Background
Methods
Collection of plant and its parts
Extract preparation
Parasite cultivation
In vitro antimalarial screening (Simonsen et al., 2001)
Brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA) (in vivo assay)
Cytotoxicity of extracts to THP-1 monocyte cells
Chemical injury to erythrocytes
Extracts dilutions
In vivo study of Methanolic bark extract
The 4-day suppressive test
Evaluation of the repository activity
Rane’s Test or curative test
Parasitemia measurement
Monitoring of body weight
Packed cell volume measurement
Statistical analysis
Results
Yield of crude extracts from Pongamia pinnata and it’s phytochemicals
Plant part | Extract | Wight of plant part (g) | Wight of extract yield (g) | Yield (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Leaf | ME | 50 | 3.24 | 6.48 |
CH | 50 | 4.54 | 9.08 | |
HE | 50 | 7.45 | 14.90 | |
EA | 50 | 0.74 | 1.48 | |
AQ | 50 | 2.27 | 4.54 | |
Bark | ME | 50 | 2.23 | 4.46 |
CH | 50 | 4.56 | 9.12 | |
HE | 50 | 7.11 | 14.22 | |
EA | 50 | 1.27 | 2.54 | |
AQ | 50 | 3.51 | 7.02 | |
Flower | ME | 50 | 4.51 | 9.02 |
CH | 50 | 7.66 | 15.32 | |
HE | 50 | 6.08 | 12.16 | |
EA | 50 | 1.33 | 2.66 | |
AQ | 50 | 3.54 | 7.08 | |
Root | ME | 50 | 2.23 | 4.46 |
CH | 50 | 2.98 | 5.96 | |
HE | 50 | 6.21 | 12.42 | |
EA | 50 | 1.92 | 3.84 | |
AQ | 50 | 2.22 | 4.44 |
Tested compounds | Leaf | Bark | Flower | Root | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ME | CH | HE | EA | AQ | ME | CH | HE | EA | AQ | ME | CH | HE | EA | AQ | ME | CH | HE | EA | AQ | |
Alkaloids | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Coumarins | + | – | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | + | – | – | – | – |
Carbohydrates | – | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – |
Phenols | + | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | + | – | + | – | – | + | – | + | – | + | – | – |
Saponins | – | + | – | + | – | – | + | – | – | – | + | – | – | + | – | + | – | – | – | – |
Tannins | + | – | – | + | – | + | – | – | + | – | + | – | – | – | + | + | – | – | – | – |
Flavonoids | + | + | + | + | + | + | – | + | – | + | – | – | – | + | + | – | – | – | – | – |
Terpenoids | + | – | – | – | – | + | + | – | – | – | + | – | – | + | – | + | – | – | – | – |
