Introduction
Quality of health education in the School
Scientific evidence in the health messages in textbooks
Methods
Study material
Instrument
Procedure
Finding the best available evidence in relation to the questions
Data analysis
HIGH | MEDIUM | LOW | |
---|---|---|---|
Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care | A | B | C, D, E, I |
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force | A | B | C, D, I |
Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine Oxford | A | B | C |
Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) | A, B | C | D |
U.K. National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) | A, B | C | D, BPP, IP |
U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) | A | B | C |
Results
Textbooks and messages studied
Subject and School year of the health-messages
Total Messages 1135 | ||
---|---|---|
n (%)
1
| ||
Not eligible Messages
|
Randomised Messages
| |
291
(25.6)
|
844
(74.4)
| |
Anatomy/Physiology | Pregnancy/Newborns | |
79
(27.1
)
|
20 (2.4)
| |
Social and Psychological Well-being | Balanced Diet/Malnutrition | |
58
(1.9)
|
264
(31.3)
| |
Respect for the environment | Obesity/Being Overweight | |
93
(32)
|
24 (2.8)
| |
Norms of Urbanity or Courtesy | Physical Exercise | |
61
(21)
|
54
(6.4)
| |
Respiratory Illnesses | ||
19
(2.3)
| ||
Food Hygiene | ||
68
(8.1)
| ||
Vaccines/Medical Treatment | ||
24
(2.8)
| ||
Traffic Accidents | ||
30
(3.6)
| ||
Accidents in the Home | ||
12
(1.4)
| ||
Protection against environmental agents | ||
96
(11.4)
| ||
Alcohol | ||
7
(0.8)
| ||
Drugs | ||
11
(1.3)
| ||
Smoking 27 (3.2)
| ||
Sexual Behaviour/AIDS | ||
19
(2.3)
| ||
Oral Health | ||
32
(3.8)
| ||
Personal Hygiene | ||
68
(8.1)
| ||
Rest/Ergonomics | ||
69
(8.2)
|
Books Analysed | Health Messages | Health Messages per Book2
| |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%)
1
| |||||
Year of School
| Primary | 1 | 14 (17.5)
| 83 (9.8)
| 5.9 |
2 | 12 (2)
| 59 (7)
| 4.9 | ||
3 | 10 (12.5)
| 113 (13.4)
| 11.3 | ||
4 | 7 (8.7)
| 134 (15.9)
| 19.1 | ||
5 | 8 (10)
| 62 (7.6)
| 7.8 | ||
6 | 8 (10)
| 97 (11.5)
| 12.1 | ||
Secondary | 1 | 8 (10)
| 29 (3.4)
| 3.6 | |
2 | 4 (5)
| 7 (0.8) | 1.8 | ||
3 | 7 (8.7) | 260 (30.8) | 37.1 | ||
4 | 2 (2.5) | - | |||
Subject Matter
| Globalised Method | 12 (15)
| 79 (9.4)
| 6.6 | |
Environmental Knowledge | 32 (40)
| 432 (51.2)
| 13.5 | ||
Spanish Language and Literature | 11 (13.7)
| 28 (3.3)
| 2.5 | ||
Mathematics | 6 (7.5)
| 8 (0.9)
| 1.3 | ||
Natural Sciences | 7 (8.7)
| 33 (3.9)
| 4.7 | ||
Social Sciences Geography and History | 2 (2.5)
| - | - | ||
Technology | 2 (2.5)
| 4 (0.5)
| 2 | ||
Biology and Geology | 8 (10)
| 260 (30.8)
| 32.5 | ||
TOTAL
|
80
|
844
|
10.6
|
Scientific evidence of the health-messages
SUBJECT MATTER | Messages with a level of evidence | Messages based evidence without assigned level | Messages with no known evidence | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
HIGH | MEDIUM | LOW | |||
n (%)
1
| |||||
Pregnancy Newborns | 7 (35)
| 4 (20)
| 4 (20)
| 5 (25)
| - |
Balanced Diet Malnutrition | 11 (4.2)
| - | 4 (1.5)
| 204 (77.3)
| 45 (17.1)
|
Obesity | - | 1 (4.2)
| 2 (8.3)
| 15 (62.5)
| 6 (25)
|
Physical Exercise | - | - | 10 (18.5)
| 34 (63)
| 10 (18.5)
|
Respiratory Illnesses | - | - | 1 (5.3)
| 7 (36.8)
| 11 (57.9)
|
Food Hygiene | - | - | 1 (1.5)
| 51 (75)
| 16 (23.5)
|
Vaccines Medical Treatment | 6 (25)
| 1 (4.2)
| - | 10 (41.7)
| 7* (29.2)
|
Traffic Accidents | - | - | 11 (36.7)
| 17 (56.7)
| 2 (6.7)
|
Accidents in the Home | 2 (16.7)
| - |
1 (8.3)
| 4 (33.3)
| 5 (41.7)
|
Protection against environmental agents | 1 (1)
| 1 (1)
| 7 (7.3)
| 36 (37.5)
| 51 (53.1)
|
Alcohol | - | - | 2 (28.7)
| 3 (42.9)
| 2 (28.6)
|
Drugs | - | - | 3 (27.3)
| 7 (63.64)
| 1 (9.1)
|
Smoking | 1 (3.7)
| - | 3 (11.1)
| 19 (70.4)
| 4 (14.8)
|
Sexual Behaviour AIDS | - | - | - | 14 (73.7)
|
4 (26.3)
|
Oral Health | 12 (37.5)
