Introduction
Domains link to SWB | Authors and year | Topic investigated and findings | Targeted group |
---|---|---|---|
Expressing emotions | |||
Kim-Prieto and Diener (2009) | Religion as a source of variation in the experience of positive and negative emotions: across countries, a study conducted amongst students from 49 nations studying in the USA, reported an association between religion and experience of emotions | Christian, Muslim, Hindu, Buddhist and Jewish; Cross-national: 49 nations | |
Religion is associated with positive affect and well-being; it encourages the experience of certain emotions and discourages other emotions. Protestants Evangelical Christians seek to experience positive emotions at a high intensity compared to Christian Catholics | Christian Catholics, Protestants Evangelical Christians | ||
With their contemplative traditions, Buddhist may be encouraged to seek out emotions that are of low stimulation in their pleasantness | Buddhist | ||
Geschwind et al. (2011) | A randomized controlled trial links meditation to positive emotions | Buddhist | |
Lutz et al. (2008) | Behavioural neuroscience studies on effects of meditation reported an association between greater religiosity and greater neural activation in the brain | Buddhist | |
Sahraian et al. (2013) | Individuals with a more religious attitude experience more happiness | Muslims, Iran | |
Kim-Prieto and Diener (2009) | Religion as a source of variation in the experience of positive and negative emotions: across countries, a study conducted amongst students from 49 nations studying in the USA, reported an association between religion and experience of emotions | Christian, Muslim, Hindu, Buddhist and Jewish; Cross-national: 49 nations | |
Rozer and Kraaykamp (2013) | A higher level of SWB amongst Buddhists and Christians compared to Nonreligious people and people with Other religions | Christian, Muslim, Hindu, Buddhist and Jewish; Cross-national | |
Ferriss (2002) | A greater percentage of Protestants who self-report as being “very happy” compared to Catholics or Jews | Protestants and Catholics | |
Encouraging good virtues: love, gratitude, caring and charitable actions | |||
Christians, for example, encourage a certain attitude in response to the commandment “Love your neighbour” | Christians | ||
Religious environment such as Christian centres can provide a discourse that discourages engagement in unhealthy behaviours | Christians | ||
McCullough et al. (2002) | Gratitude disposition has been found to be associated with positive affect and well- being, prosocial behaviours and traits, and religiousness/spirituality | Christian Catholics, Protestants Evangelical Christians | |
Extraverted are happier, less depressed and more willing to express gratitude than neurotic | |||
Tovar-Murray (2011) | A positive association between religious behaviours, spiritual beliefs, marital satisfaction, health and happiness amongst Jewish, Roman Catholics and Protestants in the USA | Jewish, Roman Catholics and Protestants, USA | |
Coping with adversity | |||
Fischer et al. (2010) | Study reported a variation in well-being of Muslims and Christians due to the way these faith groups cope with adversity and stressful events. While Muslims were significantly more likely to seek social support from family, Christians were more likely to use intrapersonal coping strategies | Muslims and Christians | |
Metzl 2009) | Religiosity increases resilience after a natural disaster (Hurricane Katrina) | Christians | |
Religious belief might decrease the risk of stress, depression and suicidal thoughts | Christians | ||
Social connections and attendance | |||
Mochon et al. (2011) | While passionate believers benefit from their involvement, those with weaker beliefs are actually less happy than those who do not ascribe to any religion–atheists and agnostics | Christians, USA | |
Ellison and Flannelly (2009) | A prospective nationwide study of African-American adults indicated that religious involvement is negatively associated with depression | Christians, USA | |
Inglehart et al. (1992) | As institutions, religiosity may provide a support network | Christians | |
Tewari et al. (2012) | Hindus’ participation in a long-duration mass gathering (such as a pilgrimage event) impacts well-being | Hindu, India | |
Levin (2013) | Participation in synagogue activities was found to be significantly associated with less depression, better quality of life and more optimism | Jews, Israel | |
Jung (2014) | Although the effect size is relatively small, religious attendance is associated with a higher level of happiness in South Korea. However, this positive effect holds only for women and only for Protestants | Protestants, Buddhists and Other Religions |
Method
Data Source
Measures
Dependent Variables: Happiness and Life Satisfaction
Independent Variables
Analysis
Results
Happiness | Life satisfaction | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coef. (B) | Std. Err. |
p value | Coef. (B) | Std. Err. |
p value | |
Buddhist | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.651 | −0.002 | 0.003 | 0.470 |
Hindu | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.521 | 0.009 | 0.003 | 0.004 |
Jew | −0.001 | 0.003 | 0.843 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.941 |
Muslim | 0.013 | 0.006 | 0.046 | −0.009 | 0.006 | 0.096 |