Phlobatannins | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | + | + | – |
Steroids | – | + | + | – | – | – | + | + | – | – | – | + | + | – | – | – | + | + | – | – |
In vitro antimalarial activity
Plant Part | Extract | Percentage of inhibition (M ± SD, P value) | IC50 (μg/mL) 95% CI (LCL-UCL) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
12.5 μg/mL | 25 μg/mL | 50 μg/mL | 100 μg/mL | 200 μg/mL | |||
Leaf | ME | 21.08 ± 2.21 0.0019 | 49.78 ± 0.88 0.0001 | 68.75 ± 3.20 0.0004 | 86.85 ± 1.08 0.0000 | 95.01 ± 3.97 0.0003 | 24.00 ± 1.00 (21.51–26.48) |
CH | 0.00 ± 0.00 NS | 0.00 ± 0.00 NS | 0.00 ± 0.00 NS | 2.59 ± 1.46 0.12NS
| 2.75 ± 0.83 0.78 NS
| ND | |
HE | 0.00 ± 0.00 NS | 0.00 ± 0.00 NS | 1.22 ± 0.115 0.0023 | 2.49 ± 0.58 0.037 | 3.09 ± 0.17 0.76 NS
| ND | |
EA | 13.18 ± 2.56 0.0063 | 26.84 ± 2.22 0.0012 | 38.33 ± 5.92 0.0040 | 67.19 ± 3.37 0.0004 | 72.28 ± 2.22 0.0002 | 70.33 ± 3.79 (60.93–79.74) | |
AQ | 8.23 ± 0.96 0.0024 | 14.38 ± 4.31 0.015 | 27.08 ± 1.22 0.0003 | 54.07 ± 4.46 0.0012 | 78.07 ± 4.08 0.0005 | 92.00 ± 7.00 (74.61–109.39) | |
Bark | ME | 51.18 ± 3.57 0.0008 | 88.07 ± 0.80 0.0000 | 97.21 ± 1.00 0.0000 | 98.40 ± 0.32 0.0000 | 100 ± 0.12 0.0000 | 11.67 ± 1.53 (7.87–15.46) |
CH | 0.00 ± 0.00 NS | 5.54 ± 0.62 0.0022 | 18.02 ± 2.38 0.0029 | 27.31 ± 2.04 0.0010 | 41.67 ± 1.34 0.0002 | >200 | |
HE | 0.00 ± 0.00 NS | 6.50 ± 1.63 0.0011 | 17.25 ± 0.90 0.0005 | 34.52 ± 3.73 0.0021 | 54.12 ± 3.50 0.0008 | 178.41 ± 14.74 (141.71–214.96) | |
EA | 11.19 ± 2.65 0.0093 | 25.84 ± 3.31 0.0027 | 52.49 ± 2.12 0.0003 | 78.41 ± 3.49 0.0003 | 85.20 ± 2.60 0.0002 | 46.57 ± 1.53 (42.87–50.46) | |
AQ | 15.51 ± 1.95 0.0027 | 34.34 ± 3.56 0.0018 | 65.42 ± 0.73 0.0000 | 90.44 ± 1.18 0.0000 | 98.37 ± 0.26 0.0000 | 37.18 ± 1.53 (33.54–41.13) | |
Flower | ME | 14.22 ± 3.47 0.0098 | 39.70 ± 1.93 0.0004 | 67.21 ± 1.02 0.0000 | 93.42 ± 2.82 0.0002 | 97.58 ± 0.88 0.0000 | 32.00 ± 2.00 (27.03–36.97) |
CH | 0.00 ± 0.00 NS | 5.55 ± 0.49 0.0014 | 16.49 ± 1.89 0.0022 | 34.37 ± 3.65 0.0020 | 62.12 ± 0.25 0.0000 | 156.10 ± 3.61 (147.04–164.96) | |
HE | 3.11 ± 0.10 0.0003 | 10.01 ± 1.21 0.0025 | 28.58 ± 2.05 0.0009 | 35.52 ± 2.72 0.0011 | 43.50 ± 2.96 0.0009 | >200 | |