| 3 (9.4)
| 0 | 4 (12.5)
| 13 (40.6)
|
Personal Hygiene | 6 (8.8)
| 2 (2.9)
| 15 (22)
| 34 (50)
| 11 (16.2)
|
Rest Ergonomics | - | - | 1 (1.5)
| 49 (71)
| 19* (27.5)
|
46 (5.5)
2
| 12 (1.4)
2
| 65 (7.7)
2
| 513 (60.8)
2
| 208 (24.6)
2
|
INSTITUTION | TITLE | URL |
---|---|---|
Systematic Reviews | ||
CL | Safety education of pedestrians for injury prevention | |
CL | Phytomedicines (medicines derived from plants) for sickle cell disease | |
CL | A systematic review of the interventions to promote the wearing of hearing protection | |
CL | Water for preventing urinary calculi | |
CL | School-based programmes for preventing smoking | |
CL | School-based prevention for illicit drugs' use | |
CL | Feverfew for preventing migraine | |
CL | Herbal therapy for treating osteoarthritis | |
CL | European guidelines for the management of chronic non-specific low back pain | |
Clinical Practice Guides
| ||
NHS-NICE | Antenatal care routine care for the healthy pregnant woman | |
HS-CKS | Insomnia | |
RACGP | Guidelines preventive activities general practice | |
NHS-CKS | Dyspepsia: pregnanacy associated | |
NHS-NICE | Postanatale care | |
WHO | Care of umbilical cord | |
CTFPHC | Interventions to promote breast-feeding: applying the evidence in clinical practice | |
PHAC | Canadian Immunization Guide 7th Edition | |
NHS-CKS | Immunizations-Childhood Vaccination Programme | |
RCN | Children's services: acute health care provision | |
HHS | Preventive services for children and adolescents | |
WHO | Sleep problems | |
AAP | The Teen Driver | |
CL | Bicycle helmets: it's time to use them | |
NHS - SIGN | Prevention and management of dental decay in the pre-school child | |
NHS - SIGN | Preventing Dental Caries in Children at High Caries Risk | |
AAP | Oral Health Risk Assessment Timing and Establishment of the Dental Home | |
AAPD | Guideline on Periodicity of Examination. Preventive Dental Services | |
AAPD | Clinical guideline on infant oral health care | |
AAPD | Clinical guideline on adolescent oral health care. | |
NHS-CKS | Pruritus vulvae | |
NHS-CKS | Lice | |
ICSI | Acne Management. Third Edition | |
HHS | Eye | |
DOH | Management and control of eye conditions at primary level | |
NHS-CKS | External otitis | |
HPA | Guidance on Infection Control In Schools and other hile Care Settings | |
CCHMC | Urinary tract Infection | |
HHS | Abrasion and laceration wound care: pre-school through grade twelve | |
NHS-CKS | Common cold. | |
HHS | Environmental management of pediatric asthma | |
NHS-CKS | Smoking cessation | |
NHS-NICE | Feverish illness in children | |
AAP | Office-Based conseling for injury prevention | |
NHS-CKS | Sprains and strains | |
HHS | Counseling to prevent skin cancer: recommendations and rationale | |
DOH | Guidelines for School Programs To Prevent Skin Cancer | |
HHS | Pediatric eye and vision examination | |
CPS | Impact of media use on children and youth | |
NHS-NICE | Prevention of healthcare-associated infections primary and community care | |
USPSTF | Screening for Visual Impairment in Children Younger than Age 5 Years | |
NHS-CKS | Chest infection | |
HHS | Hearing assessment in infants and children | |
HHS | Physical activity in the prevention. treatment and rehabilitation of diseases | |
NHS-DH | Green book | |
HHS | Health professional's guide rehabilitation of the patient with osteoporosis | |
NHS-CKS | Ankylosing spondylitis | |
RCGP | Sexually Transmitted Infections in Primary Care | |
NHS-CKS | Contraception | |
HHS | Tabacco use prevention and cessation for adults and mature adolescents | |
NHS-NICE | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | |
AHA | Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations. Revision 2006 | |
AAP | Tobacco. Alcohol. and Other Drugs: The Role of the Pediatrician | |
NHS-CKS | Smoking cessation | |
HHS | Prevention of Ventricular Remodeling. Cardiac Dysfunction. and Heart Failure | |
