Background
Methods
Study population and data
Definitions of the exposures and outcomes
Statistical analysis
Results
Maternal characteristics
N = 1 363 621* | Belgium (n = 1 029 471) | EU27 (n = 98 189) | EU27 naturalized Belgian (n = 34701) | Turkey (n = 20 451) | Turkey naturalized Belgian (n = 21 878) | Maghreb (n = 51 224) | Maghreb naturalized Belgian (n = 46 681) | Sub-Saharan Africa (n = 26 621) | sub Saharan Africa naturalized Belgian (n = 11 420) | East Europe (n = 17 420) | East Europe naturalized Belgian (n = 5 412) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% of births | 75.5 | 7.2 | 2.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 3.8 | 3.4 | 2.0 | 0.85 | 1.3 | 0.4 |
Parity (n) | 1 017 930 | 94 096 | 34 351 | 19 824 | 21 519 | 49 174 | 45 687 | 25 543 | 11 314 | 16 921 | 5 336 |
Nulliparity (%) | 43.3 | 41.9 | 48.1 | 38 | 31.55 | 37.9 | 28.7 | 38.7 | 30.3 | 34.35 | 34.4 |
> = 3 children (%) | 2.4 | 2.9 | 2.3 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 8.8 | 9.5 | 6.5 | 8.1 | 7.6 | 5.4 |
Living alone | 1 016 979 | 96 441 | 34 389 | 20 217 | 21 666 | 50 531 | 46 155 | 26 217 | 11 440 | 17 080 | 5 329 |
Yes (%) | 11.4 | 13.8 | 15.5 | 6.4 | 7.3 | 7.1 | 8.6 | 40.6 | 27.4 | 20.35 | 10.6 |
Maternal age (n) | 1 029 446 | 98 181 | 34 699 | 20 449 | 21 878 | 51 220 | 46 679 | 26 615 | 11 572 | 17 412 | 5 412 |
<20 (%) | 2.6 | 2.5 | 1.9 | 7.6 | 3.8 | 3.5 | 1.75 | 4.35 | 2.5 | 8.1 | 4.1 |
≥40 (%) | 1.7 | 3.8 | 2.8 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 4.2 | 4.4 | 2.8 | 5.7 | 1.8 | 2.5 |
Maternal education (n) | 998 773 | 94 957 | 33 138 | 19 544 | 21 216 | 49 663 | 45 604 | 25 829 | 11 305 | 16 825 | 5 308 |
< primary (%) | 1.5 | 4.9 | 2.3 | 26.35 | 14.1 | 23.8 | 13.7 | 17.5 | 10.3 | 23.4 | 13.0 |
secondary inferior (%) | 15.3 | 17.5 | 16.3 | 21.1 | 25.4 | 21.3 | 24.5 | 19.05 | 22.2 | 16.9 | 21.8 |
secondary superior (%) | 35.7 | 35.1 | 36.9 | 30.3 | 41.75 | 31 | 34.1 | 30.15 | 29.3 | 21.1 | 28 |
superior (%) | 42.2 | 33 | 36.6 | 5.25 | 7.5 | 8.3 | 14.3 | 15.6 | 26.5 | 13.4 | 24.7 |
other | 5.4 | 9.5 | 8.0 | 17 | 11.2 | 15.6 | 13.4 | 17.8 | 11.8 | 25.2 | 12.5 |
Number of parents employed # (n) | 983 790 | 90 290 | 33 031 | 19 107 | 20 775 | 47 377 | 44 009 | 23 330 | 10 748 | 14 756 | 5 021 |
0 (%) | 9.5 | 16 | 12.5 | 34.2 | 26.4 | 33.3 | 23.6 | 58.1 | 31.4 | 61.4 | 24.3 |
1 (%) | 19.2 | 34.7 | 27.5 | 55.1 | 49.7 | 56.8 | 50.3 | 32.8 | 37.7 | 29.6 | 43.5 |
2 (%) | 71.35 | 49.3 | 60.1 | 10.7 | 23.9 | 9.9 | 26.1 | 9.15 | 30.95 | 9.0 | 32.2 |
Association between immigration and perinatal outcomes
Per 100 live births | cases = 71,413 n = 1,346,789 | cases = 70,460 n = 1,330,902 | cases = 65,848 n = 1,263,982 | cases = 67,416 n = 1,289,806 | cases = 63,224 n = 1,227,848 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude rates | OR (95 % CI) | aORa (95 % CI) | aORb (95 % CI) | aORc (95 % CI) | aORd (95 % CI) | |
