Anticancer therapies gain increasing attention and discussion in specialized palliative care institutions. Frequency, indication, attitude of team members, and modes of these therapies implemented in specialized palliative care settings are still under investigation.
Methods
Descriptive analysis of the nationwide Hospice and Palliative Care Evaluation 2007 that collected data from palliative medicine, hospice care, and oncology institutions concerning the use of anticancer therapies.
Results
Three thousand one hundred eighty-four patients from 67 palliative care units, eight oncology wards, and other in- and outpatient institutions were registered. Two hundred eleven therapeutic interventions, mostly i.v. chemotherapy (28.9%), have been documented in all institutions except from inpatient hospices. Although all institutions were asked to keep records from “palliative patients”, those patients treated in oncology services differed from patients on palliative care units with respect to prognosis, therapeutic intention (symptom control versus tumor remission), and team attitude.
Discussion
Anticancer therapies are incorporated into palliative care concepts. The described differences in palliative patients that are treated in specialized palliative care as compared to oncology services will have to be discussed with regard to selection of patients for specialized palliative care and the range of suitable treatment modalities in palliative care concepts.
Introduction
Anticancer therapies (ACT) gain increasing attention in specialized palliative care institutions, where patients with incurable, far advanced, and progressive disease are treated, aiming a best possible quality of life. This expanded use of ACT follows recent paradigmatic developments in modern oncology, following approval of a broad number of new mainly non-cytotoxic substances (e.g., tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), monoclonal antibodies, or immunomodulatory drugs/IMiDs). Furthermore, application schemes shift from cyclic intervals to continuous metronomic or maintenance application, leading to prolonged periods of continuing ACT during the course of the disease and a reduced time span between termination of specific ACT and death [6]. Therapeutic aims in oncology are increasingly focusing on clinical and subjective parameters, as reflected by new terms like ´clinical benefit response´, ´time to progression´, or ´time to deterioration of symptoms´, instead on metric response parameters only, that are described by conventional oncological success criteria like ´partial/complete remission´, ´stable disease´, or ´disease progression´.
These redefined therapeutic goals of ACT owe tribute to the effects of ACT on symptom control that have been increasingly documented. In 1995 for example, effects of chemotherapy on dyspnea or cough were found in patients with small cell and non-small cell lung cancer [7] and confirmed in multiple studies (e.g., [12]). Similarly, a reduction in pain intensity was documented for the use of gemcitabine for patients with pancreatic cancer [3] or for the use of prednisone in combination with mitoxantrone or docetaxel, respectively [2], independent of additional effects on tumor load.
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For all these reasons, it can be assumed that ACT are increasingly used in specialized palliative care institutions.
It is unknown, though, to what extent specialized palliative care institutions are in fact integrating ACT into their care concept, and if this intends to reinforce genuine palliative purposes like symptom control. Furthermore, the uniquely complex balance between clinical benefit and therapy-associated toxicity in a palliative care patient population, the preceding decision process for the integration of ACT in palliative care, the attitudes of team members towards this integration, the overall clinical outcome on symptom burden and quality of life, psychosocial co-factors, and the aspects that confound termination of ACT still need to be investigated.
Methods
The Hospice and Palliative Care Evaluation is a prospective, annual, nationwide multicenter survey period that collects data from different German-speaking institutions that treat in- and outpatients from a palliative care perspective. Since 1999, this documentation project has gathered data from 21,720 palliative patients (https://www.hope-clara.de/download/HOPE2011Kurzinformation.pdf; accessed 25.08.2011) that were treated at palliative care units (PCU), inpatient hospices (IH), oncology wards (OW), general practitioners, and oncology specialists (P&S), and palliative `home care` teams. Each participating institution is supposed to survey 30 consecutive patients in a 3-month period, after written informed consent [4, 9]. This annual survey has already gathered broad general and specific clinical information on age, diagnoses, symptom burden, therapeutic measures, or outcomes of patients in German palliative care and hospice institutions [15].
For the study presented here, the 2007 survey (15 March 2007 to 15 June 2007) was added an additional modular questionnaire (Fig. 1) that documented the clinical and conceptual aspects of ACT in palliative care, including the Palliative Prognostic Index (PPI) as a validated prognostic score [11].
Fig. 1
Hospice and Palliative Care Evaluation: ACT questionnaire
×
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As this explorative, descriptive study focused on reporting current practices with regard to ACT in palliative care and hospice settings, also including multiple answer questions, statistical analysis used predominantly descriptive tools and chi square testing but deliberately avoided multiple significance testing and its implicit errors.
The study was approved by the local ethics authorities.
