Apical periodontitis in southern Estonian population: prevalence and associations with quality of root canal fillings and coronal restorations

Apical periodontitis (AP) is an inflammatory disease around the apex of a tooth root that is caused by infection in root canal system [1, 2]. Chronic AP is characterized by local inflammation in response to the infection, periapical bone destruction and degradation of extracellular matrix [3]. The state and progression of the disease are greatly influenced by the interactions of various inflammatory and anti-inflammatory molecules during the host defense reaction [3, 4]. There is evidence suggesting increased level of systemic inflammation in patients with AP [5]. Furthermore, systemic conditions i.e. poor glycemic control [6], diabetes [7] viral diseases [8] and lowered bone mineral density [9] seem to predispose to the occurrence of AP. Different epidemiological cross-sectional studies show AP being a widespread condition in many countries, and its prevalence is positively correlated with age (Additional file 1: Table S1), gender and socioeconomic status of the region. Reported prevalence of AP ranges from 27% in Finland up to 83% in Jordan [10, 11]. However data about most post-Soviet countries are still missing, being present only for Lithuania, Latvia and Belarus [12‐14].

Many studies have shown root canal treatment as one of the biggest risk factors for AP as the latter is always more frequent in treated than non-treated teeth (Additional file 1: Table S2). At the same time several studies have indicated that AP is closely related to the quality of dental treatment. Because of that, the determination of the treatment quality alongside the prevalence of AP is utmost important. Knowing the distribution and prevalence of AP within a certain population helps to plan the treatment need and evaluate the success of endodontic interventions [15, 16].

The aim of this study was to collect data about the prevalence and determining factors of apical periodontitis for the first time in Estonia.

The authors undertook a cross-sectional observational study involving 6552 patients and focusing on the epidemiology and comorbid factors of periapical radiolucencies in a Southern Estonian population. The study revealed high prevalence of apical periodontitis (AP), observed in 54.7% of the subjects: 10.2% displayed AP without previous RCT or primary apical periodontitis (pAP), 23.9% had only post-treatment AP or secondary apical periodontitis (sAP) and 20.7% of the subjects had both teeth with and without previous RCT (pAP and sAP). A fifth of the 181,495 teeth studied had visible caries and 27.2% had undergone some type of restoration. AP was diagnosed in 6.3% of teeth while 6.9% of teeth were endodontically treated. Only 31% of teeth had received RCF’s of adequate length, 26% were filled homogenously, and only 19% of teeth had RCF’s acceptable in all terms. High quality root canal fillings and presence of coronal restoration were significantly associated with lower risk for AP and therefore better treatment outcome.

Previous endodontic epidemiology studies have displayed numerous variations in study design, investigation methods, sample selection and evaluation criteria. As a result, a direct comparison is clearly difficult, although most of these studies are based on radiographic evaluation. Decades ago, PA radiography was the only imaging method available to diagnose AP [18]. More recently, OPTG radiographs were chosen to assess periapical radiolucency after Muhammed et al. [19] found no statistically significant difference between panoramic radiographs and full-mouth surveys in the detection of periapical radiolucencies. The main advantage of OPTG is that all teeth are visible in a single radiograph; the method also results in relatively lower patient radiation doses. At the same time, this method may not be ideal for the precise analysis of periapical and coronal status of the teeth on the same time [20]. Isolated trabecular bone lesions are difficult to notice in conventional radiographs because of relatively low mineral loss [21]. Overlapping anatomical structures further complicate radiographic diagnosis of AP in two-dimensional images [16]. Therefore, underestimation of AP in OPTG radiographs can be expected [22, 23]. On the other hand, as a limitation of cross-sectional study design, no information is available on the time elapsed between endodontic treatment and the taking of radiographs [24]. All of the healing lesions are thus included in the sCAP group.

The mean age of our study group, 35.5 years, was similar to some other studies [12, 14, 25, 26] but lower than those reported by Tsuneishi et al. [27] (50.8 y), Georgopoulou et al. [28] (48.0 y) and Huumonen et al. [10] (50.2 y). The number of individuals aged between 10 and 19 and 20–29 was significantly higher in our sample compared to other age groups, suggesting that individuals of these age groups tend to seek dental service more frequently. In addition, this age group is more eager to visit a dentist at Tartu University Hospital, since unlike many private clinics, the university hospital has a contract with the Estonian Health Insurance Fund, as well as a separate department of pediatric dentistry. The prevalence of RCF teeth and the presence of AP has been shown to increase with age [15, 27‐30]. This is also in line with our findings: the prevalence of AP among teeth without previous endodontic treatment (pAP) was the highest in the 60–69 age group, followed by the 70+ age group. Meanwhile, the prevalence of AP in previously endodontically treated teeth (sAP) was the highest in middle-aged people (50–59 and 40–49 age groups). A similar biased age distribution was also reported in previous studies [31, 32]. The middle-aged population usually possesses better financial possibilities for seeking complex treatment, while older persons, because of their lower socioeconomic status, may be more likely to undergo tooth extraction than root canal treatment.

