Background
Methods
Study design and population
Data collection
Definitions
Data handling and statistical analysis
Results
Patient characteristics | Number of patients on | Prevalence of antibiotic use | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Admission (%) | Antibiotics | Percent | 95% CI | |
Age groupa | ||||
≤ 28 days | 208 (29.1) | 133 | 63.9 | 57.0–70.1 |
> 28 days to ≤2 years | 152 (21.2) | 126 | 82.9 | 75.8–88.3 |
> 2 years to ≤13 years | 272 (40.0) | 197 | 72.4 | 66.6–77.6 |
> 13 years to ≤18 years | 84 (11.7) | 50 | 60.0 | 48.2–69.9 |
Hospital type | ||||
Tertiary | 340 (47.5) | 223 | 65.6 | 60.4–70.6 |
Regional | 175 (24.4) | 146 | 83.4 | 77.2–88.2 |
District | 201 (28.1) | 137 | 68.2 | 61.4–74.2 |
Total | 716 (100.0) | 506 | 70.6 | 67.2–74.0 |
Hospital and patient characteristics
Use of antibiotics
Antibiotic utilisation at different types of healthcare facilities
Antibiotic utilisation among different age groups
Indication for antibiotic use
Indication for antibiotic use | Top 5 antibiotic use among paediatric inpatients | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | |
All indications (n = 831) | Ceftriaxone (n = 124, 14.9%) | Gentamicin(n = 114, 13.7%) | Cefuroxime (n = 103, 12.4%) | Cloxacillin (n = 83, 9.9%) | Metronidazole (n = 82, 9.8%) |
Community acquired infections (n = 508) | Ceftriaxone (n = 97, 19.1%) | Gentamicin (n = 85,16.7%) | Cefuroxime (n = 73, 14.4%) | Cloxacillin (n = 48, 9.4%) | Metronidazole (n = 47, 9.3%) |
Hosptal acquired infections (n = 86) | Cloxacillin (n = 12, 14.0%) | Gentamicin (n = 12, 14.0%) | Cefuroxime (n = 8, 9.3%) | Ciprofloxacin(n = 7, 8.1%) | Amikacin (n = 6, 7.0%) |
Ampicillin | |||||
Ceftriaxone | |||||
Meropenem | |||||
Medical prophylaxis (n = 126) | Ampicillin (n = 17, 13.5%) | Gentamicin (n = 1, 13.3%) | Cefotaxime (n = 16, 12.7%) | Amikacin (n = 14, 11.1%) | Crystal penicillin (n = 13, 10.3%) |
Cloxacillin | |||||
Surgical prophylaxis (n = 71) | Metronidazole (n = 20, 28.2%) | Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (n = 15, 21.1%) | Cefuroxime (n = 13, 18.3%) | Ceftriaxone (n = 7,9.9%) | Ampicillin (n = 4, 5.6%) |
Ciprofloxacin | |||||
Unknown (n = 40) | Ceftriaxone (n = 8, 20.0%) | Amox-clavulanic acid (n = 4, 10.0%) | Metronidazole (n = 3, 7.5%) | Amikacin (n = 2, 5.0%) | Erythromycin (n = 1, 2.5%) |
Ciprofloxacin | Cefuroxime | Azithromycin | |||
Clindamycin | Crystal penicillin | Co-trimoxazole | |||
Ampicillin | Amoxicillin | ||||
Cloxacillin | |||||
Gentamicin |
Anatomic sitesa | Top 5 antibiotic use (ATCa level 5) among paediatric patients | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | |
Resp (n = 196) | Gentamicin (n = 35, 17.9%) | Cefuroxime (n = 34, 17.3%) | Ceftriaxone (n = 29, 14.8%) | Amox-clav (n = 18, 9.2%) | Cloxacillin (n = 12, 6.1%) |
C penicillin | |||||
SSTBJ (n = 131) | Metronidazole (n = 24,18.3%) | Cloxacillin (n = 23, 17.6%) | Clindamycin (n = 20, 15.3%) | Cefuroxime (n = 19, 14.5%) | Amox-clav (n = 17, 13.0%) |
GIT (n = 88) | Metronidazole (n = 29, 32.9%) | Cefuroxime (n = 17,19.3%) | Ciprofloxacin (n = 13,14.8%) | Ceftriaxone (n = 11,12.5%) | Gentamicin (n = 7, 8.0%) |
GUOB (n = 33) | Metronidazole (n = 8,24.2%) | Amox-clav (n = 7, 21.2%) | Cefuroxime (n = 5, 15.2%) | Ceftriaxone (n = 4, 12.1%) | Ciprofloxacin (n = 3, 9.1%) |
CNS (n = 26) | Amox-clava (n = 2, 7.7%) | Ceftriaxone (n = 11, 3.4%) | Cloxacillin (n = 5, 1.5%) | Metronidazole (n = 3,0.9%) | Gentamicin (n = 1, 0.3%) |
Cefuroxime | Cefotaxime | ||||
Meropenem | |||||
UTI (n = 14) | Cefuroxime (n = 5, 35.7%) | Ciprofloxacin (n = 3, 21.4%) | Other drugsb (n = 6, 43.8%) | – | – |
Other sites (n = 15) | Ceftriaxone (n = 4, 26.6%) | Amox-clav (n = 2, 13.1%) | Other drugsc (n = 4, 26.6%) | – | – |
C penicillina | |||||
UND (n = 328) | Gentamicin (n = 59,18.0%) | Ceftriaxone (n = 57, 17.4%) | Ampicillin (n = 45,13.7%) | Cloxacillin (n = 42,12.8%) | Amikacin (n = 25,7.6%) |