Background
Methods
Isolate collection
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing
Quality control
Results
Isolate collection
Regiona | Number of Centers | Percent of centers (%) | Number of isolates | Percent of isolates (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Africa | 8 | 3.4 | 375 | 1.4 |
Asia | 29 | 12.1 | 1989 | 7.1 |
Europe | 132 | 55.2 | 17,456 | 62.7 |
North America | 54 | 22.6 | 6785 | 24.3 |
LatinAmerica | 16 | 6.7 | 1252 | 4.5 |
Total | 239 | 100 | 27,857 | 100 |
Demographic parameter | Number of patients | Percent of patients(%) |
---|---|---|
Patient location | ||
ICUa | 5419 | 19.5 |
non-ICU | 19,907 | 71.5 |
Unknown | 2531 | 9.1 |
In-patient | 19,520 | 70.1 |
Out-patient | 5806 | 20.8 |
Unknown | 2531 | 9.1 |
Patient age | ||
0–20 years | 2627 | 9.4 |
21–40 years | 2471 | 8.9 |
41–60 years | 6507 | 23.4 |
61–80 years | 10,901 | 39.1 |
≥ 81 years | 4674 | 16.8 |
Unknown | 677 | 2.4 |
Total | 27,857 | 100 |
Antimicrobial susceptibilities of isolates
Enterobacteriaceae
Africa | Asia | Europe | North America | Latin America | Global | Global | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S% | S% | S% | S% | S% | MIC90(mg/L) | MIC range(mg/L) | S% | R% | MIC90(mg/L) | MIC range(mg/L) | S% | R% | |
E.coli
| E.coli, all isolates | E.coli ESBL isolates | |||||||||||
N = 47 | N = 396 | N = 3235 | N = 1487 | N = 187 | N = 5352 | N = 852 | |||||||
Amikacin | 97.9 | 97.7 | 99.5 | 99.9 | 98.9 | 4 | 0.5–128 | 99.4 | 0.2 | 8 | 0.5–64 | 98.4 | 0.2 |
Amoxy/clav | 48.9 | 72.0 | 70.1 | 78.1 | 64.7 | 32 | 0.25–64 | 72.1 | 10.1 | 32 | 0.5–64 | 48.6 | 14.4 |
Ampicillin | 12.8 | 18.4 | 32.8 | 43.4 | 26.2 | 64 | 0.5–64 | 34.3 | 65.0 | 64 | 1–64 | 0.6 | 99.4 |
Cefepime | 57.5 | 59.6 | 82.0 | 88.8 | 73.8 | 16 | 0.5–64 | 81.8 | 13.1 | 64 | 0.5–64 | 13.9 | 64.7 |
Ceftazidime | 63.8 | 70.0 | 86.5 | 91.6 | 79.1 | 8 | 1–32 | 86.3 | 9.4 | 32 | 1–32 | 35.3 | 42.7 |
Ceftriaxone | 48.9 | 49.8 | 78.8 | 87.4 | 67.4 | 64 | 0.06–64 | 78.4 | 21.0 | 64 | 0.06–64 | 0.9 | 97.8 |
Levofloxacin | 51.1 | 48.0 | 64.9 | 71.6 | 58.8 | 16 | 0.008–16 | 65.2 | 31.9 | 16 | 0.008–16 | 16.3 | 78.9 |
Meropenem | 95.7 | 98.2 | 99.9 | 99.7 | 97.3 | 0.06 | 0.06–32 | 99.6 | 0.4 | 0.12 | 0.06–16 | 99.5 | 0.4 |
Minocycline | 74.5 | 83.3 | 85.9 | 91.3 | 81.8 | 8 | 0.5–32 | 87.0 | 7.4 | 8 | 0.5–32 | 86.0 | 7.3 |