Results
The 2007 Hospice and Palliative Care Evaluation (HOPE) surveyed 3,184 palliative care patients. The majority of the 149 contributing institutions were specialized palliative care units (67), which reflected a 47.2% survey participation of all German PCU. Furthermore, 28 practitioner and specialist practices (P&S), 22 home care teams, eight oncology wards, and 24 inpatient hospices took part (in Germany, IH are referred to as institutions clearly focusing on nursing and psychosocial needs, supported by hospice volunteers, while medical surveillance and treatment is usually delivered there by competent general practitioners).
Four hundred sixty-seven modular ACT questionnaires were returned from 38 institutions (representing 14.7% of all documented patients). In this cohort, 205 patients were documented to have received any kind of ACT during the observational period (247 therapeutic interventions).
As much as 6.4% of the total HOPE population was documented to have received ACT in one form or the other. Interestingly, all types of institutions were involved in documenting ACT, except from inpatient hospices. The ACT subgroup is characterized by a better ECOG score (0–4; [13]) fewer severely diseased patients (ECOG 3–4) and a lower likelihood of death during the observational period (Table 1). The majority of patients in the ACT subgroup suffered from gastrointestinal cancer (ICD-10 C15–C26; 27.0%), followed by lung cancer (ICD-10 C30–C39; 14.8%). Compared with results from other studies [10, 15], more women than men were registered. This difference in gender distribution was even more prominent in the ACT subgroup. Age distribution in the ACT subgroup was comparable to the general HOPE population (Table 1).
Table 1
Demographic characteristics
ACT subgroup (n = 205)
HOPE cohort (n = 3,184)
Mean age
66.7 years (SD 11.7)
67.7 years (SD 12.8)
Median age
68.1 years
68.9 years
Gender distribution
Male
37.6%
47.5%
Female
62.4%
52.5%
Death during survey period
Total
12.4%
31.1%
Palliative care unit
16.2%
32.8%
Oncology ward
11.8%
12.6%
Mean ECOG score on admission
2.3 (SD 1.2)
3.0 (SD 1.0)
ECOG 3–4 on admission (%)
45.4%
72.6%
The relative number of patients who deceased during the observational period seemed to be lower in the ACT subgroup, as compared to the HOPE population. Also on specialized PCU, the relative number of ACT patients who died within the survey (16.2%) was shown to be smaller than within the total HOPE cohort (32.8%), but higher than on oncology wards (11.8%, despite small absolute figures).
The majority of documented ACT referred to newly initiated therapies in palliative care services within the survey period (120 therapeutic interventions), as compared to 91 therapeutic measures described as continuing interventions throughout the survey period. The indication to apply ACT on a palliative care unit was defined by the pretreating department (and not by palliative care physicians themselves) in 48.6% of all ACT cases.
In 28.9% of the ACT subgroup, tumor therapy implied i.v. cytotoxic chemotherapy, but several other modes of ACT were used (Table 2). Chemotherapy and hormonal therapy was newly initiated or continued to roughly equal parts, while local procedures like radiation therapy or endoscopic interventions were predominantly newly initiated.
Table 2
Modes of anticancer therapy (frequency of reports in absolute numbers; multiple answers permitted)
ACT:
Initiated
Continued
Total
Intravenous cytotoxic chemotherapy
61
48
108
Oral cytotoxic chemotherapy
10
13
23
Tumor-specific antibody
3
4
7
Hormonal therapy
10
19
29
Oral targeted therapy
2
5
7
Radiation therapy
33
10
43
Endoscopic intervention
10
1
11
Radioisotope therapy
0
0
0
Surgical intervention
8
0
8
Other procedure or intervention
9
2
11
Total
146
101
247
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On PCU, anticancer therapies were mainly indicated for symptom control reasons (38.8%), as compared to intended tumor regression (24.0%). But even on OW, 28.6% of all ACT were initiated for symptom control reasons, as compared to 38.1% of all ACT intended for tumor regression. Pain was the most often named indication for initiating ACT for symptom control (as reported in 60 cases), followed by dyspnea and neurological compression (Table 3). Institutional teams showed a high level of agreement towards treatment decisions; only 5.6% dissensual decisions were documented, almost exclusively in context with ACT intended for symptom control.
Table 3
Symptoms leading to ACT (frequency of reports in absolute numbers; multiple answers permitted)
Total
PS
OS
AA
AP
Pain
60
49
6
2
3
Dyspnea
26
19
3
2
2
Neurological compression
20
17
3
0
0
Gastrointestinal compression
13
12
0
1
0
Others
6
5
0
0
1
n.a.
