Introduction
Background
Methods
Study design
Exposure and outcome variables
Data acquisition and measurements
Statistics
Results
Participants
Obesity and mortality
Variable | Category | Body mass index (BMI) (n = 146) | p value* | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median | IQR | n | % | |||
Sex | Female | 24.2 | 21.1–26.8 | 46 | 31.5 | 0.002 |
Male | 25.7 | 23.9–29.0 | 100 | 68.5 | ||
Age (years) | ≤ 55 | 24.9 | 23.1–27.8 | 81 | 55.5 | 0.49 |
> 55 | 25.6 | 23.4–28.1 | 65 | 44.5 | ||
Comorbidity | No | 24.6 | 22.5–27.2 | 65 | 44.5 | 0.04 |
Yes | 26.1 | 23.9–28.4 | 81 | 55.5 | ||
Death | No | 25.2 | 22.9–28.0 | 144 | 98.6 | 0.59 |
Yes | 24.4 | 23.5–25.2 | 2 | 1.4 | ||
Rib fractures | ||||||
Multiple (2) | No | 25.0 | 23.4–28.1 | 115 | 78.8 | 0.78 |
Yes | 25.5 | 22.5–27.8 | 31 | 21.2 | ||
Multiple (3) | No | 25.5 | 23.5–28.1 | 121 | 82.9 | 0.10 |
Yes | 24.0 | 20.8–27.3 | 25 | 17.1 | ||
Multiple (≥ 4) | No | 25.0 | 22.5–27.7 | 89 | 61.0 | 0.24 |
Yes | 25.2 | 24.0–28.4 | 57 | 39.0 | ||
Abdominal injury | ||||||
Intraabdominal | No | 25.3 | 23.1–28.1 | 121 | 82.9 | 0.72 |
Yes | 24.8 | 23.2–27.8 | 25 | 17.1 | ||
Liver | No | 25.1 | 23.1–28.1 | 138 | 94.5 | 0.71 |
Yes | 25.8 | 22.4–27.6 | 8 | 5.5 | ||
Spleen | No | 25.2 | 22.7–27.8 | 135 | 92.5 | 0.55 |
Yes | 24.9 | 23.8–33.2 | 11 | 7.5 | ||
Duodenal | No | 25.2 | 23.2–27.8 | 145 | 99.3 | 0.17 |
Yes | 20.8 | 20.8–20.8 | 1 | 0.7 | ||
Colon | No | 25.2 | 23.1–27.8 | 145 | 99.3 | 0.82 |
Yes | 24.7 | 24.7–24.7 | 1 | 0.7 | ||
Kidney | No | 25.2 | 23.1–27.8 | 143 | 97.9 | 0.98 |
Yes | 24.8 | 20.6–36.8 | 3 | 2.1 | ||
Bladder | No | 25.3 | 23.2–28.0 | 144 | 98.6 | 0.24 |
Yes | 22.7 | 20.6–24.7 | 2 | 1.4 |
Variable | Category | Subxiphoid outer abdominal fat (SOAF) (n = 248) | p value* | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median | IQR | n | % | |||
Sex | Female | 13.1 | 8.0–18.8 | 80 | 32.3 | < 0.001 |
Male | 8.4 | 5.6–12.3 | 168 | 67.7 | ||
Age (years) | ≤ 55 | 7.9 | 5.5–13.8 | 128 | 51.6 | 0.009 |
> 55 | 10.8 | 7.4–14.9 | 120 | 48.4 | ||
Comorbidity | No | 7.8 | 5.2–11.9 | 107 | 43.1 | < 0.001 |
Yes | 10.9 | 7.4–16.6 | 141 | 56.9 | ||
Death | No | 9.1 | 6.2–13.8 | 226 | 91.1 | 0.04 |
Yes | 13.1 | 7.8–17.9 | 22 | 8.9 | ||
Rib fractures | ||||||
Multiple (2) | No | 10.0 | 6.6–14.7 | 197 | 79.4 | 0.07 |
Yes | 7.8 | 4.9–13.7 | 51 | 20.6 | ||
Multiple (3) | No | 10.1 | 6.5–13.9 | 205 | 82.7 | 0.78 |
Yes | 8.8 | 6.2–15.7 | 43 | 17.3 | ||
Multiple (≥ 4) | No | 8.8 | 5.0–13.9 | 139 | 56.0 | 0.06 |
