Background
Methods
Literature search
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Data extraction and quality assessment
Statistical analysis
Results
Search results and study quality
Author and reference | Year | Region | Cancer type/cases | Patients TNM (I/II/III/IV) | Control type/number | Test matrix | Method | Cut-off Setting | Sensitivity | Specificity | AUC | QUADAS score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wang et al. [21] | 2014 | China | EC/286 | 48/107/94/37 | HC/250 | Serum | ELISA | 1000 pg/mL | 0.381 | 0.968 | 0.897 | 11 |
Fisher et al. [22] | 2015 | Australia | EC/40 | 14/15/8/1 | Non-cancer/98 | Tissue | MT-PCR | 961 pg/mL | 0.88 | 0.64 | 0.86 | 10 |
EC/30 | 11/10/8/1 | Non-cancer/69 | Plasma | ELISA | 811 pg/mL | 0.83 | 0.62 | 0.70 | ||||
Blanco-Calvo et al. [15] | 2014 | Spain | GC/52 | 9(I-II)/12/31 | HC/23 | Serum | ELISA | > 325.28 ng/mL | 0.7308 | 0.913 | 0.8796 | 10 |
GC/52 | 9(I-II)/12/31 | HC/23 | Serum | ELISA | > 294.4 ng/mL | 0.8889 | 0.8261 | 0.884 | ||||
Wang et al. [16] | 2014 | China | PC/807 | 45/127/337/298 | Pancreatitis & benign tumors/165 | Serum | ELISA | 1000 pg/mL | 0.658 | 0.967 | 0.739 | 11 |
PC/172 | stage I-II: 172 | HC/500 | Serum | ELISA | 1000 pg/mL | 0.651 | 0.95 | / | ||||
Koopmann et al. [17] | 2006 | Australia | PC/50 | 3/5/39/3 | HC/50 | Serum | ELISA | 1583 pg/mL | 0.9 | 0.84 | 0.99 | 10 |
PC/50 | 3/5/39/3 | Pancreatitis/50 | Serum | ELISA | 1583 pg/mL | 0.9 | 0.44 | 0.81 | ||||
Kaur et al. [18] | 2013 | America | PC/91 | 5/37/2/38/9(missing) | HC/24 | Plasma | ELISA | > 2.3 ng/mL | 0.62 | 0.63 | 0.85 | 10 |
PC/91 | 5/37/2/38/9(missing) | Pancreatitis/23 | Plasma | ELISA | > 2.3 ng/mL | 0.62 | 0.78 | 0.74 | ||||
PC/42 | Stage I-II: 42 | HC/24 | Plasma | ELISA | > 2.2 ng/mL | 0.81 | 0.64 | 0.85 | ||||
PC/49 | Stage III-IV: 49 | HC/24 | Plasma | ELISA | > 1. 6 ng/mL | 0.78 | 0.58 | 0.94 | ||||
PC/42 | Stage I-II: 42 | Pancreatitis/23 | Plasma | ELISA | > 2.3 ng/mL | 0.76 | 0.78 | 0.85 | ||||
PC/49 | Stage III-IV: 49 | Pancreatitis/23 | Plasma | ELISA | > 3.5 ng/mL | 0.55 | 0.91 | / | ||||
Koopmann et al. [19] | 2004 | Australia | PC/80 | 1/3/58/10/8(missing) | Non-cancer/216 | Serum | ELISA | 1070 pg/mL | 0.71 | 0.78 | 0.81 | 10 |
Xue et al. [12] | 2010 | China | CRC/144 | Stage I-II: 68 Stage III-IV: 76 | HC/156 | Serum | ELISA | 1144 pg/mL | 0.778 | 0.994 | 0.897 | 11 |
Wang et al. [13] | 2017 | China | CRC/473 | 51/153/201/68 | HC/489 | Serum | ELISA | 1000 pg/mL | 0.438 | 0.967 | 0.866 | 10 |
Shen et al. [24] | 2018 | China | Liver cancer/92 | 18/24/31/19 | Benign liver disease: 53 HC: 40 | Serum | ELISA | 1573.23 ng/L | 0.8123 | 0.8399 | / | 10 |