29
26
3
0
0
Total
131
109
12
4
6
The modular ACT questionnaire also addressed prognostication of survival, using the Palliative Prognostic Index and related this to ACT treatment decisions. In general, a PPI score indicating a better clinical prognosis was associated with a higher likelihood of receiving ACT, but nine patients received a newly initiated ACT despite a PPI = 2 (that equals 20% estimated 3 weeks survival).
Indications to withhold or withdraw further ACT application comprised predominantly a deterioration of physical/functional state (48%), as opposed to therapeutic ineffectiveness (24%) or therapy related toxicities (in only 11%).
From all documented ACT, 93 ACT were terminated within the observational period, mostly when tumor control was the underlying indication (53.8%) as compared to an intended symptom control (18.3%).
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Team consensus in deciding to withdraw ACT was uniformly high. The carers were finally asked for a subjective overall assessment of application and outcome of a given ACT. On a scale from 1 (excellent) to 6 (fail), the average assessment was 2.7; but participation to this grading was particularly low (33.6% response rate).
Discussion
This study describes anticancer treatment decisions at the interface between oncology and palliative care, and provides insight into a group of severely and incurably ill cancer patients that are treated in different institutions from a palliative care perspective.
The study shows that ACT is an infrequent but quite relevant part within the treatment spectrum in palliative care institutions in Germany, except from inpatient hospices. Most often, conventional chemotherapy was used, while targeted therapies with their putatively smooth way of application were seldomly selected. Also surprising, even under the premises of palliative care, some of the included patients have received ACT until the very late stages of their disease, despite a very poor overall prognosis, as measured by PPI. The use of ACT for patients that died within the next 2 weeks (which is generally being considered an indicator of poor quality of care; [5, 6]), is therefore not only a problem for oncology, but also for specialized palliative care institutions.
The Hospice and Palliative Care Evaluation implies that all participating institutions propose those patients for inclusion that are considered as “palliative patients”. Therefore, it is not self-evident at all that patients under oncological surveillance as compared to specialized palliative care institutions showed distinguishing features in terms of surviving the observational period, preceding functional state, team attitude, and the intended therapeutic goal of a given ACT. This finding might imply (despite small absolute figures) procedural, conceptual, and definitional differences of palliative care between oncology and palliative care institutions; a “palliative patient” in the PCU seems to differ from a “palliative patient” in oncology institutions. On the other hand, conscientiously differentiating which patient might still qualify for ACT might also reflect a feature of “individualized care” [14]: “Anticancer therapy should be discussed and offered when evidence supports a reasonable chance of providing meaningful clinical benefit.” Therefore, these results also underline the need for interdisciplinary collaboration.
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This study faces several limitations: The lack of a clear cut definition of inclusion criteria denotes a major problem of the Hospice and Palliative Care Evaluation in general; the term “palliative patient” is neither defined nor operationalized there. This methodological problem leads over to the general discussion which patient is eligible for specialized palliative care. This immanent problem is even more fuelled by recent studies that propagate early integration of palliative care into oncological treatment concepts [16]. This development of “early integration” might certainly contribute to care concepts where anticancer therapy (aiming at tumor regression, prolonging life, or improvement of symptoms) and symptom-guided palliative care will be applied simultaneously or where palliative care is being incorporated into cancer care [8].
Other limitations of this study relate to data quantity and methodology: The poor return of the ACT questionnaires prevents generalizability and does not allow conclusions about absolute prevalences of ACT in palliative care institutions. Input from oncology wards was especially sparse, although it can be postulated that a great number of patients fulfilling palliative eligibility criteria are treated in oncology institutions. In detail, 50 of those 262 questionnaires that did not describe ACT during the observational period suggested previous ACT but left open when ACT had been terminated (long before or during the observational period), and had therefore to be excluded from analysis. The use of the Palliative Prognostic Index [11] might have led to irritation and misunderstandings, as it comprises several items including the Palliative Performance Score [1], which denotes a modified Karnofsky Performance Score. Some other questionnaire items like the subjective overall assessment of application and outcome were characterized by hesitant response. The need for informed consent might have lead to a general bias in the Hospice and Palliative Care Evaluation, as it has to be postulated that an undetermined number of patients will not have been able to complete the consent process in the respective palliative care or hospice settings. Finally, as the purpose of this survey was to describe current practices on ACT in palliative care and to generate hypotheses for further study at the interface of palliative care and oncology, we deliberately avoided significance testing, in order to prevent multiple testing errors.
In conclusion, this study shows that the use of ACT refers to a distinguishable subgroup of palliative care patients in distinct institutions and is therefore more than a mere expansion of the therapeutic (pharmacologic) spectrum in palliative care. The continuing debate about integrating ACT into palliative care concepts and about early integration of palliative care into oncology has now gained new arguments.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare there is no conflict of interest.
Open Access
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
Open AccessThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0), which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
