Background
Methods
Study population
Regional body distributions and cardiovascular disease risk
Cardiometabolic disease components
Statistical analysis
Results
Baseline characteristics by ratio of leg fat to total fat
Tertiles of LF/TF ratio | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lean | Obese | |||||
Lowest tertile (n = 3592) | Second tertile (n = 3590) | Highest tertile (n = 3593) | Lowest tertile (n = 1631) | Second tertile (n = 1627) | Highest tertile (n = 1633) | |
Leg fat (kg) | 4.3 ± 1.4 | 5.1 ± 1.7§
| 5.4 ± 1.8§,∥
| 5.1 ± 1.4 | 6.4 ± 1.7§
| 7.6 ± 2.1§,∥
|
Total fat (kg) | 15.9 ± 4.1 | 15.6 ± 4.4§
| 13.9 ± 4.0§,∥
| 21.5 ± 4.9 | 22.6 ± 5.3§
| 23.0 ± 5.4§
|
LF/TF ratio (%) | 26.4 ± 3.2 | 32.5 ± 3.3§
| 38.7 ± 4.8§,∥
| 23.8 ± 2.2 | 28.1 ± 1.8§
| 33.0 ± 3.2§,∥
|
Age (year) | 57.0 ± 13.5 | 47.5 ± 15.0§
| 38.2 ± 14.2§,∥
| 55.7 ± 12.3 | 51.1 ± 13.9§
| 43.6 ± 14.6§,∥
|
Men (%) | 40.4 | 40.3 | 40.3 | 49.2 | 49.2 | 49.2 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 80.4 ± 6.5 | 76.7 ± 6.9§
| 72.5 ± 7.1§,∥
| 92.0 ± 6.8 | 91.0 ± 7.0§
| 88.6 ± 7.3§,∥
|
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.7 ± 1.7 | 22.0 ± 1.9§
| 20.9 ± 2.1§,∥
| 27.4 ± 2.1 | 27.5 ± 2.3 | 27.2 ± 2.2∥
|
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 122.1 ± 17.9 | 114.0 ± 16.6§
| 107.8 ± 13.6§,∥
| 125.9 ± 16.3 | 122.8 ± 16.4§
| 117.4 ± 15.4§,∥
|
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 76.2 ± 10.4 | 73.1 ± 10.2§
| 70.1 ± 9.3§,∥
| 79.9 ± 10.2 | 78.9 ± 10.4§
| 76.5 ± 10.2§,∥
|
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 102.1 ± 26.6 | 93.6 ± 19.3§
| 89.3 ± 12.2§,∥
| 111.0 ± 31.8 | 101.6 ± 21.0§
| 95.2 ± 15.9§,∥
|
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)a
| 194.4 ± 36.6 | 185.2 ± 33.2§
| 172.9 ± 30.0§,∥
| 200.3 ± 37.4 | 198.3 ± 36.5 | 191.3 ± 35.3§,∥
|
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)a
| 50.7 ± 12.0 | 54.6 ± 13.0§
| 57.5 ± 12.6§,∥
| 47.3 ± 10.8 | 47.7 ± 11.1 | 49.8 ± 11.0§,∥
|
Triglycerides (mg/dL)a
| 154.4 ± 114.1 | 115.6 ± 87.4§
| 85.1 ± 67.8§,∥
| 190.6 ± 150.1 | 174.0 ± 121.3§
| 136.3 ± 98.3§,∥
|
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)a
| 118.4 ± 33.5 | 112.5 ± 29.5§
| 102.8 ± 26.6§,∥
| 122.1 ± 34.0 | 122.0 ± 32.5 | 119.6 ± 31.3 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 90.1 ± 16.1 | 97.3 ± 16.5§
| 103.6 ± 16.1§,∥
| 98.1 ± 16.8 | 92.2 ± 16.2§
| 97.9 ± 16.6§,∥
|
WBC (103/μL) | 6.1 ± 1.7 | 5.8 ± 1.6§
| 5.6 ± 1.5§,∥
| 6.6 ± 1.8 | 6.5 ± 1.7 | 6.2 ± 1.6§,∥
|
Insulin (ųU/mL)a