Hogendorf et al. [20] | 2018 | Poland | PC/42 | 3/16/9/14 | Pancreatitis/21 | Serum | ELISA | 2.7 ng/mL | 0.738 | 0.7619 | / | 10 |
Liu et al. [23] | 2015 | China | HCC/223 | Unclear | Hepatitis/88 | Serum | ELISA | 2.463 ng/mL | 0.631 | 0.8661 | 0.7882 | 11 |
HCC/223 | Unclear | Non-cancer/290 | Serum | ELISA | 1.945 ng/mL | 0.8679 | 0.7275 | 0.8426 |
Study characteristics
Author & reference | Year | Country | Cancer type | Patient size | Sample type | Method | Expression level | HR | Survival point | P value | Follow-up time | extraction | Quartiles of GDF-15 | NOS score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Li et al. [8] | 2016 | China | CRC | 138 | Serum | ELISA | Increased | 1.915 | OS | 0.045 | Unclear | Directly | / | 6 |
Wang et al. [13] | 2017 | China | CRC | 94 | Serum | ELISA | Increased | 2.917 | TSS | 0.0005 | Average: 43 months | Directly | / | 8 |
2.607 | TSS | 0.007 | ||||||||||||
Wallin et al. [9] | 2011 | Sweden | CRC | 320 | Plasma | SP-PLA | Increased | 2.11 | OS | 0.002 | Median: 6 years | Directly | / | 8 |
Brown et al. [10] | 2003 | Australia | CRC | 261 | Serum | ELISA | Increased | 2.2 | OS | 0.0034 | 60 months | Directly | / | 8 |
Mehta et al. [11] | 2015 | America | CRC | 618 | Plasma | ELISA | Increased | 1.88 | OS | < 0.0001 | Median: 9.2 years | Directly | Quartile2 | 8 |
Increased | 1.77 | OS | 0.0002 | |||||||||||
Increased | 1.74 | OS | 0.0002 | |||||||||||
Increased | 1.94 | CSS | 0.003 | |||||||||||
Increased | 1.65 | CSS | 0.01 | |||||||||||
Increased | 1.67 | CSS | 0.009 | |||||||||||
Increased | 2.51 | OS | < 0.0001 | Quartile3 | ||||||||||
Increased | 2.55 | OS | 0.0002 | |||||||||||
Increased | 2.54 | OS | 0.0002 | |||||||||||
Increased | 2.64 | CSS | 0.003 | |||||||||||
Increased | 2.6 | CSS | 0.01 | |||||||||||
Increased | 2.67 | CSS | 0.009 | |||||||||||
Increased | 2.85 | OS | < 0.0001 | Quartile4 | ||||||||||
Increased | 2.63 | OS | 0.0002 | |||||||||||
Increased | 2.63 | OS | 0.0002 | |||||||||||
Increased | 2.73 | CSS | 0.003 | |||||||||||
Increased | 2.34 | CSS | 0.01 | |||||||||||
Increased | 2.4 | CSS | 0.009 | |||||||||||
Fisher et al. [22] | 2015 | Australia | EC | 138 | Plasma | ELISA | Increased | 2.91 | OS | 0.076 | 60 months | Directly | / | 9 |
3.87 | OS | 0.048 | ||||||||||||
Wang et al. [21] | 2014 | China | ESCC | 286 | Serum | ELISA | Increased | 2.557 | TSS | 0.002 | Average: 30 months | Directly | / | 8 |
2.625 | TSS | 0.005 | ||||||||||||
1.739 | RFS | 0.047 | ||||||||||||
1.789 | RFS | 0.050 | ||||||||||||
Skipworth et al. [14] | 2010 | Australia | OGC | 293 | Plasma | ELISA | Increased | 1.549 | OS | 0.036 | Over 1500 days | Directly | / | 8 |