EA | 7.33 ± 1.65 0.0086 | 19.57 ± 0.77 0.0003 | 46.62 ± 1.88 0.0003 | 67.34 ± 0.81 0.0000 | 81.72 ± 1.23 0.0000 | 58.00 ± 4.58 (46.62–69.39) | |
AQ | 10.51 ± 0.90 0.0013 | 38.01 ± 0.88 0.0001 | 55.31 ± 4.88 0.0013 | 81.29 ± 1.05 0.0000 | 94.02 ± 1.42 0.0000 | 42.43 ± 3.21 (34.35–50.32) | |
Root | ME | 25.17 ± 2.23 0.0013 | 48.28 ± 0.92 0.0001 | 62.82 ± 2.31 0.0002 | 78.87 ± 5.80 0.0009 | 92.15 ± 3.68 0.0003 | 25.67 ± 2.08 (20.50–30.84) |
CH | 2.44 ± 0.68 0.014 | 8.80 ± 2.00 0.0087 | 20.57 ± 0.87 0.0003 | 44.27 ± 3.56 0.0011 | 68.63 ± 1.16 0.0001 | 123.77 ± 10.26 (98.17–149.16) | |
HE | 0.00 ± 0.00 NS | 0.00 ± 0.00 NS | 0.00 ± 0.00 NS | 1.90 ± 0.54 0.092 NS
| 2.65 ± 0.67 0.86 NS
| ND | |
EA | 0.00 ± 0.00 NS | 0.00 ± 0.00 NS | 1.81 ± 0.55 0.017 | 2.14 ± 0.17 0.0074 | 2.53 ± 0.54 0.93 NS
| ND | |
AQ | 1.30 ± 0.23 0.0072 | 7.47 ± 1.11 0.0038 | 23.31 ± 1.11 0.0004 | 58.04 ± 0.34 0.0000 | 69.38 ± 1.76 0.0001 | 88.00 ± 1.73 (83.70–92.90) | |
DMSO (Negative control) | – | 0.55 ± 0.01 | 1.32 ± 0.31 | 2.35 ± 0.00 | 4.16 ± 0.14 | 4.00 ± 0.64 | – |
CQ (Positive control) | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3.68 ± 0.555 |
Cytotoxicity evaluation against brine shrimp
Plant Part | Extract | Percentage of mortality (M ± SD, P - value) | LC50 (μg/mL) 95%CI (LCL-UCL) | SI | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
100 μg/mL | 200 μg/mL | 400 μg/mL | 600 μg/mL | 800 μg/mL | 1000 μg/mL | 1200 μg/mL | 1400 μg/mL | 1600 μg/mL | ||||
Leaf | ME | 0.00 ± 0.00 NS | 4.74 ± 1.45 0.017 | 10.52 ± 2.93 0.013 | 18.15 ± 2.63 0.0036 | 30.53 ± 0.62 0.0001 | 38.87 ±1.65 0.0003 | 45.33 ±3.51 0.0013 | 69.45 ±5.03 0.0012 | 87.61 ± 1.58 0.0001 | 1245.00 ±35.00 (1158.10–1331.90) | 51.87 |
CH | 7.37 ± 0.50 0.0009 | 13.38 ± 0.94 0.0009 | 24.02 ± 1.13 0.0004 | 38.37 ± 4.17 0.0020 | 56.25 ± 0.97 0.0001 | 82.62 ±2.18 0.0001 | 100.00 ±0.00 0.0000 | 100.00 ±0.00 0.0000 | 100.00 ±0.00 0.0000 | 730.00 ±22.9 1030.80–1182.60) | ND | |
HE | 0.00 ± 0.00 NS | 4.15 ±0.37 0.0020 | 10.69 ±1.70 0.0011 | 18.33 ±1.55 0.0013 | 38.33 ±1.66 0.0003 | 41.22 ±0.91 0.0001 | 56.61 ±3.15 0.0006 | 74.36 ±4.48 0.0008 | 97.57 ±2.12 0.0001 | 1106.70 ±30.60 (1030.80–1182.60) | ND | |
