chlorpromazine equivalent, mg) | 0 | 190.59 ± 101.76 | 232.94 ± 91.09 | N/A | N/A | .210 |
PANSS total | 0 | 70.06 ± 4.25 | 95.88 ± 10.53 | N/A | N/A | .000 |
PANSS positive | 0 | 17.53 ± 3.28 | 24.24 ± 4.49 | N/A | N/A | .000 |
PANSS negative | 0 | 16.71 ± 2.57 | 23.82 ± 4.16 | N/A | N/A | .000 |
PANSS global | 0 | 35.82 ± 4.26 | 47.82 ± 5.23 | N/A | N/A | .000 |
Materials
Entropy calculation method
EEG signal processing
Results
Classification of different groups based on brainwaves
Brainwave point | Entropy | Type | Avg. (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
HVLA (%) | LVLA (%) | LVHA (%) | |||
Fz | ApEn | 79.5 | 73.5 | 73.5 | 75.5 |
PE | 52.9 | 73.5 | 58.8 | 61.7 | |
AAPE | 64.7 | 64.7 | 70.6 | 66.7 | |
Cz | ApEn | 41.2 | 35.3 | 58.8 | 45.1 |
PE | 38.2 | 50 | 50 | 46.1 | |
AAPE | 41.2 | 32.4 | 52.9 | 42.2 | |
Pz | ApEn | 38.2 | 50 | 58.8 | 49 |
PE | 67.6 | 55.9 | 73.5 | 65.7 | |
AAPE | 52.9 | 67.6 | 61.8 | 60.8 |
Correlation analysis between the features of each frequency bands and the total scores of PANSS
Type | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HVLA | LVLA | LVHA | |||||||
Section: | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
Frequency | |||||||||
θ(4–8 Hz) | |||||||||
Pearson’s r
| .071 | .153 | .202 | .023 | .149 | .43 | −.070 | .038 | .088 |
p value | .692 | .387 | .252 | .897 | .401 | .809 | .696 | .831 | .620 |
α(8–12 Hz) | |||||||||
Pearson’s r
| .224 | .170 | .188 | .169 | .182 | .160 | .130 | .082 | .094 |
p value | .202 | .337 | .288 | .339 | .304 | .367 | .464 | .645 | .595 |
β
1(12–15 Hz) | |||||||||
Pearson’s r
|
.366
|
.472
|
.472
|
.366
|
.542
|
.505
|
.346
|
.454
|
.382
|
p value |
.033*
|
.005**
|
.005**
|
.033*
|
.001**
|
.002*
|
.045*
|
.007*
|
.026**
|
β
2(15–18 Hz) | |||||||||
Pearson’s r
|
.553
|
.548
|
.590
|
.582
|
.569
|
.555
|
.554
|
.561
|
.573
|
p value |
.001**
|
.001**
|
.000***
|
.000***
|
.000***
|
.001**
|
.001**
|
.001**
|
.000***
|
β
3(18–30 Hz) | |||||||||
Pearson’s r
| −.248 | −.263 | −.257 | −.302 | −.234 | −.342
| −2.37 | −.339 | −.230 |
p value | .157 | .133 | .142 | 0.83 | .182 |
.048*
| .176 | .050 | .191 |
Independent-samples t test between the features of beta frequency bands and the group 2 and 3
Type | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HVLA | LVLA | LVHA | |||||||
Section: | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
Frequency | |||||||||
β
1(12–15 Hz) | |||||||||
Moderately ill | .583 | .597 | .589 | .587 | .587 | .590 | .588 | .587 | .573 |
Mean (SD) | (.069) | (.040) | (.048) | (.055) | (.042) | (.043) | (.050) | (.046) | (.062) |
Markedly ill | .625 | .624 | .627 | .626 | .627 | .627 | .621 | .624 | .622 |
Mean (SD) | (.009) | (.006) | (.005) | (.005) | (.004) | (.005) | (.025) | (.016) | (.018) |
t value | −2.462 | −2.801 | −3.231 | −2.860 | −3.999 | −3.616 | −2.417 | −3.126 | −3.086 |
p value |
.025*
|
.012*
|
.005**
|
.011*
|
.001**
|
.002**
|
.024*
|
.005**
|
.006**
|
β
2(15–18 Hz) | |||||||||
Moderately ill | .538 | .543 | .540 | .538 | .540 | .540 | .537 | .536 | .537 |
Mean (SD) | (.071) | (.067) | (.067) | (.064) | (.067) | (.065) | (.064) | (.067) | (.066) |
Markedly ill | .608 | .606 | .609 | .606 | .606 | .605 | .602 | .605 | .607 |
Mean (SD) | (.013) | (.012) | (.008) | (.006) | (.013) | (.011) | (.016) | (.021) | (.014) |
t value | −4.050 | −3.812 | −4.214 | −4.325 | −3.957 | −4.014 | −4.047 | −4.052 | −4.276 |
p value |
.001**
|
.001**
|
.001**
|
.001**
|
.001**
|
.001**
|
.001**
|
.001**
|
.000***
|
β
3(18–30 Hz) | |||||||||
Moderately ill | .564 | .575 | .568 | .569 | .567 | .570 | .568 | .573 | .563 |
Mean (SD) | (.051) | (.044) | (.043) | (.047) | (.045) | (.045) | (.046) | (.045) | (.051) |
Markedly ill | .554 | .555 | .557 | .554 | .558 | .555 | .556 | .554 | .552 |
Mean (SD) | (.015) | (.015) | (.015) | (.014) | (.012) | (.013) | (.019) | (.018) | (.014) |
t value | .788 | 1.735 | 1.041 | 1.275 | .821 | 1.381 | .960 | 1.581 | .897 |
p value | .441 | .092 | .310 | .218 | .422 | .184 | .344 | .124 | .381 |