Our sample contained more females (60.9%) than males (39.1%). Preceding analogous reports have explained emerged gender disparity with women’s higher eagerness in receiving dental care, making them less predisposed to AP [28, 30]. This is furthermore supported by the difference in the prevalence of root fillings in the present study (in 61.0% of women vs. 53.8% of men). Primary AP was also more common in men (33.9%) than in women (28.9%).

The prevalence of AP in our study (54.7%) was higher than generally outlined in other European studies. Higher figs. (63–80%) have only been reported in Belgium, Lithuania, Latvia, Austria, and Belarus in Europe [12‐14, 32, 33] while even as much as 87% in Jordan [11]. At the same time, 58.2% of the individuals in our sample had at least one RCT tooth, a result similar to Western European countries – 56.3% in Germany [34], 59% in Spain [35], 61% in Finland [36], and 58.8% in Denmark [37]; while studies conducted in neighbouring Baltic countries (Latvia and Lithuania) reported an even higher prevalence of endodontic treatment among 35–44-year-olds (87% and 84%, respectively) [12, 14]. In the present study, 51.9% of the teeth that had had RCT also displayed AP. This figure was approximating prior reports [27, 38].

Out of all teeth evaluated in our study, 6.3% had signs of periradicular radiolucensies. This figure is lower than reported in studies carried out in some other Eastern and Southeast European countries that showed results ranging from 7% in Latvia to 12.3% in Kosovo [12‐14, 39, 40]; but still higher than in Western European countries where periapical lesions were detected 2–5.2% of teeth [35, 37, 41‐44].

Some recent studies have shown molars and premolars to be the most common RCF teeth [27, 28] with associated AP [29, 41, 45]. Similar results were reported in the present study, with lower molars and upper premolars requiring the most frequent treatment, followed by the upper molars and incisors. Permanent molar teeth erupt firstly in mouth, therefore they are the most threatened by caries and following pulpitis and AP. They also possess the most complex root canal anatomy [46]. In addition, mandibular molars were often extracted in our study group – lower mandibular first molar was missing in 28.7% of patients. Molar teeth are infrequently needed for aesthetic reasons; in addition to the reasons listed above, smaller efforts for keeping them healthy compared to anterior teeth might therefore play a role in tooth loss [38]. Lastly, the maxillary incisors are most commonly impaired by trauma that is also associated with apical radiolucencies [47].

Dental caries is considered the main cause for pulpal and therefore periodontial disease [48]. Although radiographs often fail to disclose carious lesions [21], our findings verified the existence of a definite association between carious and periapical radiolucencies distinguishable in OPTG-s. Expenses on root canal treatment can be reduced with lowering the prevalence of caries in the general population. Along with this, the sample also reflected the socioeconomic status of our study group: lower income has been reported among Southern Estonian than Northern Estonian population, and overall average income in Estonia is significantly lower than in Western Europe. This population is likely to opt for tooth extraction over root canal treatment followed by costly prosthetic treatment. Keeping in mind the preceding, dental health gives us an overview of the social class, living conditions and general health of the patients, although these variables only have an indirect effect on the occurrence of apical periodontitis. Other studies have demonstrated that regular dental care and caries experiences are strong determinants of periapical disease [29].

Radiographic evidence of lower quality RCF’s contribute to an increase in AP [49]. Moreover, root canal filling per se is the most important risk indicator for AP [50]. There are lot of studies supporting this discovery [15, 28, 30‐32, 41, 49, 51‐54]. In the current study, more than 50% of RCF teeth were associated with periradicular radiolucencies. This lower-level result, although unexpected, is in line with some previous studies from different countries – high incidence of periradicular lesions in RCF teeth (50% to 62%) has been reported in Brazil [55], Senegal [56], Croatia [40], Palestine [57], and Cyprus [58]. Root canal treatment quality is considered a key factor for the health of periradicular tissues [17, 59]. A recent study by Ng et al. [60] demonstrated the need to improve the technical quality of root canal treatment, especially in molars, to improve periapical health of RCF teeth. Concerning the length of RCF, a meta-analytic study by Kojima et al. [61] reported a significant difference in success rates between under- and overfilled root canal fillings. They concluded that the length of the RCF should be within 2 mm of the radiographic apex. The results of the present study confirmed findings from other studies [32, 55, 59, 62] showing that the apical level of the RCF is strongly associated with periradicular status. In cases where the length of the root filling was 0–2 mm short of the apex, 61% of the teeth showed no periradicular lesion, whereas for underfillings and overfillings, the success rate of the treatment was only 44% and 39%, respectively. The overall high prevalence of AP in our study was certainly associated with the high frequency of inadequate endodontic treatments – of the 11,956 RCF teeth examined in this study, only 31% had RCF of adequate length, only 26% were filled homogenously, and only 19% had RCF acceptable in all terms. Thus, the short length of RCF, extrusion of material through the apex and its presence only in the pulp chamber considerably increased the relative risk for AP. These poor rates indicate a need for improvement of the quality of endodontic treatment in the study region.