Pip/taz | 80.9 | 95.0 | 92.7 | 97.4 | 94.4 | 8 | 0.06–256 | 94.1 | 3.2 | 16 | 0.06–256 | 91.2 | 4.5 |
Tigecycline | 100 | 100 | 99.9 | 99.9 | 100 | 0.25 | 0.008–16 | 99.9 | 0.04 | 0.5 | 0.008–2 | 100 | 0.0 |
K.pneumoniae
| K.pneumoniae, all isolates | K.pneumoniae ESBL isolates | |||||||||||
N = 52 | N = 276 | N = 1761 | N = 899 | N = 166 | N = 3154 | N = 659 | |||||||
Amikacin | 84.6 | 90.2 | 96.7 | 99.4 | 96.4 | 8 | 0.5–128 | 96.7 | 1.8 | 16 | 0.5–128 | 95.8 | 2.7 |
Amoxy/clav | 25.0 | 66.7 | 60.8 | 90.9 | 59.0 | 64 | 0.12–64 | 69.2 | 18.8 | 64 | 2–64 | 19.6 | 40.2 |
Ampicillin | 1.8 | 2.2 | 2.6 | 6.2 | 1.2 | 64 | 0.5–64 | 3.5 | 85.1 | 64 | 16–64 | 0 | 99.9 |
Cefepime | 34.6 | 66.7 | 65.0 | 93.3 | 57.2 | 64 | 0.5–64 | 72.3 | 23.4 | 64 | 0.5–64 | 8.4 | 78.0 |
Ceftazidime | 34.6 | 69.2 | 67.0 | 91.2 | 68.7 | 32 | 1–32 | 73.6 | 21.7 | 32 | 1–32 | 18.1 | 65.0 |
Ceftriaxone | 21.2 | 62.7 | 62.5 | 90.6 | 54.2 | 64 | 0.06–64 | 69.4 | 29.8 | 64 | 0.06–64 | 1.8 | 97.3 |
Levofloxacin | 57.7 | 76.5 | 70.8 | 91.4 | 80.7 | 16 | 0.008–16 | 77.5 | 18.7 | 16 | 0.03–16 | 40.5 | 47.7 |
Meropenem | 84.6 | 89.5 | 87.9 | 98.0 | 91.6 | 1 | 0.06–32 | 91.1 | 8.0 | 8 | 0.06–32 | 84.8 | 11.7 |
Minocycline | 71.2 | 83.3 | 78.6 | 87.5 | 83.7 | 16 | 0.5–32 | 81.7 | 11.5 | 16 | 0.5–32 | 70.3 | 18.2 |
Pip/taz | 55.8 | 80.8 | 76.7 | 94.1 | 77.1 | 256 | 0.06–256 | 81.7 | 15.0 | 256 | 0.5–256 | 59.6 | 29.1 |
Tigecycline | 96.2 | 93.1 | 94.4 | 95.6 | 97.6 | 2 | 0.008–16 | 94.8 | 0.7 | 2 | 0.008–16 | 90.4 | 1.2 |
S.marcescens
| |||||||||||||
N = 29 | N = 88 | N = 591 | N = 224 | N = 92 | N = 1024 | ||||||||
Amikacin | 100.0 | 96.6 | 99.0 | 100.0 | 85.9 | 4 | 0.5–128 | 97.9 | 0.9 | ||||
Amoxy/clav | 0.0 | 8.0 | 3.1 | 1.3 | 3.3 | 64 | 0.5–64 | 3.0 | 92.4 | ||||
Ampicillin | 0.0 | 6.8 | 6.3 | 4.0 | 4.4 | 64 | 0.5–64 | 5.5 | 87.3 | ||||
Cefepime | 89.7 | 85.2 | 96.6 | 98.7 | 80.4 | 1 | 0.5–64 | 94.4 | 3.8 | ||||
Ceftazidime | 96.6 | 88.6 | 96.1 | 98.2 | 87.0 | 2 | 1–32 | 95.1 | 3.8 | ||||
Ceftriaxone | 89.7 | 79.6 | 85.3 | 88.0 | 71.7 | 4 | 0.06–64 | 84.3 | 11.8 | ||||
Levofloxacin | 100.0 | 94.3 | 95.8 | 96.0 | 89.1 | 1 | 0.008–16 | 95.2 | 2.9 | ||||
Meropenem | 96.6 | 95.5 | 99.0 | 99.1 | 93.5 | 0.25 | 0.06–32 | 98.1 | 1.6 | ||||
Minocycline | 100.0 | 88.6 | 90.4 | 94.2 | 88.0 | 4 | 0.5–32 | 91.9 | 2.3 | ||||
Pip/taz | 100.0 | 89.8 | 94.1 | 97.3 | 90.2 | 8 | 0.06–256 | 94.2 | 2.4 | ||||
