Background
Methods
Ethics approval
Sampling frame
Study design
Study measures
Normal blood pressure | Systolic <120 mm/Hg | Diastolic <80 mm/Hg |
---|---|---|
Pre-hypertension | Systolic = 80-89mm/Hg | Diastolic = 120–139mm/Hg |
Hypertension | Systolic ≥ 140mm/Hg | Diastolic ≥90 mmHg |
Stage 1 hypertension | Systolic = 140 -159mm/Hg | Diastolic = 90- 99mm/Hg |
Stage 2 hypertension | Systolic = 160 -179mm/Hg | Diastolic ≥100 |
Data management
Assessing associations
Statistical analysis
Results
Sample descriptors
Physical characteristics | Boys mean (SD) | Girls mean (SD) | Gender differences (p value) |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 16.4 (1.1) | 16.3 (1.2) | p > 0.05 |
Height (cm)a | 160.7 (9.4) | 158.3 (6.1) | p < 0.05 |
Weight (kgs) | 48.8 (8.3) | 49.5 (7.3) | p > 0.05 |
Waist circumference (cm)a | 26.3 (2.0) | 25.5 (1.7) | P < 0.05 |
Hip circumference (cm)a | 30.8 (2.5) | 33.0 (2.6) | p < 0.05 |
Waist-hip ratio | 0.8 (0.5) | 0.8 (0.6) | p > 0.05 |
BMIa | 18.8 (2.6) | 19.7 (2.4) | p < 0.05 |
• Underweight % | 9.6 | 9.7 | p < 0.05 |
• Normal weight% | 75.5 | 75.1 | p < 0.05 |
• Overweight % | 3.6 | 10.6 | p < 0.05 |
• Obese % | 11.4 | 4.7 | p < 0.05 |
Systolic BP | 116.6 (12.3) | 115.4 (11.2) | p > 0.05 |
• pre-hypertension % | 31.4 | 34.9 | p > 0.05 |
• hypertension % | 5.7 | 3.2 | p > 0.05 |
Diastolic BPa | 64.4 (8.5) | 66.5 (8.9) | P < 0.05 |
• pre-hypertension % | 4.2 | 6.7 | p > 0.05 |
• hypertension % | 0.8 | 0.9 | p > 0.05 |
CVD risk factors | Male (%) (95 % CI) | Female (%) 95 % CI | Total sample % (95 %CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Smoking/tobaccoa | 10.2 (7.5–12.8) | 4.5 (2.8–6.2) | 7.1 (5.6–8.7) |
Alcohol usea | 16.3 (13.1–19.6) | 4.9 (3.1–6.60 | 10.8 (8.4–12.0) |
Low fruit diet | 10.4 (7.7–13.0) | 6.8 (4.7–8.8) | 42.2 (39.0–44.0) |
Low vegetable diet | 6.8 (4.6–8.9) | 5.4 (3.5–7.2) | 32.1 (29.5–35.1) |
High salt diet | 63.0 (58.8–67.2) | 68.3 (64.5–72.1) | 65.0 (62.0–67.0) |
High animal lipid diet | 61.2 (56.9–65.4) | 58.2 (54.2–62.3) | 59.8 (57.0–63.0) |
Overweighta | 15.0 (11.8–18.1) | 15.2 (12.3–18.2) | 15.2 (12.3–18.2) |
Obesitya | 1.8 (0.6–3.0) | 5.4 (3.5–7.2) | 5.7 (3.5–7.2) |
High waist-hip ratioa | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | 29.5 (17.6–36.6) | 15.3 (13.2–17.5) |
Low physical activitya | 21.9 (18.3–25.5) | 33.1 (29.3–27.0) | 27.7 (25.2–30.6 |