NHS-CKS | Alcohol-problem drinking | |
NHS - SIGN | The management of harmeful drinking and alcohol dependence in primary care | |
NZGG | Food and Nutrition Guidelines for Healthy Adolescents | |
RCGP | Guidance for working with cocaine and crack | |
HHS | Dietary recommendations for children and adolescents | |
HPA | Smallpox | |
NHS-CKS | Insect bites and stings | |
NHS-CKS | Anemia - Iron deficency | |
NZGG | Food and nutrition guidelines for healthy adolescent | |
NHS-CKS | Gastroenteritis | |
AHA | Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations Revision 2006 | |
NHS - SIGN | Management of obesity in children and young people | |
NGCH | Prevention and screening of colorectal cancer | |
CAS | HIV Transmisión: Guidelines for assessing risk. 5th Edition | |
NASPGHAN | Overweight children and adolescents | |
VSSGBI | The provision of vascular service 2004 | |
NGCH | Identifying and preventing overweight in childhood. Clinical practice guideline | |
NHS-NICE | Secondary prevention in primary-secondary care patients myocardial infarction | |
NHS-CKS | Obesity | |
MJA | Nutrition and physical activity for Australian children | |
AAP | Optimizing Bone Health and Calcium Intakes of Infants. Children. and Adolescents | |
SACN | Salt and health | |
ADA | Nutrition and Athletic Performance | |
BCHM | B12 Deficiency - Investigation & Management of Vitamin B12and Folate Deficiency | |
NHS-CKS | Constipation | |
B | Mediterranean diet evidence | |
AAP | Prevention of Rickets and Vitamin D Deficiency | |
NHS-DH | Coronary Heart disease | |
DOH | Guidelines for the management and health Surveillance of food handlers | |
RCN | Malnutrition: What nurses working with children and young people | |
APsA | Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with eating disorders | |
NGCH | Prevention and management of obesity (mature adolescents and adults) | |
NGCH | Increasing physical activity in schools: kindergarten through eighth grade | |
CDC | Guidelines for School and Community Programs to Promote Lifelong Physical Activity Among Young People | |
AAP | Activity Healthy living: prevention of childhood obesity through increased physical activity | |
HPA | Guidelines for action in the event of a deliberate release | |
NHMRC | Staying Healthy in Child Care | |
CPS | Bugs in our meal: Food for thought | |
NGCH | Dietary guidelines for Americans. 2005 | |
NHS-DH | Infection at work: Controlling the risks |
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE | MESSAGE |
---|---|
HIGH | • Children should use toothpaste with fluoride |
• The Mediterranean diet helps to prevent excess cholesterol | |
• Adopting habits such as not smoking prevents certain types of cancer | |
MEDIUM | • Sugar-free chewing gum helps to prevent tooth decay |
• After cleaning, cover a wound with a plaster or bandage | |
• Pregnant women should visit the doctor once a month | |
LOW | • Moderate exercise strengthens the heart muscles and prevents illnesses affecting the circulatory system |
• Alcohol consumption leads to malnutrition and complaints affecting the alimentary canal | |
• In Summer, apply sun cream to babies several times a day and after bathing | |
UNKNOWN | • Drinking two litres of water per day helps us to remain healthy |
• Children should always be assisted by an adult when cooking in order to avoid accidents in the home | |
• Fruit should be thoroughly washed or pealed prior to consumption | |
NO EVIDENCE FOUND | • Do not swim after a meal. The digestive process may be affected, giving rise to a stomach cramp. |
• Breathing through the nose rather than the mouth prevents colds | |
• An adequate intake of vitamin B lowers the probabilities of illness | |
EVIDENCE CONTRAVENED | • Wounds should be disinfected with peroxide |
• A period of inactivity should always be observed in the event of muscular injury |