Background
Methods
Plant material
Plant Name | Common name | Plant part | Traditional usage | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Acacia mearnsii De Wild. Family: Leguminosae | Blackwood Black Wattle | Bark | Diarrhoea, dysentery, sore throat, coughs, children fever, tooth ache | [35] |
Aloe arborescens
Family: Xanthorrhoeaceae | Aloe | Leaves | Vomiting, Skin ailments, diarrhoea, urinary complaints, rheumatism, tuberculosis | |
Aloe striata
Family: Xanthorrhoeaceae | Aloe | Leaves | Treatment of constipation | [63] |
Cyathula uncinulata
(Schrad.) Schinz Family: Amaranthaceae | NA | Leaves | Antidiarrhoea, philter or medicine for love | [64] |
Eucomis autumnalis (Mill.) Chitt.
Family: Asparagaceae | Common Pineapple Flower | Bulb | Decoctions of bulb and roots for colic, flatulence | [65] |
Eucomis comosa (Houtt.) Wehrh.
Family: Asparagaceae | Pineapple lily | Bulb | Help teething in children and to treat rheumatism | [66] |
Hermbstaedtia odorata Wild Cockscomb Family: Amaranthaceae | Rooi-aarbossie | Leaves | Cleansing stomach wash alone or with Acaccia xanthophloea and Cappa
| [35] |
Hydnora africana
Thunb. Family: Hydnoraceae | Warty Jackal Food, Jakkalskos Kanip | Tuber | Diarrhoea, plant dried ground raw for dysentery, amenorrhoea, swollen glands | [66] |
Hypoxis colchicifolia Baker. Family: Hypoxidaceae | African potato | Tuber | Headaches, dizziness, mental disorders, to treat cancers, inflammation, HIV, diarrhoea | |
Pelargonium sidoides DC. Family: Geraniaceae | Rose-scented Pelargonium | Root | Gonorrhoea, diarrhoea, dysentery, root decoction severe diarrhoea, stomach ailment in children | [35] |
Psidium guajava L. Family: Myrtaceae | Guava | Leaves | Leaves used for diarrhoea, Infusion of leaves for bloody diarrhoea, infusion as enema for severe diarrhoea | [35] |
Schizocarphus nervosus (Burch.) van der Merwe Family: Asparagaceae | White Scilla | Corms | Rheumatic fever, dysentery. All purpose herb. |
Plant preparation and extraction
Phytochemical analysis of extracts
Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration
Bioautographic assay
Results
Phytochemical screening
Bioautography assay
Minimum inhibitory concentration
Bacteria Codes | Plant Extracts and Antibiotic Codes | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AC | AA | AS | E1 | E2 | HY | IQ | MB | SC | PE | PS | UM | GENT | |
(mg/ml) | |||||||||||||
EC 2H | 1.25 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 0.625 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 1.25 | 0.156 | 2.5 | 0.039 |
EC 24H | 1.25 | 0.625 | 0.625 | 0.312 | 0.625 | 2.5 | 1.25 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 1.25 | 0.312 | 1.25 | 0.078 |
EF 2H | 0.625 | 1.25 | 2.5 | 0.312 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 1.25 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 0.312 | 0.078 | 2.5 | 0.625 |
EF 24H | 0.625 | 0.089 | 0.039 | 0.156 | 0.078 | 2.5 | 0.625 | 2.5 | 0.312 | 0.625 | 0.156 | 0.312 | 0.625 |
SA 2H | 0.312 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 0.078 | 0.312 | 1.25 | 0.625 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 0.156 | 0.078 | 2.5 | 0.078 |
