Coronary angiography, a technique for diagnosing CAE, provides information on the size, location, and number of dilatations. CAE is characteristically defined as a dilated coronary artery segment whose diameter is at least 1.5 times that of the adjacent normal coronary lumen [1]. It is a relatively rare coronary artery abnormality (prevalence < 5%) among coronary artery diseases [2]. The increased prevalence of CAE in recent years has resulted in a greater focus on the incidence and factors influencing CAE; estimates of the prevalence of CAE have varied from 0.3 to 4.7% [3]. Nevertheless, etiopathogenetic mechanism of CAE is not yet completely known, although it may be related to systemic inflammation, stimulated nitric oxide production, coronary balloon angioplasty, extracellular matrix degradation, dyslipidemia, nodular polyarteritis, Kawasaki syndrome, and even genetic predisposition [4, 5]. CAE is more prevalent in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) than in those with coronary atherosclerosis and shows a strong inverse association with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) cholesterol levels. This suggests that abnormal lipoprotein metabolism in individuals with FH predisposes patients to aneurysmal coronary artery disease [6]. Moreover, potential risk factors for CAE include an imbalance between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitor metalloproteinases (TIMPs), angiotensin-converting enzyme genotypes, a lower HDL cholesterol level, a higher low-density lipoprotein (LDL)/HDL ratio, elevated homocysteine levels, cocaine usage, smoking, vascular trauma, and diabetes [7‐10]. Conventionally, CAE has been considered a variant of coronary atherosclerosis and an important clinical complication in interventional cardiology with increased thrombogenic potential of the ectatic arteries. CAE is closely related to myocardial infarction. However, there are currently no standard treatment guidelines specified for CAE. Anti-inflammatory and endothelium-protective effects of rosuvastatin have been suggested to improve the symptoms in patients with coronary artery disease [11]. Rosuvastatin is a selective hydroxy methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor widely used for coronary atherosclerotic heart disease [12]. The liver is the main target organ of rosuvastatin, wherein it lowers cholesterol levels and increases the number of LDL receptors on the surface of liver cells, thereby improving lipid metabolism by promoting LDL absorption and inhibiting hepatic synthesis of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) [13]. Statin therapy can exert pleiotropic effects in atherosclerotic processes, such as regulating inflammatory responses, endothelial function, and thrombus formation based on the reduction in LDL-C levels [14]. Rosuvastatin can also stabilize or reverse atherosclerotic plaques by suppressing MMP expression and protecting the vascular endothelium against inflammation [15, 16]. However, there is no conclusive evidence of therapeutic efficacy or optimal timepoint for rosuvastatin therapy in CAE patients in different age groups. We conducted this study to compare the inflammatory status and therapeutic effects of rosuvastatin in CAE patients in different age groups.

From the study cohort, 302 patients were diagnosed with CAE, of which 85 were excluded based on the exclusion criteria. In addition, 73 patients were used as control group (NC group). The prevalence of CAE among all patients who underwent angiography in this study was 302/6542 = 0.046, representing a 4.6% prevalence among all patients undergoing angiography.

Baseline characteristics of risk factors for CAE, including sex (male), hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and smoking history, were similar in the total CAE and NC groups (Table 1). Particularly, the WBC counts were not significantly different between the groups. In addition, subclasses of leukocytes, such as neutrophils and lymphocytes, were not significantly different between the groups.

Laboratory findings such as TC, LDL-C, hs-CRP, and IL-6 were significantly higher in the total CAE group than in the NC group (p < 0.05). TC, LDL-C, hs-CRP, and IL-6 levels were significantly higher in the CAE-A group than in the CAE-B, CAE-C, and NC groups; furthermore, TC, LDL-C, hs-CRP, and IL-6 levels were significantly higher in the CAE-B group than in the CAE-C or NC group. Under similar circumstances, TC, LDL-C, hs-CRP, and IL-6 levels were significantly higher in the CAE-C group than in the NC group. There were significant differences in hs-CRP (P = 0.048) and IL-6 (P = 0.025) levels but not in TC (P = 0.175) and LDL-C (P = 0.259) levels between the CAE-A and CAE-C groups. There were no significant differences in sex, hypertension, diabetes, waist circumference, smoking index, TGs, glycosylated hemoglobin, red blood cell distribution width (RBW), or mean platelet volume among the three different age groups of CAE patients (p > 0.05; Table 1).

Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent risk factors associated with CAE. In the stepwise analysis, covariant factors included hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hs-CRP, LDL-C, smoking, triglycerides, WBC, and IL-6. Multivariate analysis showed that increased hs-CRP and IL-6 levels were independent predictors of CAE (Table 2), whereas multivariate analysis revealed only increased hs-CRP (OR, 1.782; CI, 1.124–2.014; p = 0.021) and IL-6 (OR, 1.584; CI, 1.112–1.986; p = 0.030) levels as independent predictors (Table 2). Baseline drug treatments of patients with confirmed diagnoses of CAE at study inclusion are shown in Table 3. No significant differences were observed in the baseline medication among the CAE groups (Table 3). There were no significant differences in the selection of therapeutic medications between the three CAE groups and the NC group (p > 0.05). As far as compliance issues are concerned, we were dedicated to ensure regular health education and regular outpatient follow-up visits. We also kept reminding patients to take medication by telephone, WeChat, and other means. For various reasons such as financial constraints, some patients could not access drugs.