Roman Catholic | 0.010 | 0.006 | 0.095 | −0.001 | 0.005 | 0.925 |
Protestant | 0.023 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 0.008 | 0.005 | 0.073 |
Orthodox | −0.001 | 0.005 | 0.776 | −0.003 | 0.004 | 0.528 |
Other religious | 0.006 | 0.003 | 0.031 | 0.004 | 0.002 | 0.083 |
Nonreligious | 0.012 | 0.005 | 0.027 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.770 |
Full time | −0.017 | 0.007 | 0.019 | 0.002 | 0.006 | 0.786 |
Part time | −0.006 | 0.004 | 0.181 | −0.001 | 0.004 | 0.766 |
Self-employed | −0.013 | 0.005 | 0.007 | −0.003 | 0.004 | 0.483 |
Retired | 0.000 | 0.005 | 0.946 | 0.002 | 0.005 | 0.718 |
Housewife | 0.010 | 0.006 | 0.085 | 0.014 | 0.005 | 0.005 |
Students | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.277 | 0.011 | 0.004 | 0.005 |
Unemployed | −0.031 | 0.005 | 0.000 | −0.018 | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Other employment | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.404 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.635 |
Elementary education | −0.010 | 0.004 | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.252 |
Secondary education | −0.010 | 0.004 | 0.015 | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.466 |
University education | −0.010 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.005 | 0.003 | 0.100 |
Gender (female) | 0.023 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.020 | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Married | 0.079 | 0.022 | 0.000 | 0.028 | 0.019 | 0.144 |
Together | 0.023 | 0.011 | 0.030 | 0.010 | 0.009 | 0.317 |
Divorced | −0.013 | 0.008 | 0.094 | −0.010 | 0.007 | 0.185 |
Separated | −0.013 | 0.006 | 0.031 | −0.011 | 0.005 | 0.040 |
Widowed | −0.018 | 0.011 | 0.087 | −0.008 | 0.009 | 0.375 |
Single | −0.005 | 0.019 | 0.773 | −0.017 | 0.017 | 0.327 |
Age 16–24 | 0.041 | 0.018 | 0.025 | 0.006 | 0.016 | 0.703 |
Age 25–34 | 0.015 | 0.020 | 0.452 | −0.012 | 0.018 | 0.504 |
Age 35–44 | 0.001 | 0.019 | 0.946 | −0.021 | 0.017 | 0.220 |
Age 45–54 | −0.002 | 0.017 | 0.892 | −0.017 | 0.015 | 0.276 |
Age 55–64 | 0.004 | 0.015 | 0.784 | −0.005 | 0.014 | 0.722 |
Age 65–over | 0.017 | 0.014 | 0.242 | 0.001 | 0.013 | 0.923 |
Low-income scale | −0.026 | 0.004 | 0.000 | −0.017 | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Middle-income scale | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.707 | 0.006 | 0.003 | 0.044 |
High-income scale | 0.006 | 0.003 | 0.071 | 0.015 | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Financial satisfaction | 0.175 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.385 | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Inequality preferences | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.094 | 0.011 | 0.002 | 0.000 |
State of health | 0.262 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.141 | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Freedom of choice | 0.091 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.197 | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Meaning of life | 0.005 | 0.002 | 0.007 | −0.012 | 0.002 | 0.000 |
National pride | 0.082 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.047 | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Trust | 0.021 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.017 | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Friends important | 0.036 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.013 | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Family important | 0.048 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.024 | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Leisure important | 0.041 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.013 | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Weekly Rel. attend | 0.020 | 0.006 | 0.001 | 0.016 | 0.005 | 0.002 |
Monthly attend | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.671 | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.428 |
Special days attend | −0.001 | 0.005 | 0.835 | 0.007 | 0.004 | 0.092 |
Yearly attend | −0.003 | 0.005 | 0.457 | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.186 |
Never attend | 0.002 | 0.005 | 0.726 | 0.015 | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Importance of God | 0.013 | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.040 | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Religious person | −0.021 | 0.002 | 0.000 | −0.008 | 0.002 | 0.000 |
GDP | −0.052 | 0.007 | 0.000 | −0.052 | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Gini coefficient | −0.052 | 0.006 | 0.000 | −0.045 | 0.005 | 0.000 |
HDI | −0.090 | 0.018 | 0.000 | 0.024 | 0.014 | 0.096 |
GRI | 0.054 | 0.012 | 0.000 | 0.046 | 0.010 | 0.000 |
SHI | 0.007 | 0.008 | 0.393 | −0.019 | 0.007 | 0.007 |
Western Europe | 0.215 | 0.241 | 0.372 | 0.134 | 0.150 | 0.373 |
Eastern Europe | −0.213 | 0.248 | 0.390 | −0.177 | 0.155 | 0.251 |
North America | 0.281 | 0.302 | 0.353 | 0.079 | 0.188 | 0.674 |
Latin America | 0.131 | 0.260 | 0.614 | 0.161 | 0.162 | 0.322 |
Asia | −0.007 | 0.261 | 0.979 | −0.069 | 0.162 | 0.669 |
Africa | −0.313 | 0.262 | 0.233 | −0.344 | 0.165 | 0.036 |
Middle east | −0.383 | 0.264 | 0.147 | −0.251 | 0.165 | 0.127 |
Australia | 0.206 | 0.302 | 0.496 | 0.058 | 0.188 | 0.758 |
Intercept | −0.170 | 0.253 | 0.502 | 0.158 | 0.157 | 0.316 |
N | 237,443 |