Introduction
Part I
Risk factors for the occurrence of HCC
Risk factors for HCC | Odds ratio (95% CI), n, p value [Refs.] |
---|---|
Cirrhosis | |
Previous HCC history | |
Male gender | |
Alcohol abuse | |
Older age | |
Diabetes mellitus | |
Drug use | |
Bilirubin | |
Low albumin | |
EOT-AFP (=>9 ng/mL) | |
Low platelet count |
Authors (year) [references] | Total SVR patients (n) | Observation periods (mean months post-DAA initiation) | Patients with HCC occurrence [n (%)] | Annual incidence of HCC (%/year) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Minami et al. (2016) [18] | 22 | 5.8 | 4 (18) | 37.2 |
Reig et al. (2016) [19] | 58 | 5.7 | 16 (27.6) | 58.1 |
Torres et al. (2016) [20] | 84 | 12 | 0 (0) | 0 |
Conti et al. (2016) [21] | 403 | 9 | 26 (6.5) | 8.7 |
Kolly et al. (2017) [22] | 47 | 12 | 27 (57.4) | 57.4 |
Cardoso et al. (2017) [23] | 54 | 18 | 4 (7.4) | 4.9 |
Calleja et al. (2017) [24] | 70 | 12 | 21 (30) | 30 |
Ikeda et al. (2017) [25] | 155 | 12 | 47 (30.2) | 30.2 |
Mettke et al. (2017) [26] | 158 | 17.5 | 6 (3.8) | 2.61 |
Nakao et al. (2017) [27] | 242 | 6 | 6 (2.5) | 5.0 |
Nagata et al. (2017) [28] | 729 | 24.6 | 29 (4.0) | 1.95 |
Kanwal et al. (2017) [29] | 19,518 | 15.8 | 183 (0.9) | 0.68 |
Ioannou et al. (2017) [30] | 19,909 | 18 | 280 (1.4) | 0.93 |
Cabibbo et al. (2018) [31] | 143 | 12 | 24 (16.8) | 16.8 |
Ooka et al. (2018) [32] | 864 | 15 | 41 (4.7) | 3.76 |
Reddy et al. (2018) [33] | 893 | 36 | 16 (1.8) | 0.60 |
Ogawa et al. (2018) [34] | 1675 | 17 | 46 (2.7) | 1.91 |
Calvaruso et al. (2018) [35] | 2140 | 14 | 64 (3.0) | 2.57 |
Total | 47,164 | 14.6 (5.7–36) | 840 (1.8) | 14.6 (0–58.1) |
Occurrence of HCC in patients without previous HCC history
Authors (year) [references] | Total SVR patients (n) | Observation periods (months post-DAA initiation) | Patients with HCC occurrence [n (%)] | Annual incidence of HCC (%/year) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Conti et al. (2016) [21] | 254 | 9 | 7 (2.7) | 3.60 |
Cardoso et al. (2017) [23] | 54 | 18 | 4 (7.4) | 4.93 |
Mettke et al. (2017) [26] | 158 | 17.5 | 6 (3.8) | 2.61 |
Nagata et al. (2017) [28] | 652 | 21.6 | 7 (1.1) | 0.61 |
Kanwal et al. (2017) [29] | 19,518 | 15.8 | 183 (0.9) | 0.68 |
Ioannou et al. (2017) [30] | 19,909 | 18 | 280 (1.4) | 0.93 |
Ooka et al. (2018) [32] | 769 | 15 | 17 (2.2) | 1.76 |
Reddy et al. (2018) [33] | 893 | 36 | 16 (1.8) | 0.60 |
Ogawa et al. (2018) [34] | 1523 | 17 | 20 (1.3) | 0.92 |
Calvaruso et al. (2018) [35] | 2140 | 14 | 64 (3.0) | 2.57 |
Total | 45,870 | 18.2 (9–36) | 604 (1.3) | 1.92 (0.60–4.93) |
Occurrence of HCC in patients with previous HCC history
Authors (year) [references] | Total SVR patients (n) | Observation periods (months post-DAA initiation) | Patients with HCC occurrence [n (%)] | Annual incidence of HCC (%/year) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Conti et al. (2016) [21] | 53 | 9 | 38 (71.6) | 95.5 |
Calleja et al. (2017) [24] | 70 | 12 | 21 (30) | 30.0 |
Nagata et al. (2017) [28] | 77 | 27.6 | 22 (28.6) | 12.4 |
Ikeda et al. (2017) [25] | 155 | 12 | 47 (30.3) | 30.3 |
Ooka et al. (2018) [32] | 95 | 15 | 24 (25.3) | 20.2 |
Ogawa et al. (2018) [34] | 152 | 17 | 26 (17.1) | 12.1 |
Total | 602 | 15.4 (9–27.6) | 178 (29.6) | 33.4 (12.1–95.5) |
Discussion
Risk of HCC occurrence among patients post-DAA treatment
#1 Consensus statements and recommendations on follow-up of DAA-treated virus-eradicated HCV-infected patients
