Background
Methods
Study population
Measurements and surveys
Definition of hypertension and diabetes mellitus
Statistical analysis
Results
Baseline characteristics of the study subjects
Variables | Men (n = 2,128) | Women (n = 2,326) | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 50.33 ± 8.38 | 50.21 ± 8.30 | 0.6306 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.93 ± 2.86 | 24.36 ± 3.09 | <.0001 |
WC (cm) | 82.45 ± 7.33 | 79.88 ± 9.12 | <.0001 |
WHR | 0.88 ± 0.06 | 0.86 ± 0.08 | <.0001 |
WHtR | 0.49 ± 0.04 | 0.52 ± 0.06 | <.0001 |
SBP (mmHg) | 113.80 ± 10.61 | 111.60 ± 11.90 | <.0001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 76.77 ± 7.39 | 73.73 ± 8.13 | <.0001 |
FBG (mg/dl) | 86.30 ± 15.40 | 82.20 ± 13.68 | <.0001 |
TC (mg/dl) | 190.40 ± 34.09 | 186.30 ± 33.21 | <.0001 |
LDL-C (mg/dl) | 115.20 ± 31.86 | 113.70 ± 29.26 | 0.1050 |
HDL-C (mg/dl) | 43.66 ± 9.87 | 46.34 ± 9.66 | <.0001 |
TG (mg/dl) | 166.30 ± 106.20 | 133.10 ± 72.34 | <.0001 |
Diabetes mellitus | 142 (6.67) | 120 (5.16) | 0.0320 |
Drinker | 1,511 (71.01) | 663 (28.50) | <.0001 |
Smoker | 1,068 (50.19) | 77 (3.31) | <.0001 |
Incidence of hypertension according to anthropometric index categories
Anthropometric indices | Men (n = 2,128) | Women (n = 2,326) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quartile | N | Event | Person-years | Incidence rate/1,000 person-years | Quartile | N | Event | Person-years | Incidence rate/1,000 person-years | |
BMI(kg/m2) | Q1 (<21.97) | 532 | 70 | 1,956.37 | 35.78 | Q1 (<22.28) | 581 | 77 | 2,152.03 | 35.78 |
Q2 (21.97-23.93) | 532 | 83 | 1,923.07 | 43.16 | Q2 (22.28-24.16) | 582 | 77 | 2,173.86 | 35.42 | |
Q3 (23.94-25.84) | 532 | 107 | 1,906.85 | 56.11 | Q3 (24.17-26.16) | 581 | 92 | 2,129.02 | 43.21 | |
Q4 (≥25.85) | 532 | 124 | 1,863.28 | 66.55 | Q4 (≥26.17) | 582 | 128 | 2,070.47 | 61.82 | |
WC(cm) | Q1 (<77.33) | 528 | 61 | 1,941.20 | 31.42 | Q1 (<73.00) | 547 | 42 | 2,065.16 | 20.34 |
Q2 (77.33-82.49) | 533 | 79 | 1,950.32 | 40.51 | Q2 (73.00-78.99) | 593 | 63 | 2,233.75 | 28.20 | |
Q3 (82.50-87.66) | 554 | 112 | 1,975.22 | 56.70 | Q3 (79.00-86.16) | 607 | 112 | 2,198.71 | 50.94 | |
Q4 (≥87.67) | 513 | 132 | 1,782.83 | 74.04 | Q4 (≥86.17) | 579 | 157 | 2,027.75 | 77.43 | |
WHR | Q1 (<0.85) | 534 | 56 | 1,968.62 | 28.45 | Q1 (<0.79) | 582 | 30 | 2,224.95 | 13.48 |
Q2 (0.85-0.87) | 531 | 84 | 1,915.97 | 43.84 | Q2 (0.79-0.84) | 581 | 68 | 2,168.85 | 31.35 | |
Q3 (0.88-0.91) | 531 | 101 | 1,905.00 | 53.02 | Q3 (0.85-0.91) | 582 | 123 | 2,083.68 | 59.03 | |
Q4 (≥0.92) | 532 | 143 | 1,859.99 | 76.88 | Q4 (≥0.92) | 581 | 153 | 2,047.89 | 74.71 | |
WHtR | Q1 (<0.46) | 532 | 58 | 1,961.34 | 29.57 | Q1 (<0.47) | 582 | 36 | 2,212.78 | 16.27 |
Q2 (0.46-0.48) | 532 | 78 | 1,935.73 | 40.29 | Q2 (0.47-0.50) | 581 | 67 | 2,169.60 | 30.88 | |
