Introduction
Preventing stent thrombosis following percutaneous coronary intervention
Preventing strokes and systemic embolism in atrial fibrillation
Incremental harm of conventional triple anti-thrombotic therapy
BARC [64] Bleeding Academic Research Consortium | GUSTO [65] Global Use of Strategies To Open coronary arteries | and Haemostasis | PLATO [67] Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes | TIMI [53] Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction | |
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Definition of major bleeding | BARC 5 • fatal bleeding • definite: overt bleeding, autopsy, imaging • probable: clinically suspicious for bleeding without autopsy or imaging BARC 4 • CABG-related bleeding • Intracranial ≤ 48 h • Reoperation to control bleeding • Transfusion ≥ 5 units of whole blood or red cells ≤ 48 h • Chest tube output ≥ 2 L ≤ 24 h BARC 3: • Overt bleeding + haemoglobin drop ≥ 3 g/dL • Any transfusion with overt bleeding • Cardiac tamponade • Requiring surgical control • Requiring intravenous vasoactive agents • Intracranial • Intraocular bleed comprising vision | Severe or life-threatening bleeding • Intracerebral • Resulting in substantial haemodynamic compromise requiring treatment Moderate bleeding • Requiring transfusion | • Fatal bleeding • Symptomatic bleeding in a critical area or organ such as intracranial, intraspinal, intraocular, retro-peritoneal, intraarticular or pericardial, or intramuscular with compartment syndrome • Bleeding causing a fall in haemoglobin level ≥ 2 g/dL, or leading to transfusion ≥ 2 units of whole blood or red cells | Major life-threatening bleeding • Fatal bleeding • Intracranial bleeding • Intrapericardial bleeding with cardiac tamponade • Hypovolemic shock or severe hypotension due to bleeding requiring pressors or surgery • Decline in haemoglobin level ≥ 5.0 g/dL • Transfusion of at least 4 units of red cells Other major bleeding • Bleeding leading to clinically significant disability (e.g., intraocular bleeding with permanent vision loss) • Bleeding either associated with a drop in the haemoglobin level ≥ 3 g/dL (< 5 g/dL) • Requiring transfusion of 2 to 3 units of red cells | • Reduction of haemoglobin ≥ 5 g/dL (or > 15% in haematocrit) • Any intracranial bleeding |
Definition of non-major bleeding | BARC 2 Any overt, actionable sign of haemorrhage (e.g. more bleeding than would be expected for a clinical circumstance, including bleeding found by imaging alone) that does not fit the criteria for BARC 3—5 but does meet at least one of the following criteria: • Requiring nonsurgical, medical intervention by a healthcare professional • Leading to hospitalization or increased level of care • Prompting evaluation BARC 1 Bleeding that is not actionable and does not cause the patient to seek unscheduled performance of studies, hospitalisation, or treatment by a healthcare professional; may include episodes leading to self-discontinuation of medical therapy by the patient without consulting a healthcare professional | Minor bleeding Other bleeding not requiring transfusion or causing haemodynamic compromise | Clinically-relevant non-major bleeding Any sign or symptom of haemorrhage (e.g., more bleeding than would be expected for a clinical circumstance, including bleeding found by imaging alone) that does not fit the criteria for the ISTH definition of major bleeding but does meet at least one of the following criteria • Requiring medical intervention by a healthcare professional • Leading to hospitalization or increased level of care • Prompting a face to face (i.e., not just a telephone or electronic communication) evaluation | Minor bleeding Any bleeding requiring medical intervention but not meeting the criteria for major bleeding | • Observed blood loss and a drop in haemoglobin of 3 to 5 g/dL (or 10% to 15% in haematocrit) from study entry to the time of the lowest haemoglobin within 10 days • Spontaneous gross haematuria or hematemesis (> 120 ml), even if the haemoglobin or haematocrit drop was less than 3 g/dL or less than 10%, respectively • Unobserved loss ≥ 4 g/dl in haemoglobin or ≥ 12% in haematocrit Blood loss attributable to revascularization or other surgical procedures was not classified as a TIMI haemorrhagic event |