Blanco-Calvo et al. [15] | 2014 | Spain | GC | 52 | Serum | ELISA | Increased | 3.843 | OS | 0.001 | Median:118.9 weeks | Directly | / | 8 |
3.608 | PFS | < 0.001 |
Heterogeneity
Analysis | Sensitivity [95% CI] | Specificity [95% CI] | PLR [95% CI] | NLR [95% CI] | DOR [95% CI] | AUC | ChI2 (P value)/
I
2
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All cancers | 0.74 [0.67–0.80] | 0.83 [0.75–0.89] | 4.45 [2.99–6.60] | 0.31 [0.25–0.38] | 14.35 [9.13–22.54] | 0.85 | < 0.001; 99.61% |
Cancer type | |||||||
PC vs. non-cancer | 0.73 [0.66–0.80] | 0.76 [0.64–0.85] | 3.12 [2.03–4.80] | 0.35 [0.27–0.45] | 8.92 [5.05–15.77] | 0.80 | < 0.0001;97.62% |
PC vs. HC | 0.71 [0.66–0.75] | 0.66 [0.62–0.70] | 2.21 [1.58–3.11] | 0.38 [0.25–0.59] | 6.32 [2.75–14.52] | 0.73 | 0.001;78.4% |
PC vs. Pancreatitis | 0.70 [0.63–0.76] | 0.66 [0.57–0.75] | 2.81 [1.40–5.64] | 0.40 [0.28–0.57] | 8.86 [4.81–16.31] | 0.81 | 0.8281;0.0% |
PC (stage I-II) vs. non-cancer | 0.70 [0.63–0.75] | 0.65 [0.61–0.69] | 2.04 [1.56–2.68] | 0.40 [0.26–0.62] | 5.48 [2.58–11.63] | 0.76 | 0.1070;55.2% |
PC (stage III-IV) vs. non-cancer | 0.66 [0.56–0.76] | 0.74 [0.60–0.86] | 3.00 [0.82–11.05] | 0.47 [0.35–0.62] | 6.67 [2.67–16.69] | 0.78 | 0.2984; 7.5% |
Esophageal carcinoma | 0.47 [0.42–0.53] | 0.83 [0.80–0.87] | 3.83 [1.46–10.05] | 0.34 [0.12–0.93] | 13.85 [8.19–23.42] | 0.84 | 0.4586; 0.0% |
Sample type | |||||||
Plasma | 0.69 [0.64–0.73] | 0.69 [0.62–0.75] | 2.21 [1.79–2.73] | 0.44 [0.35–0.54] | 6.09 [4.00–9.28] | 0.78 | 0.5158; 0.0% |
Serum | 0.67 [0.65–0.69] | 0.80 [0.78–0.81] | 5.25 [3.16–8.71] | 0.30 [0.23–0.41] | 20.28 [10.12–40.61] | 0.87 | < 0.0001; 88.9% |
Cut-off setting | |||||||
≥ 2000 pg/mL (PC vs. non-cancer) | 0.66 [0.60–0.71] | 0.74 [0.65–0.82] | 2.46 [1.70–3.55] | 0.46 [0.37–0.57] | 6.16 [3.53–10.74] | 0.77 | 0.3172; 15.3% |
<2000 pg/mL(PC vs. non-cancer) | 0.69 [0.66–0.71] | 0.73 [0.70–0.75] | 3.30 [1.84–5.93] | 0.35 [0.26–0.47] | 11.98 [4.42–32.49] | 0.85 | < 0.0001;90.4% |
≥ 2000 pg/mL (all cancers vs. non-cancer) | 0.65 [0.60–0.69] | 0.80 [0.73–0.85] | 2.91 [1.94–4.37] | 0.45 [0.39–0.52] | 7.34 [4.52–11.91] | 0.77 | 0.2465; 25.0% |
<2000 pg/mL (all cancers vs. non-cancer) | 0.68 [0.66–0.70] | 0.78 [0.76–0.80] | 4.36 [2.77–6.85] | 0.29 [0.22–0.40] | 17.79 [9.00–35.18] | 0.87 | < 0.0001; 88.1% |
Ethnicity | |||||||
Caucasian | 0.75 [0.71–0.78] | 0.71 [0.68–0.75] | 2.67 [2.10–3.41] | 0.32 [0.25–0.41] | 9.94 [6.57–15.04] | 0.83 | 0.0335; 46.4% |
Asian | 0.65 [0.63–0.67] | 0.81 [0.79–0.83] | 7.47 [3.21–17.37] | 0.36 [0.26–0.52] | 22.01 [7.65–63.31] | 0.83 | < 0.0001;93.7% |