EA | 10.70 ±1.57 0.0039 | 18.48 ±0.96 0.0005 | 37.62 ±4.10 0.0020 | 61.82 ±1.39 0.0001 | 86.04 ±3.04 0.0002 | 100.00 ±0.00 0.0000 | 100.00 ±0.00 0.0000 | 100.00 ±0.00 0.0000 | 100.00 ±0.00 0.0000 | 495.00 ±22.90 (438.10–551.90) | 7.03 | |
AQ | 13.06 ±1.47 0.0022 | 25.32 ±2.66 0.0019 | 46.50 ±1.28 0.0001 | 61.96 ±1.99 0.0002 | 90.87 ±1.72 0.0001 | 100.00 ±0.00 0.0000 | 100.00 ±0.00 0.0000 | 100.00 ±0.00 0.0000 | 100.00 ±0.00 0.0000 | 438.00 ±10.58 (411.71–464.29) | 4.76 | |
Bark | ME | 0.00 ±0.00 NS | 0.00 ±0.00 NS | 2.31 ±0.31 0.0013 | 7.74 ±2.26 0.015 | 13.13 ±2.23 0.0050 | 21.22 ±2.02 0.0018 | 38.79 ±1.73 0.0005 | 55.51 ±5.04 0.0021 | 85.00 ±0.37 0.0000 | 1328.30 ±32.50 (1247.50–1409.10) | 113.82 |
CH | 0.00 ±0.00 NS | 3.30 ±1.20 0.026 | 9.82 ±2.26 0.0093 | 15.03 ±1.60 0.0020 | 26.78 ±2.59 0.0017 | 48.37 ±0.80 0.0001 | 69.53 ±3.60 0.0005 | 88.29 ±0.52 0.0000 | 100.00 ±0.00 0.0000 | 1011.67 ±2.89 (1004.50–1018.84) | >5.05 | |
HE | 5.23 ±0.38 0.0012 | 9.49 ±1.06 0.0023 | 16.62 ±3.80 0.0089 | 38.08 ±0.94 0.0001 | 54.55 ±3.66 0.0008 | 72.60 ±2.24 0.0002 | 91.70 ±3.79 0.0003 | 98.18 ±1.21 0.0001 | 100.00 ±0.00 0.0000 | 738.30 ±23.60 (679.60–797.00) | 4.14 | |
EA | 0.00 ±0.00 NS | 4.23 ±0.68 0.0054 | 10.67 ±3.19 0.015 | 18.08 ±0.92 0.0005 | 42.01 ±3.09 0.0010 | 74.07 ±0.82 0.0000 | 98.15 ±2.48 0.0001 | 100.00 ±0.00 0.0000 | 100.00 ±0.00 0.0000 | 841.37 ±10.41 (815.81–867.52) | 18.02 | |
AQ | 0.00 ±0.00 NS | 1.30 ±0.24 0.0056 | 4.53 ±1.51 0.020 | 10.49 ±0.70 0.0008 | 22.53 ±4.07 0.0054 | 49.02 ±1.63 0.0003 | 80.37 ±2.85 0.0002 | 100.00 ±0.00 0.0000 | 100.00 ±0.00 0.0000 | 1006.00 ±14.93 (968.90–1043.10) | 26.94 | |
Flower | ME | 0.00 ±0.00 NS | 0.00 ±0.00 NS | 0.00 ±0.00 NS | 0.00 ±0.00 NS | 3.37 ±0.17 0.017 | 11.03 ±1.84 0.0069 | 21.83 ±1.51 0.0016 | 38.59 ±2.95 0.0019 | 66.10 ±3.63 0.0007 | 1475.00 ±21.80 (1420.90–1529.01) | 46.09 |
CH | 0.00 ±0.00 NS | 0.00 ±0.00 NS | 3.31 ±0.82 0.013 | 7.71 ±1.21 0.0045 | 15.25 ±2.39 0.0048 | 29.41 ±0.74 0.0001 | 47.34 ±1.75 0.0003 | 68.61 ±3.95 0.0008 | 84.66 ±3.83 0.0005 | 1218.33 ±10.41 (1192.48–1244.19) | 7.80 | |