| 9.4 ± 5.4 | 8.7 ± 3.9§
| 8.4 ± 3.4§,∥
| 13.0 ± 7.6 | 12.1 ± 5.8 | 11.1 ± 4.6 |
HOMA-IRa
| 2.4 ± 2.3 | 2.0 ± 1.1§
| 1.9 ± 0.8§,∥
| 3.7 ± 3.4 | 3.1 ± 1.9§
| 2.6 ± 1.2§,∥
|
Alcohol (g/week) | 73.8 ± 122.5 | 63.5 ± 113.3§
| 44.6 ± 84.2§,∥
| 82.0 ± 132.0 | 78.9 ± 123.5 | 67.8 ± 113.4§
|
Current smoker (%) | 20.5 | 21.6 | 20.9 | 21.3 | 23.3 | 24.2 |
Regular exercise (%)b
| 24.2 | 24.7 | 22.0§
| 26.4 | 27.2 | 28.5 |
Hypertension (%) | 37.5 | 17.9§
| 7.0§,∥
| 53.8 | 40.7§
| 24.0§,∥
|
Diabetes (%) | 15.2 | 4.1§
| 1.1§,∥
| 26.4 | 12.2§
| 4.3§,∥
|
Metabolic syndrome (%) | 37.6 | 11.9§
| 2.4§,∥
| 72.4 | 60.2§
| 35.0§,∥
|
Chronic kidney disease (%)c
| 4.3 | 2.1§
| 0.6§,∥
| 5.3 | 3.7 | 2.2§
|
Various fat depots and cardiovascular disease risk
Ratio of leg fat to total fat and cardiometabolic disease risk components
LF/TF ratio | |||
---|---|---|---|
Highest tertile | Second tertile | Lowest tertile | |
Risk factor | |||
Obesitya
| 1 (referent) | 3.72 (3.33–4.15) | 7.67 (6.81–8.23) |
Central obesityb
| 1 (referent) | 4.29 (3.83–4.82) | 9.22 (8.16–10.42) |
Hypertension | 1 (referent) | 2.05 (1.80–2.34) | 3.57 (3.14–4.07) |
Diabetes | 1 (referent) | 2.88 (2.19–3.78) | 8.89 (6.87–11.50) |
Hyper LDL-cholesterolemiac
| 1 (referent) | 2.14 (1.76–2.60) | 2.72 (2.23–3.32) |
Hypo HDL-cholesterolemiad
| 1 (referent) | 1.92 (1.76–2.11) | 2.91 (2.64–3.22) |
Hypertriglyceridemiae
| 1 (referent) | 3.01 (2.69–3.37) | 6.14 (5.46–6.90) |
Metabolic syndrome | 1 (referent) | 4.06 (3.53–4.67) | 11.24 (9.78–12.93) |
Chronic kidney diseasef
| 1 (referent) | 1.97 (1.30–2.99) | 2.57 (1.73–3.81) |
Albuminuriag
| 1 (referent) | 2.03 (1.21–3.41) | 2.64 (1.57–4.44) |
High ACC/AHA ASCVD risk | |||
Crude | 1 (referent) | 2.53 (2.25–2.84) | 6.25 (5.60–6.98) |
Model 1 | 1 (referent) | 1.95 (1.56–2.44) | 3.69 (2.98–4.57) |
Model 2 | 1 (referent) | 1.65 (1.30–2.08) | 2.91 (2.31–3.66) |
Model 3 | 1 (referent) | 1.26 (0.92–1.71) | 1.85 (1.36–2.52) |
High Framingham CVD risk | |||
Crude | 1 (referent) | 2.48 (2.16–2.84) | 6.32 (5.56–7.18) |
Model 1 | 1 (referent) | 1.96 (1.61–2.39) | 4.09 (3.39–4.94) |
Model 2 | 1 (referent) | 1.70 (1.38–2.09) | 3.21 (2.63–3.92) |
Model 3 | 1 (referent) | 1.43 (1.07–1.91) | 2.37 (1.79–3.15) |
High Korean CHD risk | |||
Crude | 1 (referent) | 3.43 (2.30–5.13) | 7.98 (5.48–11.63) |
Model 1 | 1 (referent) | 2.47 (1.59–3.82) | 4.08 (2.69–6.17) |
Model 2 | 1 (referent) | 2.39 (1.52–3.75) | 3.64 (2.37–5.60) |
Model 3 | 1 (referent) | 1.94 (1.11–3.38) | 2.57 (1.52–4.37) |