De-escalating platelet inhibition in patients anticoagulated for SPAF
Triple anti-thrombotic treatment | Dual anti-thrombotic treatment | Additional arm | Patients (n) | Mean age (years) | Male sex, n (%) | Previous stroke, n (%) | CHA2DS2-VASc | HAS-BLED | |
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Pioneer AF [16] | VKA INR 2–3 + P2Y12 inhibitor + acetylsalicylic acid | Rivaroxaban 1 × 15 mg + P2Y12 inhibitor | Rivaroxaban 2 × 2.5 mg + acetylsalicylic acid + P2Y12 inhibitor | 2124 | 70 | 1582 (74%) | 0 (0%) | 3.7 ± 1.6 | 3.0 ± 0.9 |
Re-dual PCI [15] | VKA INR 2–3 + P2Y12 inhibitor + acetylsalicylic acid | Dabigatran 2 × 150 mg + P2Y12 inhibitor | Dabigatran 2 × 110 mg × + P2Y12 inhibitor | 2725 | 69/72* | 2070 (76%) | 226 (8.3%) | 3.7 ± 1.5 | 2.7 ± 0.7 |
Augustus [17] | VKA INR 2–3 + P2Y12 inhibitor | Apixaban 2 × 5 mg + P2Y12 inhibitor | Second randomisation ± acetylsalicylic acid | 4614 | 71 | 3277 (71%) | 633 (13.8%) | 3.9 ± 1.6 | 2.9 ± 0.9 |
Entrust-AF [18] | VKA INR 2–3 + P2Y12 inhibitor + acetylsalicylic acid | Edoxaban 1 × 60 mg + P2Y12 inhibitor | – | 1506 | 70 | 1120 (74%) | 189 (12.5%) | 4.0 (3·0–5·0) | 3.0 (2·0–3·0) |
VKA in WOEST
Rivaroxaban in PIONEER AF-PCI
Dabigatran in RE-DUAL PCI
Apixaban in AUGUSTUS
Edoxaban in ENTRUST-AF PCI
Dual strategies in elderly patients
Risk–benefit evaluation
Trial | n | TIMI major | ICH | MACE | Incremental riska ΔMACE | Incremental benefitb ΔTIMI-major | Risk benefitc | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Re-dual PCI [15] | VKA INR 2–3 | 981 | 37 (3.77%) | 10 (1.02%) | 83 (8.46%) | + 2.5% | − 2.3% | + 0.2% |
Dabigatran 110 mg | 981 | 14 (1.43%) | 3 (0.31%) | 108 (11.01%) | ||||
VKA INR 2–3 | 764 | 30 (3.93%) | 8 (1.05%) | 60 (7.85%) | ± 0.0% | − 1.8% | − 1.8% | |
Dabigatran 150 mg | 763 | 16 (2.10%) | 1 (0.13%) | 60 (7.86%) | ||||
Pioneer AF [16] | VKA INR 2–3 | 706 | 20 (2.83%) | 4 (0.57%) | 36 (5.1%) | + 0.7% | − 0.9% | − 0.2% |
Rivaroxaban 15 mg | 709 | 14 (1.97%) | 2 (0.28%) | 41 (5.78%) | ||||
Augustus [17] | VKA INR 2–3 | 2259 | 48 (2.12%) | 13 (0.58%) | 150 (6.64%) | − 0.4% | − 0.5% | − 0.9% |
Apixaban 5 mg | 2290 | 38 (1.66%) | 5 (0.22%) | 143 (6.24%) | ||||
ASA | 2277 | 55 (2.42%) | 8 (0.35%) | 137 (6.02%) | + 0.8% | − 1.1% | − 0.3% | |
Placebo | 2279 | 29 (1.27%) | 10 (0.44%) | 156 (6.85%) | ||||
Entrust-AF [18] | VKA INR 2–3 | 755 | 24 (3.18%) | 9 (1.19%) | 46 (6.09%) | + 0.4% | − 1.1% | − 0.7% |
Edoxaban 60 mg | 751 | 15 (2.00%) | 4 (0.53%) | 49 (6.52%) | ||||
Augustus [52] | Apixaban/placebo | 1153 | 13 (1.13%) | 1 (0.09%) | 72 (6.24%) | + 0.5% | − 1.4% | − 0.9% |
VKA/ASS | 1154 | 29 (2.51%) | 4 (0.35%) | 66 (5.72%) |
Duration of acetylsalicylic acid and the risk for stent thrombosis
Treatment | WOEST | Pioneer AF-PCI | Re-Dual PCI | Augustus | Entrust AF-PCI | |||||||||
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VKA + P2Y12i | VKA + DAPT | NOAC + P2Y12i | NOAC + DAPT | VKA + DAPT | NOACl + P2Y12i | NOACh + P2Y12i | VKA + DAPT | NOAC + DAPT | NOAC + P2Y12i | VKA + DAPT | VKA + P2Y12i | NOAC + P2Y12i | VKA + DAPT | |
Efficacy outcome N (ITT) | 279 | 284 | 694 | 704 | 695 | 981 | 763 | 981 | 1153 | 1153 | 1154 | 1154 | 751 | 755 |
Stent thrombosis definite | 1 | 3 | – | – | – | 15 | 7 | 8 | – | – | – | – | 8 | 6 |
Stent thrombosis definite adn probable | 1 | 5 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 5 | 8 | 6 | 11 | 13 | 10 |
Stent thrombosis any | 4 | 9 | 5 | 6 | 4 | – | – | – | 11 | 21 | 12 | 19 | – | – |