HE | 0.00 ±0.00 NS | 1.56 ±0.50 0.029 | 4.07 ±1.34 0.020 | 12.46 ±2.80 0.0087 | 31.78 ±2.12 0.0008 | 58.65 ±2.03 0.0002 | 75.79 ±1.98 0.0001 | 91.41 ±1.17 0.0000 | 100.00 ±0.00 0.0000 | 1132.67 ±15.53 (1094.08–1171.26) | >5.66 | |
EA | 9.11 ±1.95 0.0081 | 17.54 ±4.05 0.0090 | 33.32 ±2.73 0.0011 | 71.34 ±2.87 0.0003 | 89.30 ±0.29 0.0000 | 99.34 ±0.28 0.0000 | 100.00 ±0.00 0.0000 | 100.00 ±0.00 0.0000 | 100.00 ±0.00 0.0000 | 480.00 ±5.00 (467.58–492.42) | 8.27 | |
AQ | 6.21 ±0.89 0.0039 | 10.89 ±2.16 0.0069 | 21.51 ±1.26 0.0006 | 38.76 ±3.90 0.0017 | 59.91 ±3.75 0.0007 | 78.20 ±0.96 0.0000 | 99.30 ±0.34 0.0000 | 100.00 ±0.00 0.0000 | 100.00 ±0.00 0.0000 | 703.30 ±28.40 (632.70–774.00) | 16.61 | |
Root | ME | 0.00 ±0.00 NS | 0.00 ±0.00 NS | 0.00 ±0.00 NS | 2.41 ±0.66 0.017 | 6.77 ±1.88 0.018 | 14.37 ±2.11 0.0048 | 38.32 ±1.19 0.0003 | 69.20 ±1.03 0.0000 | 90.89 ±1.72 0.0001 | 1274.00 ±5.29 (1260.86–1287.14) | 49.62 |
CH | 0.00 ±0.00 NS | 0.00 ±0.00 NS | 0.00 ±0.00 NS | 3.83 ±0.44 0.0031 | 10.47 ±0.45 0.0004 | 18.51 ±0.49 0.0011 | 32.79 ±2.33 0.0013 | 58.88 ±3.11 0.0007 | 89.30 ±2.60 0.0002 | 1335.00 ±21.80 (1280.90–1389.10) | 10.79 | |
HE | 0.00 ±0.00 NS | 2.48 ±1.13 0.042 | 8.41 ±0.96 0.0024 | 18.74 ±3.16 0.0049 | 39.78 ±2.49 0.0007 | 80.13 ±1.81 0.0001 | 99.15 ±0.17 0.0000 | 100.00 ±0.00 0.0000 | 100.00 ±0.00 0.0000 | 850.17 ±5.21 (828.26–873.07) | ND | |
EA | 3.45 ±0.59 0.0066 | 9.09 ±3.15 0.020 | 19.27 ±0.49 0.0001 | 40.65 ±2.78 0.0008 | 78.34 ±0.82 0.0000 | 96.68 ±1.87 0.0001 | 100.00 ±0.00 0.0000 | 100.00 ±0.00 0.0000 | 100.00 ±0.00 0.0000 | 646.72 ±15.28 (608.12–684.61) | ND | |
AQ | 0.00 ±0.00 NS | 0.00 ±0.00 NS | 2.32 ±0.13 0.0003 | 6.62 ±2.00 0.016 | 13.44 ±3.02 0.0098 | 42.58 ±2.04 0.0004 | 73.39 ±3.36 0.0004 | 98.04 ±0.95 0.0000 | 100.00 ±0.00 0.0000 | 1047.61 ±12.50 (1016.61–1078.73) | 11.90 | |
DMSO (−ve control) | – | 0.80 ± 0.03 | 1.00 ±0.21 | 1.12 ±0.00 | 1.47 ±0.52 | 1.50 ±0.00 | 2.31 ±0.17 | 4.33 ±0.38 | 5.45 ±0.59 | 7.87 ±1.21 | – | – |
Chloram-phenicol (+ve control) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 19.45 ±1.23 |
Cytotoxicity evaluation against THP-1 cells
Plant Part | Extract | Percentage of Inhibition (M ± SD, P-value) | IC50μg/mL | SI | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
12.5 μg/mL | 25 μg/mL | 50 μg/mL | 100 μg/mL | 200 μg/mL | ||||