Belgium | 5,4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
EU27 | 5,3 | 0.98 (0.95-1.00) | 0.98 (0.95-1.01) | 0.84*** (0.81-0.87) | 0.90*** (0.87-0.92) | 0.82*** (0.79-0.84) |
EU 27 naturalized Belgian | 5,55 | 1.03 (0.98-1.07) | 1.02 (0.97-1.07) | 0.94* (0.89-0.98) | 0.98 (0.93-1.02) | 0.93** (0.89-0.98) |
Turkey | 4,7 | 0.86*** (0.80-0.92) | 0.84*** (0.79-0.90) | 0.64*** (0.60-0.69) | 0.67*** (0.63-0.72) | 0.59*** (0.55-0.64) |
Turkey naturalized Belgian | 4,85 | 0.89*** (0.83-0.95) | 0.90** (0.84-0.96) | 0.73*** (0.68-0.78) | 0.75*** (0.71-0.80) | 0.70*** (0.64-0.73) |
Maghreb | 3,8 | 0.70*** (0.67-0.73) | 0.67*** (0.64-0.04) | 0.49*** (0.46-0.51) | 0.54*** (0.51-0.56) | 0.45*** (0.43-0.47) |
Maghreb naturalized Belgian | 3,8 | 0.70*** (0.66-0.73) | 0.70*** (0.66-0.73) | 0.56*** (0.53-0.59) | 0.59*** (0.56-0.62) | 0.53*** (0.50-0.56) |
Sub-Saharan Africa | 6,6 | 1.23*** (1.17-1.29) | 1.20*** (1.14-1.26) | 0.78*** (0.74-0.83) | 1.0 (0.95-1.05) | 0.77*** (0.72-0.81) |
Sub-Saharan Africa naturalized Belgian | 5,9 | 1.10* (1.01-1.19) | 1.11** (1.03-1.20) | 0.85*** (0.78-0.92) | 0.99 (0.91-1.07) | 0.83*** (0.76-0.90) |
Eastern Europe | 4,9 | 0.90** (0.84-0.96) | 0.89*** (0.83-0.95) | 0.57*** (0.53-0.62) | 0.72*** (0.67-0.77) | 0.55*** (0.51-0.60) |
Eastern Europe naturalized Belgian | 4,3 | 0.78*** (0.69-0.89) | 0.80*** (0.70-0.91) | 0.66*** (0.57-0.76) | 0.69*** (0.61-0.80) | 0.64*** (0.56-0.73) |
Per 1000 births | cases = 8,225 n = 1,363,621 | cases = 8,158 n = 1,341,639 | cases = 6,418 n = 1,272,917 | cases = 8,069 n = 1,300,321 | cases = 6,378 n = 1,236,620 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude rates | OR (95 % CI) | aORa (95 % CI) | aORb (95 % CI) | aORc (95 % CI) | aORd (95 % CI) | |
Belgium | 5,6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
EU27 | 6,9 | 1.25*** (1.15-1.35) | 1.28*** (1.18-1.39) | 1.12* (1.02-1.23) | 1.06 (0.98-1.15) | 1.02 (0.93-1.12) |
EU 27 naturalized Belgian | 4,2 | 0.76*** (0.64-0.89) | 0.76*** (0.64-0.90) | 0.76** (0.64-0.91) | 0.69*** (0.58-0.81) | 0.73*** (0.61-0.87) |
Turkey | 8,7 | 1.57*** (1.35-1.82) | 1.55*** (1.34-1.81) | 1.37*** (1.16-1.61) | 0.99 (0.85-1.16) | 1.06 (0.89-1.25) |
Turkey naturalized Belgian | 5,4 | 0.98 (0.82-1.17) | 0.99 (0.82-1.18) | 0.94 (0.77-1.14) | 0.74*** (0.61-0.89) | 0.80* (0.66-0.97) |
Maghreb | 9,6 | 1.73*** (1.58-1.90) | 1.71*** (1.56-1.88) | 1.43*** (1.29-1.59) | 1.10 (0.99-1.21) | 1.12* (1.01-1.25) |
Maghreb naturalized Belgian | 7,3 | 1.32*** (1.18-1.47) | 1.32*** (1.18-1.48) | 1.25*** (1.11-1.41) | 0.94 (0.84-1.05) | 1.02 (0.91-1.15) |
Sub-Saharan Africa | 11,0 | 1.99*** (1.77-2.24) | 1.98*** (1.76-2.23) | 1.34*** (1.15-1.55) | 1.22** (1.08-1.38) | 1.05 (0.91-1.23) |
Sub-Saharan Africa naturalized Belgian | 8,6 | 1.56*** (1.28-1.90) | 1.57*** (1.29-1.92) | 1.42** (1.14-1.77) | 1.18 (0.96-1.44) | 1.25 (1.00-1.56) |
Eastern Europe | 7,4 | 1.33*** (1.12-1.59) | 1.30** (1.09-1.56) | 1.00 (0.81-1.23) | 0.68*** (0.57-0.82) | 0.67*** (0.54-0.84) |