Yes | 10.5 | 6.9–15.3 | 109 | 44.0 | ||
Abdominal injury | ||||||
Intraabdominal | No | 10.1 | 6.5–14.6 | 210 | 84.7 | 0.15 |
Yes | 8.1 | 5.5–12.1 | 38 | 15.3 | ||
Liver | No | 9.8 | 6.5–14.5 | 237 | 95.6 | 0.02 |
Yes | 6.5 | 3.9–8.8 | 11 | 4.4 | ||
Spleen | No | 9.7 | 6.2–14.5 | 231 | 93.1 | 0.53 |
Yes | 8.8 | 6.5–11.8 | 17 | 6.9 | ||
Duodenal | No | 9.5 | 6.2–14.4 | 247 | 99.6 | 0.98 |
Yes | 9.3 | 9.3–9.3 | 1 | 0.4 | ||
Colon | No | 9.4 | 6.4–14.4 | 247 | 99.6 | 0.17 |
Yes | 4.1 | 4.1–4.1 | 1 | 0.4 | ||
Kidney | No | 9.4 | 6.5–14.3 | 244 | 98.4 | 0.58 |
Yes | 9.3 | 4.4–13.6 | 4 | 1.6 | ||
Bladder | No | 9.5 | 6.5–14.4 | 245 | 98.8 | 0.008 |
Yes | 3.3 | 2.8–4.1 | 3 | 1.2 |
Variable | Category | Subxiphoid peritoneal fat (SPF) (n = 248) | p value* | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median | IQR | n | % | |||
Sex | Female | 10.6 | 8.2–14.5 | 80 | 32.3 | 0.004 |
Male | 13.2 | 9.5–17.2 | 168 | 67.7 | ||
Age (years) | ≤ 55 | 10.9 | 7.9–15.1 | 128 | 51.6 | 0.003 |
> 55 | 13.4 | 10.1–17.2 | 120 | 48.4 | ||
Comorbidity | No | 12.7 | 8.2–16.1 | 107 | 43.1 | 0.77 |
Yes | 12.3 | 9.3–16.5 | 141 | 56.9 | ||
Death | No | 12.4 | 8.8–16.3 | 226 | 91.1 | 0.99 |
Yes | 13.1 | 9.9–14.7 | 22 | 8.9 | ||
Rib fractures | ||||||
Multiple (2) | No | 12.8 | 9.3–16.2 | 197 | 79.4 | 0.13 |
Yes | 10.6 | 7.8–15.9 | 51 | 20.6 | ||
Multiple (3) | No | 12.5 | 9.2–16.4 | 205 | 82.7 | 0.38 |
Yes | 12.1 | 7.9–15.6 | 43 | 17.3 | ||
Multiple (≥ 4) | No | 12.3 | 8.1–15.7 | 139 | 56.0 | 0.12 |
Yes | 12.8 | 9.5–16.6 | 109 | 44.0 | ||
Abdominal injury | ||||||
Intraabdominal | No | 12.8 | 9.2–16.4 | 210 | 84.7 | 0.11 |
Yes | 10.5 | 7.9–14.4 | 38 | 15.3 | ||
Liver | No | 12.7 | 9.1–16.3 | 237 | 95.6 | 0.03 |
Yes | 9.8 | 5.9–12.5 | 11 | 4.4 | ||
Spleen | No | 12.7 | 9.0–16.3 | 231 | 93.1 | 0.50 |
Yes | 11.0 | 8.3–14.3 | 17 | 6.9 | ||
Duodenal | No | 12.5 | 8.8–16.2 | 247 | 99.6 | 0.79 |
Yes | 11.0 | 11.0–11.0 | 1 | 0.4 | ||
Colon | No | 12.5 | 9.0–16.2 | 247 | 99.6 | 0.12 |
Yes | 5.3 | 5.3–5.3 | 1 | 0.4 | ||
Kidney | No | 12.5 | 8.8–16.2 | 244 | 98.4 | 0.93 |
Yes | 12.6 | 9.2–17.5 | 4 | 1.6 | ||
Bladder | No | 12.6 | 9.1–16.2 | 245 | 98.8 | 0.009 |
Yes | 5.3 | 5.0–6.6 | 3 | 1.2 |
Variable | Category | Umbilical outer abdominal fat (UOAF) (n = 242) | p value* | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median | IQR | n | % | |||
Sex | Female | 19.9 | 14.4 | 79 | 32.6 | 0.42 |
Male | 18.7 | 13.3–24.6 | 163 | 67.4 | ||
Age (years) | ≤ 55 | 20.7 | 13.5–26.7 | 126 | 52.1 | 0.20 |