Leaf | ME | 4.79 ± 0.38 0.0011 | 7.82 ± 2.12 0.012 | 10.03 ± 1.14 0.0028 | 17.72 ± 2.08 0.0027 | 23.38 ± 3.65 0.0054 | >200 | >8.33 |
CH | 0.00 ± 0.00 NS | 0.00 ± 0.00 NS | 0.00 ± 0.00 NS | 4.12 ± 2.12 0.07 NS
| 3.45 ± 2.32 0.2 NS
| ND | ND | |
HE | 4.77 ± 1.49 0.017 | 2.25 ± 0.36 0.0049 | 8.30 ± 0.83 0.0017 | 7.70 ± 0.57 0.0014 | 5.56 ± 0.69 0.017 | >200 | ND | |
EA | 0.00 ± 0.00 NS | 0.00 ± 0.00 NS | 10.36 ± 0.79 0.0010 | 20.38 ± 5.04 0.011 | 31.46 ± 0.97 0.0002 | >200 | >2.84 | |
AQ | 0.00 ± 0.00 NS | 4.01 ± 2.15 0.045 | 10.80 ± 2.53 0.0092 | 18.33 ± 0.98 0.0006 | 25.55 ± 1.50 0.0008 | >200 | >2.17 | |
Bark | ME | 0.00 ± 0.00 NS | 4.71 ± 1.05 0.0087 | 13.05 ± 1.00 0.0010 | 19.64 ± 1.40 0.0010 | 29.61 ± 2.42 0.0014 | >200 | >17.13 |
CH | 0.00 ± 0.00 NS | 0.00 ± 0.00 NS | 4.25 ± 0.07 0.0000 | 7.74 ± 1.86 0.013 | 17.47 ± 2.08 0.0036 | >200 | 00 | |
HE | 0.00 ± 0.00 NS | 2.25 ± 0.24 0.0023 | 4.69 ± 2.58 0.047 | 2.59 ± 0.93 0.066NS
| 5.06 ± 2.16 0.14 NS
| ND | ND | |
EA | 1.33 ± 0.22 0.0062 | 4.70 ± 0.84 0.0056 | 11.43 ± 2.75 0.0096 | 20.67 ± 2.21 0.0022 | 39.81 ± 3.33 0.0014 | >200 | >4.28 | |
AQ | 0.00 ± 0.00 NS | 0.00 ± 0.00 NS | 0.00 ± 0.00 NS | 1.30 ± 0.30 0.35 NS
| 2.42 ± 1.02 0.84 NS
| ND | ND | |
Flower | ME | 0.00 ± 0.00 NS | 7.38 ± 2.22 0.015 | 15.36 ± 2.90 0.0060 | 22.31 ± 2.19 0.0018 | 34.58 ± 1.43 0.0004 | >200 | >6.25 |
CH | 0.00 ± 0.00 NS | 0.00 ± 0.00 NS | 0.00 ± 0.00 NS | 1.30 ± 0.07 0.29 NS
| 2.34 ± 1.10 0.85 NS
| ND | ND | |
HE | 2.62 ± 0.72 0.014 | 7.60 ± 1.46 0.0063 | 18.59 ± 0.78 0.0003 | 24.54 ± 3.77 0.0043 | 33.10 ± 2.82 0.0015 | >200 | 00 | |
EA | 0.00 ± 0.00 NS | 0.00 ± 0.00 NS | 0.00 ± 0.00 NS | 0.00 ± 0.00 NS | 1.60 ± 0.44 0.99 NS
| ND | ND | |
AQ | 8.25 ± 0.29 0.0002 | 0.00 ± 0.00 NS | 7.58 ± 1.41 0.0059 | 5.56 ± 0.81 0.0063 | 6.54 ± 1.44 0.06 NS
| ND | ND | |
Root | ME | 8.66 ± 1.93 0.0084 | 14.40 ± 1.22 0.0012 | 20.57 ± 0.86 0.0003 | 23.10 ± 3.64 0.0046 | 29.65 ± 2.88 0.0020 | >200 | 7.79 |
CH | 0.00 ± 0.00 NS | 2.18 ± 0.58 0.013 | 11.35 ± 2.47 0.0079 | 17.80 ± 2.10 0.0027 | 23.10 ± 2.06 0.0015 | >200 | ND | |
HE | 0.00 ± 0.00 NS | 0.00 ± 0.00 NS | 0.00 ± 0.00 NS | 0.00 ± 0.00 NS | 2.64 ± 0.49 0.92 NS