Tigecycline | 96.6 | 95.5 | 97.0 | 97.8 | 93.5 | 2 | 0.03–16 | 96.7 | 0.3 | ||||
E.cloacae
| |||||||||||||
N = 47 | N = 157 | N = 1084 | N = 404 | N = 132 | N = 1824 | ||||||||
Amikacin | 95.7 | 96.8 | 99.0 | 100.0 | 97.0 | 4 | 0.5–128 | 98.8 | 0.9 | ||||
Amoxy/clav | 2.1 | 1.9 | 3.7 | 3.0 | 1.5 | 64 | 0.12–64 | 3.2 | 95.4 | ||||
Ampicillin | 4.3 | 3.2 | 6.8 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 64 | 0.5–64 | 5.8 | 89.5 | ||||
Cefepime | 51.1 | 76.4 | 77.2 | 86.9 | 74.2 | 16 | 0.5–64 | 78.4 | 12.0 | ||||
Ceftazidime | 51.1 | 63.1 | 65.0 | 74.5 | 65.9 | 32 | 1–32 | 66.7 | 29.6 | ||||
Ceftriaxone | 40.4 | 59.2 | 59.7 | 70.5 | 60.6 | 64 | 0.06–64 | 61.6 | 36.2 | ||||
Levofloxacin | 91.5 | 87.9 | 85.8 | 94.6 | 86.4 | 4 | 0.008–16 | 88.1 | 9.8 | ||||
Meropenem | 100.0 | 94.3 | 97.2 | 99.5 | 97.7 | 0.25 | 0.06–32 | 97.6 | 1.6 | ||||
Minocycline | 85.1 | 84.1 | 86.0 | 86.9 | 88.6 | 8 | 0.5–32 | 86.2 | 8.2 | ||||
Pip/taz | 78.7 | 75.2 | 76.3 | 81.7 | 79.6 | 128 | 0.06–256 | 77.7 | 11.5 | ||||
Tigecycline | 95.7 | 96.8 | 95.4 | 95.5 | 97.0 | 2 | 0.008–16 | 95.7 | 0.8 | ||||
P.aeruginosa
| |||||||||||||
N = 29 | N = 150 | N = 1081 | N = 387 | N = 95 | N = 1739 | ||||||||
Amikacin | 96.6 | 95.3 | 94.3 | 97.9 | 88.4 | 8 | 0.5–128 | 94.9 | 2.7 | ||||
Cefepime | 65.5 | 76.0 | 75.5 | 86.3 | 85.3 | 16 | 0.5–64 | 78.4 | 9.1 | ||||
Ceftazidime | 79.3 | 77.3 | 78.8 | 88.9 | 82.1 | 32 | 1–32 | 81.1 | 11.4 | ||||
Levofloxacin | 86.2 | 82.7 | 72.4 | 76.5 | 75.8 | 16 | 0.015–16 | 74.6 | 19.8 | ||||
Meropenem | 75.9 | 69.3 | 69.6 | 75.7 | 69.5 | 16 | 0.06–32 | 71.1 | 22.0 | ||||
Pip/taz | 82.8 | 78.0 | 78.3 | 86.8 | 85.3 | 64 | 0.12–256 | 80.7 | 7.9 | ||||
A.baumannii
| |||||||||||||
N = 32 | N = 123 | N = 424 | N = 118 | N = 52 | N = 749 | ||||||||
Amikacin | 31.3 | 43.1 | 37.0 | 74.6 | 28.9 | 128 | 0.5–128 | 43.1 | 49.1 | ||||
Cefepime | 12.5 | 27.6 | 24.1 | 54.2 | 15.4 | 64 | 0.5–64 | 28.3 | 65.7 | ||||
Ceftazidime | 15.6 | 35.0 | 27.1 | 50.0 | 23.1 | 32 | 1–32 | 31.2 | 64.2 | ||||
Ceftriaxone | 9.4 | 22.8 | 16.0 | 31.4 | 11.5 | 64 | 0.06–64 | 19.0 | 67.0 | ||||
Levofloxacin | 21.9 | 30.9 | 23.6 | 51.7 | 15.4 | 16 | 0.008–16 | 28.6 | 61.7 | ||||
Meropenem | 25.0 | 26.8 | 26.9 | 60.2 | 15.4 | 32 | 0.06–32 | 31.2 | 66.8 | ||||
Minocycline | 81.3 | 73.2 | 61.8 | 89.0 | 90.4 | 8 | 0.5–32 | 70.8 | 8.8 | ||||
Pip/taz | 12.5 | 26.0 | 24.5 | 52.5 | 13.5 | 256 | 0.06–256 | 27.9 | 68.2 | ||||