Q3 (0.49-0.52) | 532 | 109 | 1,907.64 | 57.14 | Q3 (0.51-0.55) | 581 | 109 | 2,109.73 | 51.67 | |
Q4 (≥0.52) | 532 | 139 | 1,844.87 | 75.34 | Q4 (≥0.56) | 582 | 162 | 2,033.27 | 79.67 | |
Total | 2,128 | 384 | 7,649.58 | 50.20 | 2,326 | 374 | 8,525.38 | 43.87 |
Cut-off points for the various anthropometric indices for predicting hypertension
Anthropometric index | AROC (95% CI) | Cut-off point | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) | Youden index (95% CI)a) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men
| |||||
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.58 (0.56 ~ 0.60) | 23.59 | 66.15 | 47.42 | 0.14 (0.10 ~ 0.20) |
WC (cm) | 0.62 (0.60 ~ 0.64)*** | 83.33 | 59.90 | 57.91 | 0.18 (0.14 ~ 0.24) |
WHR | 0.62 (0.60 ~ 0.64)** | 0.88 | 67.97 | 49.66 | 0.18 (0.14 ~ 0.24) |
WHtR | 0.62 (0.60 ~ 0.64)*** | 0.49 | 69.27 | 48.91 | 0.18 (0.15 ~ 0.24) |
Women
| |||||
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.57 (0.55 ~ 0.59) | 25.63 | 42.78 | 71.21 | 0.14 (0.10 ~ 0.20) |
WC (cm) | 0.66 (0.64 ~ 0.68)*** | 80.37 | 66.04 | 60.45 | 0.26 (0.22 ~ 0.32) |
WHR | 0.68 (0.66 ~ 0.70)*** | 0.86 | 71.12 | 57.94 | 0.29 (0.25 ~ 0.35) |
WHtR | 0.68 (0.66 ~ 0.70)*** | 0.51 | 75.13 | 53.18 | 0.28 (0.24 ~ 0.33) |
HRs for hypertension according to anthropometric index
Anthropometric indices | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
---|---|---|---|
HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | |
Men
| |||
BMI (kg/m2) | 1.28 (1.16 ~ 1.42) | 1.38 (1.24 ~ 1.53) | 1.39 (1.25 ~ 1.54) |
WC (cm) | 1.47 (1.33 ~ 1.63) | 1.50 (1.36 ~ 1.66) | 1.50 (1.36 ~ 1.67) |
WHR | 1.44 (1.31 ~ 1.59) | 1.40 (1.27 ~ 1.55) | 1.40 (1.27 ~ 1.55) |
WHtR | 1.49 (1.35 ~ 1.65) | 1.48 (1.34 ~ 1.63) | 1.49 (1.35 ~ 1.65) |
Women
| |||
BMI (kg/m2) | 1.27 (1.15 ~ 1.40) | 1.30 (1.18 ~ 1.43) | 1.31 (1.19 ~ 1.44) |
WC (cm) | 1.66 (1.51 ~ 1.83) | 1.43 (1.29 ~ 1.58) | 1.44 (1.30 ~ 1.60) |
WHR | 1.67 (1.52 ~ 1.83) | 1.35 (1.21 ~ 1.50) | 1.35 (1.21 ~ 1.51) |
WHtR | 1.76 (1.60 ~ 1.94) | 1.46 (1.32 ~ 1.62) | 1.48 (1.33 ~ 1.64) |
Variables | Men (n = 2,128) | Women (n = 2,326) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | |
BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2a) | 1.54 (1.26 ~ 1.88) | 1.69 (1.38 ~ 2.08) | 1.67 (1.35 ~ 2.05) | 1.56 (1.27 ~ 1.90) | 1.54 (1.26 ~ 1.89) | 1.54 (1.26 ~ 1.89) |
WC ≥ 90/85 cmb) | 2.12 (1.69 ~ 2.66) | 2.15 (1.71 ~ 2.70) | 2.14 (1.70 ~ 2.69) | 2.29 (1.87 ~ 2.81) | 1.68 (1.36 ~ 2.07) | 1.69 (1.37 ~ 2.08) |
WHR ≥ 0.9/0.85c) | 1.71 (1.40 ~ 2.09) | 1.63 (1.33 ~ 1.99) | 1.60 (1.31 ~ 1.96) | 3.24 (2.56 ~ 4.10) | 2.13 (1.66 ~ 2.75) | 2.13 (1.65 ~ 2.74) |
WHtR ≥ 0.5 | 1.89 (1.55 ~ 2.32) | 1.87 (1.52 ~ 2.29) | 1.86 (1.51 ~ 2.28) | 3.30 (2.55 ~ 4.26) | 2.24 (1.71 ~ 2.93) | 2.22 (1.70 ~ 2.90) |