| ND | ND | |
EA | 4.28 ± 1.24 0.014 | 0.00 ± 0.00 NS | 7.51 ± 2.14 0.014 | 3.42 ± 0.64 0.016 | 10.87 ± 0.89 0.0024 | ND | ND | |
AQ | 0.00 ± 0.00 NS | 0.00 ± 0.00 NS | 12.56 ± 4.38 0.020 | 18.73 ± 2.06 0.0023 | 28.79 ± 3.43 0.0030 | >200 | >2.27 | |
DMSO (Negative control) | – | 0.40 ± 0.00 | 0.54 ± 0.11 | 0.60 ± 0.05 | 1.21 ± 0.42 | 1.56 ± 0.21 | – | – |
Ellipticine (Positive control) | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.59 ± 0.25 | – |
Chemical injury to erythrocytes
4-Day suppressive test
Test substance | Dose (mg/kg/day) | Parasitemia (%) | Inhibition (%) | Mean survival time (Days) | Weight on Day0 (g) | Weight on Day4 (g) | Change (%) | PCV on Day 0 (%) | PCV on Day 4 (%) | Reduction (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Methanol extract | 200 | 38.29 ± 1.79 0.012* | 14.59 | 10 ± 2.00 0.50NS
| 30.62 ± 1.22 | 30.13 ± 0.97 0.004* | 1.63 | 42.16 ± 2.33 | 42.42 ± 1.15 0.018* | −0.49 |
400 | 33.53 ± 0.43 0.0000* | 25.17 | 13 ± 1.00 0.0011* | 30.31 ± 2.33 | 31.08 ± 0.48 0.001* | 3.23 | 42.42 ± 1.05 | 42.64 ± 0.28 0.013* | −0.43 | |
600 | 28.35 ± 1.81 0.0021* | 36.71 | 17 ± 2.65 0.025* | 30.51 ± 1.85 | 30.63 ± 0.79 0.003* | 6.16 | 43.24 ± 1.65 | 44.02 ± 0.58 0.0022* | −1.46 | |
800 | 15.14 ± 1.06 0.0002* | 66.25 | 22 ± 2.00 0.0057* | 30.12 ± 1.48 | 30.72 ± 0.65 0.022* | −1.99 | 42.13 ± 2.03 | 43.36 ± 1.07 0.0084* | −2.35 | |
1000 | 07.24 ± 1.00 0.001* | 83.84 | 26 ± 2.00 0.0032* | 30.00 ± 3.21 | 31.35 ± 1.08 0.0004* | −4.53 | 43.63 ± 1.44 | 44.12 ± 2.59 0.037* | −0.91 | |
Vehicle (−) | 1 ml | 44.81 ± 1.52 | – | 10 ± 1.00 | 30.23 ± 2.41 | 28.27 ± 2.56 | 6.48 | 43.00 ± 1.00 | 38.72 ± 1.87 | 8.07 |
Chloroquine (+) | 5 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 100 | 30 ± 0.00 | 30.24 ± 1.00 | 31.18 ± 1.23 | −3.10 | 41.83 ± 2.46 | 44.21 ± 2.12 | −4.59 |
Repository test
Test substance | Dose (mg/kg/day) | Parasitemia (%) | Inhibition (%) | Mean survival time (Days) | Weight on Day0 (g) | Weight on Day4 (g) | Change (%) | PCV on Day 0 (%) | PCV on Day 4 (%) | Reduction (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Methanol extract | 200 | 52.27 ± 1.93 0.018* | 10.57 | 10 ± 2.00 0.07NS