Tigecycline | 2 | 0.008–4 |
A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa
S. aureus
Africa | Asia | Europe | North America | Latin America | Global | Global | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S% | S% | S% | S% | S% | MIC90(mg/L) | MIC range(mg/L) | S% | R% | MIC90(mg/L) | MIC range(mg/L) | S% | R% | |
S.aureus
| S.aureus, all isolates | MRSA | |||||||||||
N = 43 | N = 298 | N = 2008 | N = 814 | N = 161 | N = 3324 | N = 1096 | |||||||
Levofloxacin | 65.1 | 57.4 | 69.3 | 67.3 | 77.0 | 16 | 0.06–64 | 68.1 | 30.2 | 64 | 0.06–64 | 21.9 | 75.6 |
Linezolid | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 2 | 0.5–4 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 2 | 0.5–4 | 100.0 | 0.0 |
Minocycline | 83.7 | 97.3 | 99.5 | 98.3 | 100.0 | 0.25 | 0.25–16 | 98.8 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.25–16 | 97.5 | 0.1 |
Penicillin | 2.3 | 6.0 | 15.9 | 16.6 | 8.1 | 16 | 0.06–16 | 14.7 | 85.4 | 16 | 0.12–16 | 0.1 | 99.9 |
Tigecycline | 100 | 99.7 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.12 | 0.008–1 | 99.9 | 0.0 | 0.25 | 0.015–1 | 99.9 | 0.0 |
Vancomycin | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 1 | 0.12–2 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.12–2 | 100.0 | 0.0 |
E.faecalis
| E.faecalis, all isolates | VR E.faecalis | |||||||||||
N = 26 | N = 99 | N = 910 | N = 406 | N = 86 | N = 1527 | N = 22 | |||||||
Ampicillin | 100.0 | 96.0 | 98.9 | 99.8 | 96.5 | 1 | 0.06–32 | 98.8 | 1.2 | 32 | 0.5–32 | 86.4 | 13.6 |
Levofloxacin | 69.2 | 70.7 | 68.6 | 73.4 | 81.4 | 64 | 0.06–64 | 70.7 | 28.5 | 64 | 0.5–64 | 13.6 | 86.4 |
Linezolid | 100.0 | 97.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 97.7 | 2 | 0.5–8 | 99.7 | 0.1 | 2 | 0.5–2 | 100.0 | 0.0 |
Minocycline | 30.8 | 35.4 | 36.8 | 35.2 | 38.4 | 8 | 0.25–16 | 36.3 | 6.3 | 8 | 0.25–8 | 27.3 | 0.0 |
Penicillin | 100.0 | 95.0 | 98.8 | 99.8 | 96.5 | 4 | 0.06–16 | 98.7 | 1.3 | 16 | 2–16 | 86.4 | 13.6 |
Tigecycline | 100.0 | 100.0 | 99.9 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.12 | 0.008–0.5 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.12 | 0.03–0.12 | 100.0 | 0.0 |
Vancomycin | 96.2 | 98.0 | 99.0 | 96.6 | 98.8 | 2 | 0.12–64 | 98.2 | 1.4 | 64 | 32–64 | 0.0 | 100.0 |
E.faecium
| E.faecium, all isolates | VR E.faecium | |||||||||||