At the same time, 40% of the teeth with technically adequate RCF still showed periradicular radiolucencies. Even though some of these lesions might have been actually healing at the time of evaluation, this result still indicates that the quality of RCF is not the only determinant for periradicular status. The presence of microorganisms in the root canal at the time of RCF or later contamination has been shown to increase the risk of failed treatment [63‐65]. The quality of the seal created by the coronal restorations is among the factors clearly correlated with the periradicular radiolucencies [14, 29, 55, 66]. Coronal restoration together with the RCF has been suggested to serve as a barrier against bacterial penetration into the periapical area. Moreover, Ray & Trope [67] showed the quality of coronal restoration to be even more important for periapical health than the quality of RCT. Our study indicated that the type of restoration could be a relating factor for periapical lesions. Most of the endodontically treated teeth were restored with a filling, which according to the results is not the best method for preventing AP. The study showed that teeth with indirect coronal restorations demonstrated significantly lower rates of AP compared to direct filling type of restorations while absence of any type of restoration was most commonly associated with AP. The latter is also in line with the results reported by Siquiera et al. [55]. In prosthetic restorations we evaluated also the quality of marginal seal. Marginal gap or overhang was associated with increased prevalence of AP. It must be noted, however, that the true quality of a coronal restoration, presence of small secondary carious lesions, as well as exact cause of AP cannot be identified accurately from a panoramic radiograph. Furthermore, the latter is not sufficient to evaluate the technical procedures and the disinfection protocol used during root canal treatment prior to RCF [64].

Alike Moreno et al. [68] we found no significant associations between presence of root canal posts and of AP. However, this is inconsistent with some other previous epidemiologic studies [69‐71] that indicated strong correlation between root canal posts and greater incidence of AP. Increased focus on this parameter is therefore advisable in further studies.

Long-term excessive orthodontic forces have been asserted to cause a predisposition for pulp inflammation and subsequent development of irreversible pulpitis and necrosis [72]. Potential inflammatory and degenerative changes in the pulp of teeth with completed apical formation could be influenced by previous or evolving complications, such as caries or trauma [73]. Furthermore, the orthodontic forces applied to root canal treated teeth do not affect biofilm nor the virulence of microbiota in root canal. To that end, inflammatory periapical lesions should be interpreted to result from the limitations of endodontic treatment [74]. The experimental study on dogs carried out by de Souza et al. [75] indicated that orthodontic movement of teeth with chronic periapical lesion delayed the healing process but did not prevent the periapical lesion to heal. In our study, the presence of fixed orthodontic appliance did not increase the odds ratio for AP. Presumably, orthodontic appliances are more often worn by younger people among whom AP is in general less prevalent. Subjects up to the age of 29 years made up 45.5% of our study group, contributing therefore greatly to this finding.

AP tends to be a common sequela of pulp infection [76] and the local inflammatory process aims to confine and limit the spread of infectious elements [77]. Pulpal and periapical infection can potentially spread throughout the body but the relationship between endodontic inflammation and systemic health has not been meticulously studied. Available scientific evidence suggests that AP may contribute to systemic immune response and systemic inflammation [78‐81]. Oxidative stress related to inflammation also has systemic implications, such as increase in cardiovascular and neurodegenerative morbidity [82‐85]. On the other hand, surgical endodontic treatment has been shown to reduce systemic inflammation [86]. These studies highlight the relevance of AP to general health, as well as the need for more research on the epidemiology, etiology, and risk factors of this important oral condition.

Our study possesses several strengths. It included 6552 patients, making it one of the most extensive in the field of endodontic epidemiology. The sample size comprised about 0.5% of the total population in Estonia and about 7% of the population of Tartu area. The only recent study to involve a sample of comparable size was carried out in Finland by Huumonen et al. [10] forming much smaller percentage of the total population of Finland or even Helsinki area. In addition, our study included analysis of both teeth and patients, the latter being considerably infrequent in previous studies. Moreover, the study described both endodontically treated and untreated teeth, while also indicating the proportion of intact teeth and other ancillary factors. As a limitation of our study, the sample population described herein only represents the Southern Estonian population treated at the Stomatology Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, and is not representative of the entire Estonian population. Therefore, comparison of current results with other populations should be done cautiously. Dissimilarities in health care system, age, and research methodology will implicate distinctness between the other studies [28, 30, 87].

Apical periodontitis is highly prevalent in the Southern Estonian population. Most periradicular radiolucencies are associated with root canal-treated teeth, and a half of all root canal-treated teeth show radiological signs of apical periodontitis. The overall quality of root canal fillings tends to be low, consistent with the mediocre outcome of treatment. Considerable efforts are required to improve the standards of endodontic treatment.