| 31.42 ± 1.53 | 30.75 ± 1.06 0.001* | 2.13 | 45.21 ± 2.00 | 44.18 ± 1.90 0.04* | 1.86 |
400 | 44.62 ± 1.34 0.0008* | 23.66 | 12 ± 1.34 0.04* | 32.12 ± 0.85 | 32.53 ± 0.69 0.003* | −1.27 | 45.43. ± 1.65 | 45.12 ± 5.01 0.02* | 0.55 | |
600 | 24.56 ± 3.69 0.0043* | 57.98 | 15 ± 1.00 0.009* | 30.31 ± 1.66 | 31.36 ± 0.79 0.004* | −3.46 | 44.82 ± 1.23 | 44.45 ± 0.73 0.03* | 0.67 | |
800 | 15.94 ± 1.35 0.0000* | 72.73 | 20 ± 2.55 0.0002* | 31.09 ± 2.11 | 32.02 ± 0.84 0.002* | −2.99 | 46.05 ± 2.11 | 46.84 ± 1.12 0.003* | −1.40 | |
1000 | 7.32 ± 0.78 0.0000* | 87.47 | 25 ± 0.00 0.0001* | 32.00 ± 1.73 | 31.21 ± 1.63 0.001* | 2.46 | 46.36 ± 0.56 | 45.73 ± 1.56 0.0083* | −0.79 | |
Vehicle (−) | 1 ml | 58.45 ± 1.26 | – | 9 ± 1.85 | 31.63 ± 1.00 | 27.27 ± 0.89 | 13.78 | 44.72 ± 1.31 | 43.49 ± 1.82 | 2.25 |
Chloroquine (+) | 5 | 00 ± 00 | 100 | 29 ± 1.38 | 31.43 ± 2.09 | 31.58 ± 1.32 | −0.47 | 44.31 ± 1.06 | 46.45 ± 2.21 | −3.94 |
Curative test (Rane’s test)
Test substance | Dose (mg/kg/day) | Parasitemia (%) | Inhibition (%) | Mean survival time (Days) | Weight on Day0 (g) | Weight on Day4 (g) | Change (%) | PCV on Day 0 (%) | PCV on Day 4 (%) | Reduction (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Methanol extract | 200 | 23.45 ± 0.30 0.0014* | 41.09 | 14.00 ± 2.00 0.06NS
| 29.21 ± 1.35 | 29.42 ± 1.11 0.004* | −0.71 | 39.42 ± 1.94 | 42.96 ± 2.87 0.007* | −8.98 |
400 | 18.91 ± 1.18 0.0002* | 52.49 | 18.00 ± 1.00 0.0004* | 29.08 ± 2.34 | 29.53 ± 4.05 0.003* | −1.54 | 39.82 ± 2.11 | 43.40 ± 1.18 0.004* | −7.18 | |
600 | 11.28 ± 1.15 0.0001* | 71.66 | 23.00 ± 2.00 0.0084* | 28.30 ± 2.00 | 30.18 ± 1.98 0.005* | −6.64 | 38.19 ± 3.22 | 44.13 ± 3.98 0.001* | −12.32 | |
800 | 5.61 ± 0.48 0.0003* | 85.90 | 27.00 ± 2.65 0.0081* | 28.91 ± 1.23 | 29.26 ± 1.97 0.008* | −1.21 | 40.25 ± 1.58 | 42.44 ± 2.16 0.006* | −4.35 | |
1000 | 2.12 ± 0.03 0.0003* | 94.67 | 29.00 ± 1.00 0.0000* | 29.10 ± 2.11 | 31.47 ± 1.11 0.001* | −8.14 | 39.61 ± 1.33 | 44.18 ± 0.96 0.0008* | −8.43 | |
Vehicle (−) | 1 ml | 39.81 ± 1.25 | – | 9.00 ± 1.58 | 29.31 ± 1.39 | 26.55 ± 1.56 | 9.41 | 38.32 ± 2.44 | 36.09 ± 1.88 | 5.87 |
Chloroquine (+) | 5 | 00 ± 00 | 100 | >30 | 30.22 ± 2.24 | 31.29 ± 2.11 | −3.54 | 40.11 ± 3.21 | 43.54 ± 2.33 | −6.84 |