Eastern Europe naturalized Belgian | 4,1 | 0.73 (0.48-1.11) | 0.70 (0.46-1.08) | 0.66 (0.41-1.05) | 0.52** (0.34-0.79) | 0.54* (0.34-0.87) |
Effect of the SES on the association between maternal nationality and perinatal outcomes
cases = 12,911; n = 159,978 | cases = 33,373; n = 769,912 | cases = 3,125; n = 50,265 | cases = 17,239; n = 461,142 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 parents employed# aORa (95 % CI) | 2 parents employed# aORa (95 % CI) | <primary# aORb (95 % CI) | Superior# aORb (95 % CI) | |
EU27 | 0.75*** (0.70-0.80) | 0.91*** (0.87-0.96) | 0.57*** (0.50-0.65) | 0.89*** (0.83-0.95) |
EU 27 naturalized Belgian | 0.82*** (0.73-0.92) | 1.03 (0.96-1.10) | 0.58*** (0.42-0.79) | 1.05 (0.95-1.15) |
Turkey | 0.50*** (0.44-0.56) | 1.02 (0.83-1.26) | 0.38*** (0.32-0.44) | 1.44** (1.09-1.90) |
Turkey naturalized Belgian | 0.49*** (0.43-0.56) | 0.99 (0.86-1.13) | 0.44*** (0.37-0.53) | 1.26* (0.99-1.60) |
Maghreb | 0.34*** (0.31-0.37) | 0.73*** (0.63-0.86) | 0.27*** (0.24-0.31) | 0.75** (0.62-0.90) |
Maghreb naturalized Belgian | 0.37*** (0.34-0.41) | 0.84*** (0.76-0.93) | 0.29*** (0.25-0.34) | 1.00 (0.88-1.14) |
Sub-Saharan Africa | 0.59*** (0.55-0.64) | 1.52*** (1.27-1.82) | 0.50*** (0.44-0.58) | 1.26** (1.08-1.47) |
Sub-Saharan Africa naturalized Belgian | 0.55*** (0.47-0.63) | 1.25*** (1.06-1.46) | 0.57*** (0.45-0.73) | 1.27** (1.07-1.52) |
Eastern Europe | 0.46*** (0.41-0.51) | 0.84 (0.63-1.11) | 0.41*** (0.34-0.48) | 0.81 (0.63-1.03) |
Eastern Europe naturalized Belgian | 0.47*** (0.36-0.61) | 0.77 (0.59-1.01) | 0.48*** (0.34-0.68) | 0.79 (0.58-1.08) |
cases = 1,346; n = 161,645 | cases = 3,021; n = 774,096 | cases = 373; n = 50,798 | cases = 1,476; n = 463,756 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 parents employed aORa (95 % CI) | 2 parents employed aORa (95 % CI) | <primary aORb (95 % CI) | superior aORb (95 % CI) | |
EU27 | 0.80* (0.65-0.99)# | 1.26** (1.09-1.46)# | 0.86 (0.56-1.32) | 1.15 (0.93-1.44) |
EU 27 naturalized Belgian | 0.39*** (0.23-0.66)# | 0.87 (0.68-1.11)# | 0.57 (0.18-1.80) | 0.81 (0.56-1.18) |
Turkey | 1.00 (0.76-1.31) | 1.04 (0.57-1.90) | 0.95 (0.64-1.41) | 2.29** (1.22-4.32) |
Turkey naturalized Belgian | 0.63* (0.43-0.92) | 1.01 (0.67-1.52) | 0.61 (0.34-1.09) | 1.32 (0.66-2.66) |
Maghreb | 0.84 (0.69-1.01) | 1.44* (1.01-2.06) | 1.00 (0.74-1.35) | 1.58* (1.04-2.39) |
Maghreb naturalized Belgian | 0.84 (0.67-1.05) | 1.21 (0.93-1.57) | 0.90 (0.62-1.30) | 1.39 (0.96-2.01) |
Sub-Saharan Africa | 0.84 (0.69-1.02)# | 1.76* (1.06-2.94)# | 1.00 (0.66-1.51) | 1.41 (0.88-2.26) |
Sub-Saharan Africa naturalized Belgian | 0.88 (0.60-1.28) | 1.06 (0.62-1.84) | 1.53 (0.85-2.74) | 1.97** (1.21-3.20) |
Eastern Europe | 0.62*** (0.48-0.81) | 0.46 (0.15-1.44) | 0.91 (0.57-1.45) | 0.37 (0.12-1.16) |
Eastern Europe naturalized Belgian | 0.35* (0.13-0.94) | 0.76 (0.31-1.83) | 0.86 (0.32-2.35) | 0.73 (0.23-2.27) |