N = 9 | N = 89 | N = 603 | N = 268 | N = 31 | N = 1000 | N = 276 | |||||||
Ampicillin | 11.1 | 12.4 | 11.1 | 14.2 | 6.5 | 32 | 0.06–32 | 11.9 | 88.1 | 32 | 4–32 | 0.7 | 99.3 |
Levofloxacin | 22.2 | 9.0 | 9.8 | 12.3 | 12.9 | 64 | 0.06–64 | 10.6 | 87.0 | 64 | 8–64 | 0.0 | 100.0 |
Linezolid | 100.0 | 100.0 | 99.7 | 98.8 | 100.0 | 2 | 0.5–8 | 99.5 | 0.2 | 2 | 0.5–8 | 98.9 | 0.4 |
Minocycline | 88.9 | 47.2 | 70.2 | 59.0 | 80.7 | 8 | 0.25–16 | 65.6 | 6.2 | 8 | 0.25–16 | 58.7 | 6.2 |
Penicillin | 11.1 | 14.6 | 13.1 | 12.7 | 6.5 | 16 | 0.06–16 | 12.9 | 87.1 | 16 | 4–16 | 1.5 | 98.6 |
Tigecycline | 100.0 | 100.0 | 99.5 | 98.9 | 100.0 | 0.12 | 0.008–1 | 99.4 | 0.0 | 0.12 | 0.008–1 | 98.9 | 0.0 |
Vancomycin | 66.7 | 78.7 | 87.1 | 38.1 | 41.9 | 64 | 0.12–64 | 71.6 | 27.6 | 64 | 32–64 | 0.0 | 100.0 |
S.pneumoniae
| S.pneumoniae, all isolates | PR S.pneumoniae | |||||||||||
N = 23 | N = 66 | N = 1248 | N = 553 | N = 93 | N = 1983 | N = 178 | |||||||
Amoxy/clav | 91.3 | 95.5 | 98.0 | 96.2 | 93.6 | 1 | 0.03–16 | 97.1 | 1.1 | 8 | 0.03–16 | 68.5 | 11.8 |
Azithromycin | 69.6 | 38.1 | 81.1 | 63.0 | 44.6 | 64 | 0.03–512 | 72.7 | 26.0 | 128 | 0.03–512 | 28.7 | 69.0 |
Ceftriaxone | 100.0 | 94.0 | 98.7 | 99.0 | 98.9 | 0.5 | 0.03–8 | 98.6 | 0.1 | 2 | 0.03–8 | 86.0 | 1.1 |
Clarithromycin | 69.6 | 39.7 | 80.9 | 63.0 | 69.6 | 128 | 0.015–128 | 73.9 | 26.0 | 128 | 0.015–128 | 30.5 | 69.0 |
Clindamycin | 78.3 | 61.9 | 85.3 | 87.4 | 79.4 | 128 | 0.015–128 | 84.7 | 14.8 | 128 | 0.015–128 | 53.5 | 45.4 |
Erythromycin | 69.6 | 39.7 | 80.8 | 63.6 | 69.6 | 64 | 0.015–128 | 74.0 | 25.8 | 128 | 0.015–128 | 29.9 | 69.0 |
Levofloxacin | 100.0 | 98.5 | 99.6 | 99.6 | 98.9 | 1 | 0.06–16 | 99.6 | 0.4 | 1 | 0.12–16 | 99.4 | 0.6 |
Linezolid | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 1 | 0.5–2 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.5–2 | 100.0 | 0.0 |
Meropenem | 81.0 | 60.6 | 89.7 | 87.0 | 86.0 | 0.5 | 0.12–8 | 87.8 | 7.1 | 1 | 0.12–8 | 3.4 | 70.8 |
Minocycline | 73.9 | 37.9 | 77.5 | 83.7 | 69.9 | 4 | 0.25–16 | 77.5 | 16.8 | 8 | 0.25–16 | 46.1 | 45.0 |
Penicillin | 69.6 | 34.9 | 70.4 | 69.8 | 55.9 | 1 | 0.06–16 | 68.3 | 9.0 | 4 | 2–16 | 0.0 | 100.0 |
Tigecycline | 100.0 | 98.5 | 99.8 | 99.5 | 100.0 | 0.03 | 0.008–4 | 99.7 | 0.0 | 0.03 | 0.008–0.12 | 100.0 | 0.0 |
Vancomycin | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.5 | 0.12–1 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.12–1 | 100.0 | 0.0 |