After the 6-month treatment with rosuvastatin, serum hs-CRP and IL-6 levels were reduced in the three CAE age groups (Table 4), supporting the efficacy of rosuvastatin as an anti-inflammatory agent. Of the three CAE age groups, the CAE-A (age ≤ 50 years) group showed the greatest effect of rosuvastatin treatment, as evidenced by the most significant reduction in serum hs-CRP (delta value was 15.1 ± 3.33, P = 0.0001) and IL-6 (delta value was 5.9 ± 1.6, P = 0.021) levels. This group showed the greatest reduction in serum hs-CRP and IL-6 levels, followed by the CAE-B group (delta value of hs-CRP was 9.4 ± 2.86, P = 0.023, delta value of IL-6 was 3.0 ± 1.5, P = 0.043). The results of the follow-up found that younger patients had a greater reduction in serum hs-CRP and IL-6 levels, suggesting that rosuvastatin had a greater anti-inflammatory effect in younger patients (Table 4).

Dyslipidemia is a well-recognized, major risk factor for atherosclerosis [21, 22]. Increased serum lipids, especially LDL-C, can deposit in the arterial wall and gradually form atherosclerotic plaques, which can consequently block the native artery and cause cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary heart disease [23]. Increased inflammation is the core process in all stages of atherosclerosis. With the application and development of several techniques such as anti-inflammatory therapy, antithrombotics, thrombolysis drugs, and catheter treatment in recent decades, the incidence and mortality due to atherosclerosis or obstructive vascular diseases have been significantly reduced [24, 25]. CAE is a multifactorial disease, and its pathogenic mechanism has not yet been fully elucidated. CAE is considered a variation of atherosclerosis, mainly resulting from the thinning and/or destruction of the myocardial membrane. However, the dilatation process may be independent of the atherosclerotic process because it can be found as an isolated lesion in the coronary arteries and other vascular systems [26]. Dahhan A argued that atherosclerotic CAE does not carry additional risks compared to atherosclerotic coronary artery disease without ectasia [27]. Aksu T, Uygur B, Kosar, suggested that risk factors for CAD and the clinical presentation of CAE were considerably similar, and this situation was consistent with the similar etiopathogenesis of the two diseases [28]. Elevated inflammatory markers, such as plasma IL-6 and plasma soluble adhesion molecules, are closely linked to the presence of coronary artery dilation [29‐31]. One study has indicated increasing evidence that neutrophils and neutrophil-derived products participate in atherogenesis and CAE [32]. The neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio was higher in patients with CAD, coronary slow flow, and CAE than in those with a normal coronary anatomy. The NLR may be an indicator of CAD, CAE, and coronary slow flow. This finding suggests that a more severe inflammatory process could be involved in CAE development [33‐35]. In our study, we also studied the NLR between the NC and total CAE groups; the NLR was higher in the total CAE group than in the NC group, indicating the tendency of severe inflammation in CAE, although the result was not statistically significant (P = 0.1025). A more significant level of chronic inflammation might be linked with CAE pathogenesis, which is associated with both inflammatory markers and inflammatory cells in CAE patients [36].

Long-term exposure to nitrites, herbicide sprays, acetylcholine inhibitors, cocaine, and smoking can also lead to degeneration of the endothelium of the coronary arteries through oxidative stress-induced inflammation, which can eventually cause CAE [12]. Research on inflammation and CAE has characterized CAE-related inflammation, which includes elevated hs-CRP and IL-6 levels [37]. Accumulation of excess circulating LDL-C was associated with an overproduction of reactive oxygen species and increase in proinflammatory cytokines in the coronary endothelium, linking elevated cholesterol with cardiovascular inflammation [38].

Limited studies have focused on the inflammatory status of different age groups of CAE patients. TC and LDL-C levels are important for risk evaluation of coronary heart disease, which benefits from statin therapy through the reduction in LDL-C, hs-CRP, and IL-6 levels [39]. We hypothesized that increased inflammatory marker levels observed in younger patients (CAE-A) can be explained by several factors. First, younger patients are more likely to be stressed, resulting in a more primed or activated inflammatory status [40]. In addition, younger patients responded more strongly to physical and emotional stimulation, which can lead to increased inflammatory marker levels. There are other lifestyle factors that can also lead to inflammation, such as cocaine abuse and trauma [41].

Previous prospective studies have also found that statins can efficiently slow down the growth rate of an abdominal aortic aneurysm compared with the growth rate of abdominal aortic aneurysms in controls [42]. In the present study, the efficacy of rosuvastatin in CAE patients in different age groups was investigated and compared. The findings may be explained by higher inflammatory marker levels in younger patients than in older patients; thus, the same dose of rosuvastatin could be more likely to produce a greater anti-inflammatory effect. Moreover, a smaller percentage of younger people had never taken rosuvastatin before. Older patients had a higher proportion of rosuvastatin history because of arteriosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, and stroke, among other health complications. Therefore, the lipid-lowering effect of rosuvastatin may be more potent, which boosts its anti-inflammatory effects in young patients. The Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ Collaboration reported that the efficacy of statin therapy was lower in older patients than in younger patients [43]. Furthermore, younger individuals have a higher basal metabolism level with regard to lipid synthesis and degradation [44]; therefore, younger CAE patients could be more sensitive to rosuvastatin treatment. After rosuvastatin treatment, hs-CRP and IL-6 levels of the CAE-A group were reduced to levels comparable to those of the NC group, while those of the CAE-C group were only partially reversed, indicating that the inflammatory status of younger CAE patients was more severe but reversible, while that of older CAE patients was comparatively mild, persistent, and irreversible.

Younger CAE patients had higher inflammatory marker levels than older CAE patients. The greatest efficacy of anti-inflammatory treatment was found in younger CAE patients, suggesting that rosuvastatin should be prescribed at the time of CAE diagnosis, especially in younger patients.