SA 24H | 0.312 | 0.018 | 0.018 | 0.312 | 0.156 | 0.312 | 0.156 | 0.078 | 0.156 | 0.312 | 0.156 | 0.078 | 0.078 |
SI 2H | 1.25 | 0.156 | 0.312 | 0.156 | 0.312 | 2.5 | 0.625 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 0.312 | 1.25 | 0.625 |
SI 24H | 1.25 | 1.25 | 0.625 | 1.25 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 |
ST 2H | 0.039 | 0.078 | 0.312 | 0.078 | 0.078 | 0.625 | 0.625 | 1.25 | 0.312 | 0.312 | 0.156 | 0.625 | 0.156 |
ST 24H | 0.312 | 0.156 | 1.25 | 0.625 | 0.312 | 2.5 | 1.25 | 2.5 | 1.25 | 0.312 | 0.312 | 1.25 | 1.25 |
STE- 2H | 1.25 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 0.156 | 0.625 | 2.5 | 1.25 | 2.5 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 0.312 | 1.25 | 2.5 |
STE- 24H | 1.25 | 0.078 | 0.078 | 0.156 | 0.625 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 2.5 | 0.625 | 1.25 | 0.312 | 0.625 | 2.5 |
STE+ 2H | 1.25 | 1.25 | 2.5 | 0.156 | 0.312 | 2.5 | 0.625 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 0.078 | 1.25 | 0.078 |
STE+ 24H | 1.25 | 0.078 | 0.312 | 0.312 | 0.625 | 2.5 | 1.25 | 2.5 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 0.312 | 0.625 | 0.156 |
SHF 2H | 0.312 | 0.078 | 0.156 | 0.625 | 0.625 | 0.312 | 0.625 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 0.625 | 0.078 | 1.25 | 0.078 |
SHF 24H | 0.625 | 0.018 | 0.078 | 0.078 | 0.312 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 2.5 | 0.625 | 0.625 | 0.312 | 0.312 | 0.078 |
SHS 2H | 0.625 | 0.156 | 0.312 | 0.312 | 1.25 | 2.5 | 0.625 | 1.25 | 2.5 | 1.25 | 0.156 | 2.5 | 0.156 |
SHS 24H | 0.625 | 0.039 | 0.039 | 0.039 | 0.312 | 1.25 | 0.312 | 1.25 | 0.625 | 0.625 | 0.312 | 0.312 | 0.156 |
Legend 1: Bacteria codes | |||||||||||||
Code | Isolates | ||||||||||||
EC 2H |
Escherichia coli at 2 h | ||||||||||||
EC 24H |
Escherichia coli at 24 h | ||||||||||||
EF 2H |
Enterococcus faecalis at 2 h | ||||||||||||
EF 24H |
E. faecalis at 24 h | ||||||||||||
SA 2H |
Staphylococcus aureus at 2 h | ||||||||||||
SA 24H |
S. aureus at 24 h | ||||||||||||
SI 2H |
Salmonella isangi at 2 h | ||||||||||||
SI 24H |
S. isangi at 24 h | ||||||||||||
ST 2H |
Salmonella Typhimurium at 2 h | ||||||||||||
ST 24H |
S. Typhimurium at 24 h | ||||||||||||
STE- 2H |
S. Typhimurium (ESBL negative) at 2 h | ||||||||||||
STE- 24H |
S. Typhimurium (ESBL negative) at 24 h | ||||||||||||
STE+ 2H |
S. Typhimurium (ESBL positive) at 2 h | ||||||||||||
STE+ 24H |
S. Typhimurium (ESBL positive) at 24 h | ||||||||||||
SHF 2H |
Shigella flexneri at 2 h | ||||||||||||
SHF 24H |
Sh. flexneri at 24 h | ||||||||||||
SHS 2H |
Sh. sonnei at 2 h | ||||||||||||
SHS 24H |
Sh. sonnei at 24 h | ||||||||||||
Legend 2: Plant codes | |||||||||||||
Code | Plant Extract/ Control | ||||||||||||
AC |
Acacia mearnsii
| ||||||||||||
AA |
Aloe arborescence
| ||||||||||||
AS |
Aloe striata
| ||||||||||||
CU |
Cyathula uncinulata
| ||||||||||||
E1 |
Eucomis autumnalis
| ||||||||||||
E2 |
Eucomis comosa
| ||||||||||||
HY |
Hypoxis latifolia
| ||||||||||||
MB |
Hermbstaedtia odorata
| ||||||||||||
SC |
Scilla nervosa
| ||||||||||||
PE |
Pelargonium sidoides
| ||||||||||||
PS |
Psidium guajava
| ||||||||||||
UM |
Hydnora africana
| ||||||||||||
GENT | Gentamycin |