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Erschienen in: Der Internist 9/2015

01.09.2015 | Aplastische Anämie | Schwerpunkt

Aplastische Anämie

Aktuelles zu Diagnostik und Therapie

verfasst von: Prof. Dr. H. Schrezenmeier, S. Körper, B. Höchsmann

Erschienen in: Die Innere Medizin | Ausgabe 9/2015

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Zusammenfassung

Die aplastische Anämie (AA) ist eine sehr seltene, in vielen Fällen lebensbedrohliche Erkrankung der Hämatopoese. Sie ist durch eine Bi- oder Panzytopenie bei gleichzeitiger Aplasie oder Hypoplasie der Hämatopoese charakterisiert. Es gibt angeborene und erworbene Formen. In den letzten Jahren wurde deutlich, dass auch bei einem Teil der Erkrankungen im Erwachsenenalter genetische Faktoren eine Rolle spielen, v. a. Mutationen in den Genen des Telomerasekomplexes. Therapieoptionen sind die allogene Stammzelltransplantation und die immunsuppressive Therapie. Die Therapieentscheidung hängt vom Schwergrad der Erkrankung, dem Alter und der Komorbidität der Patienten sowie von der Verfügbarkeit eines Stammzellspenders ab. Bei jungen Patienten mit einem passenden HLA-identischen Spender liegt die Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit inzwischen über 90 %, sofern Knochenmark als Stammzellquelle gewählt wird und die Konditionierung mit einem Antithymozytenglobulin(ATG)-haltigen Schema erfolgt. Die Ergebnisse der Transplantation von einem HLA-kompatiblen unverwandten Spender haben sich im letzten Jahrzehnt deutlich verbessert, sodass für sehr junge Patienten zunehmend dieses Verfahren in der Erstlinientherapie in Betracht gezogen wird. Der Goldstandard in der immunsuppressiven Therapie ist ATG in Kombination mit Cyclosporin A (CsA). ATG, ein polyvalentes Antikörperpräparat, entsteht durch Immunisierung von Tieren mit humanen Thymozyten. ATG aus Pferden führt zu einer besseren Ansprechrate und Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit als Kaninchen-ATG. Neue Studien zeigen ein trilineäres Ansprechen auf den Thrombopoetinrezeptoragonisten Eltrombopag bei ATG/CsA-therapierefraktären Patienten. In klinischen Studien wird Eltrombopag aktuell zusammen mit einer Immunsuppression als Primärtherapie geprüft.
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Metadaten
Titel
Aplastische Anämie
Aktuelles zu Diagnostik und Therapie
verfasst von
Prof. Dr. H. Schrezenmeier
S. Körper
B. Höchsmann
Publikationsdatum
01.09.2015
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Schlagwort
Aplastische Anämie
Erschienen in
Die Innere Medizin / Ausgabe 9/2015
Print ISSN: 2731-7080
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-7099
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00108-015-3662-7

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