S.agalactiae
| |||||||||||||
N = 8 | N = 64 | N = 505 | N = 373 | N = 32 | N = 982 | ||||||||
Ampicillin | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.12 | 0.06–0.25 | 100.0 | 0.0 | ||||
Ceftriaxone | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.12 | 0.03–0.5 | 100.0 | 0.0 | ||||
Levofloxacin | 100.0 | 95.3 | 98.2 | 96.5 | 87.5 | 1 | 0.06–64 | 97.1 | 2.7 | ||||
Linezolid | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 1 | 0.5–2 | 100.0 | 0.0 | ||||
Meropenem | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.12 | 0.12–0.5 | 100.0 | 0.0 | ||||
Minocycline | 12.5 | 20.3 | 17.8 | 22.0 | 50.0 | 16 | 0.25–16 | 20.6 | 62.7 | ||||
Penicillin | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.12 | 0.06–0.12 | 100.0 | 0.0 | ||||
Tigecycline | 100.0 | 96.9 | 99.8 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.06 | 0.008–4 | 99.7 | 0.0 | ||||
Vancomycin | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.5 | 0.12–1 | 100.0 | 0.0 |
E. faecalis and E. faecium
S. pneumoniae
S. agalactiae
Variations insusceptibility between the major world regions
bacterial | number of antibioticsa × 2 | Africa | Asia | Europe | North America | Latin America |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E. coli
| 14 | 7 (50.0) | 4 (28.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (14.3) |
K .pneumoniae
| 16 | 8 (50.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (18.8) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (31.3) |
S. marcescens
| 6 | 2 (33.1) | 1 (16.7) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (33.3) | 1 (16.7) |
E. cloacae
| 16 | 5 (31.3) | 6 (37.5) | 2 (12.5) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (18.8) |
P. aeruginosa
| 10 | 1 (10.0) | 3 (30.0) | 4 (40.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (20.0) |
A. baumannii
| 16 | 7 (43.8) | 1 (6.3) | 1 (6.3) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (43.8) |
S. aureus
| 4 | 2 (50.0) | 2 (50.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
E. faecalis
| 4 | 2 (50.0) | 0 (25.0) | 1 (25.0) | 1 (25.0) | 0 (0.0) |
E. faecium
| 11b | 2b(18.2) | 2 (18.2) | 2b(18.2) | 2 (18.2) | 3 (27.3) |
S. pneumoniae
| 14 | 2 (14.3) | 7 (50.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (14.3) | 3 (21.4) |
Total | 111 | 38 (34.2) | 26 (23.4) | 13 (11.7) | 7 (6.3) | 27 (24.3) |