Part II
HBV reactivation in patients with HCV and HBV co-infection
Authors (year) [references] | Total patients (n) | Observation periods (months post-EOT) | Patients with increases of HBV DNA greater than 1 log10 IU/mL or HBV DNA reappearance [n (%)] | Monthly incidence of HBV reactivation or HBV DNA reappearance (%/month) |
---|---|---|---|---|
HBsAg-positive patients | ||||
Gane et al. (2016) [70] | 8 | 3 | 7 (87.5) | 29.2 |
Doi et al. (2017) [71] | 4 | 3 | 2 (50) | 16.7 |
Kawagishi et al. (2017) [72] | 4 | 3 | 2 (50) | 16.7 |
Yeh et al. (2017) [73] | 7 | 3 | 7 (100)e | 33.3 |
Mucke et al. (2017) [74] | 8 | 3 | 4 (50)b | 16.7 |
Wang et al. (2017) [75] | 10 | 3 | 3 (33.3)d | 11.1 |
Tamori et al. (2018) [76] | 12 | 3 | 3 (25)c | 8.3 |
Liu et al. (2018) [77] | 109 | 3 | 39 (35.8)a | 13 |
Total | 162 | 3 | 67 (41.4) | 18.1 (8.33–33.3) |
HBsAg-negative patients positive for anti-HBc antibody and/or anti-HBs antibody | ||||
Yeh et al. (2017) [73] | 57 | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 |
Wang et al. (2017) [75] | 124 | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 |
Doi et al. (2017) [71] | 155 | 3 | 3 (1.9) | 0.63 |
Kawagishi et al. (2017) [72] | 153 | 3 | 4 (2.6) | 0.87 |
Ogawa et al. (2018) [78] | 63 | 3 | 4 (6.3) | 2.1 |
Tamori et al. (2018) [76] | 765 | 3 | 1 (0.1) | 0.33 |
Total | 1317 | 3 | 12 (0.91) | 0.61 (0–2.1) |
HBsAg-positive group
HBsAg-negative group (anti-HBc- and/or anti-HBs-positive group)
Discussion
Clinical pictures of HBV reactivation
HBsAg-positive group
HBsAg-negative, but positive for anti-HBc and/or anti-HBs group
Types | Prophylactic nucleos(t)ide analogs | Total patients (n) | Incidence [n, (%)] | Authors (year) [references] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lymphoma (without rituximab-based regimens) | NA | 72 | 10 (14%) | Lok et al. (1991) [80] |
Lymphoma (with rituximab-based regimens) | NA | 39 | 7 (17.9%) | Huang et al. (2013) [93] |
Hematologic malignancy (with rituximab-based regimens) | NA | 28 | 3 (10.7%) | Buti et al. (2014) [94] |
Lymphoma (with rituximab-based regimens) | NA | 578 | 36 (6.3%) | Mozessohn et al. (2015) [92] |
Solid cancer | NA | 27 | 2 (7.4%) | Hagiwara et al. (2012) [98]. |
Solid cancer | NA | 321 | 1 (0.3%) | Kim et al. (2014) [97] |
# | Age (years)/gender | Treatment for HCV (GT) | Severity, ALT levels | Treatment for HBV (GT/HBeAg)/outcome | Authors (year) [references] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
HBsAg-positive patients treated by DAAs | |||||
1 | 57/Female | Daclatasvir/Asunaprevir (unknown) | Hepatic failure, ALT 2114 IU/L | Entecavir (unknown/unknown)/death | Holmes et al. (2017) [88] |
2 | 73/Female | Daclatasvir/Asunaprevir (unknown) | Hepatic failure, ALT 462 IU/L | Entecavir (unknown/unknown)/death | Holmes et al. (2017) [88] |
3 | 53/Female | Sofosbuvir/Ribavirin (GT1) | ALT 1417 IU/L | No description (unknown/HBeAg-)/no description | Holmes et al. (2017) [88] |
4 | 53/Male | Ledipasvir/Sofosbuvir (GT1) [co-infection with HIV] | ALT 1026 IU/L | Tenofovir (GTD/HBeAg-)/alive | De Monte et al. (2016) [89] |
HBsAg-negative patients treated by DAAs | |||||
5 | 59/Female | Sofosbuvir/Simeprevir (GT1b) | Hepatic failure, ALT 2263 IU/L | Tenofovir (unknown/unknown)/liver transplantation | Ende et al. (2015) [103] |
6 | 83/Female | Daclatasvir/Asunaprevir (GT1b) | Hepatic failure, ALT 1066 IU/L | Entecavir (GTB1/unknown)/death | Hayashi et al. (2016) [104] |