> 55 | 18.7 | 13.7–23.3 | 116 | 47.9 | ||
Comorbidity | No | 19.5 | 12.5–24.6 | 105 | 43.4 | 0.50 |
Yes | 19.5 | 14.4–25.2 | 137 | 56.6 | ||
Death | No | 19.5 | 13.3–25.0 | 221 | 91.3 | 0.64 |
Yes | 20.2 | 16.3–23.4 | 21 | 8.7 | ||
Rib fractures | ||||||
Multiple (2) | No | 20.2 | 14.1–25.1 | 192 | 79.3 | 0.27 |
Yes | 18.1 | 11.7–24.7 | 50 | 20.7 | ||
Multiple (3) | No | 19.5 | 13.5–25.5 | 199 | 82.2 | 0.98 |
Yes | 19.9 | 13.2–24.9 | 43 | 17.8 | ||
Multiple (≥ 4) | No | 18.8 | 13.1–24.7 | 136 | 56.2 | 0.21 |
Yes | 21.0 | 13.7–26.3 | 106 | 43.8 | ||
Abdominal injury | ||||||
Intraabdominal | No | 20.2 | 13.9–25.7 | 205 | 84.7 | 0.04 |
Yes | 16.7 | 11.7–22.4 | 37 | 15.3 | ||
Liver | No | 19.9 | 13.6–25.5 | 231 | 95.5 | 0.010 |
Yes | 13.9 | 10.4–18.1 | 11 | 4.5 | ||
Spleen | No | 19.7 | 13.6–25.3 | 226 | 93.4 | 0.34 |
Yes | 16.8 | 12.0–23.4 | 16 | 6.6 | ||
Duodenal | No | 19.5 | 13.5–25.0 | 241 | 99.6 | 0.69 |
Yes | 16.9 | 16.9–16.9 | 1 | 0.4 | ||
Colon | No | 19.5 | 13.5–25.0 | 241 | 99.6 | 0.42 |
Yes | 13.9 | 13.9–13.9 | 1 | 0.4 | ||
Kidney | No | 19.6 | 13.6–25.0 | 238 | 98.3 | 0.23 |
Yes | 11.6 | 5.3–25.3 | 4 | 1.7 | ||
Bladder | No | 19.6 | 13.5–25.2 | 239 | 98.8 | 0.10 |
Yes | 13.9 | 3.8–17.6 | 3 | 1.2 |
Variable | Category | Umbilical visceral fat (UVF) (n = 242) | p value* | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median | IQR | n | % | |||
Sex | Females | 49.5 | 37.6–63.0 | 79 | 32.6 | < 0.001 |
Males | 64.7 | 49.7–84.0 | 163 | 67.4 | ||
Age (years) | ≤ 55 | 57.2 | 42.1–76.2 | 126 | 52.1 | 0.007 |
> 55 | 62.1 | 47.6–88.5 | 116 | 47.9 | ||
Comorbidities | No | 58.7 | 44.8–80.5 | 105 | 43.4 | 0.42 |
Yes | 59.3 | 44.0–82.6 | 137 | 56.6 | ||
Death | No | 59.3 | 44.0–81.1 | 221 | 91.3 | 0.89 |
Yes | 57.9 | 44.9–78.6 | 21 | 8.7 | ||
Rib fractures | ||||||
Multiple (2) | No | 58.7 | 44.8–81.2 | 192 | 79.3 | 0.87 |
Yes | 62.2 | 42.9–79.8 | 50 | 20.7 | ||
Multiple (3) | No | 59.7 | 45.1–81.1 | 199 | 82.2 | 0.08 |
Yes | 52.9 | 39.6–76.2 | 43 | 17.8 | ||
Multiple (≥ 4) | No | 55.8 | 41.8–77.7 | 136 | 56.2 | 0.010 |
Yes | 53.6 | 49.0–82.0 | 106 | 43.8 | ||
Abdominal injury | ||||||
Intraabdominal | No | 59.6 | 44.9–81.2 | 205 | 84.7 | 0.50 |
Yes | 56.6 | 40.4–76.2 | 37 | 15.3 | ||
Liver | No | 59.7 | 44.9–81.2 | 231 | 95.5 | 0.006 |
Yes | 44.0 | 37.1–56.6 | 11 | 4.5 | ||
Spleen | No | 59.0 | 43.9–81.1 | 226 | 93.4 | 0.57 |
Yes | 61.4 | 54.6–78.5 | 16 | 6.6 | ||
Duodenal | No | 59.3 | 44.7–81.1 | 241 | 99.6 | 0.18 |
Yes | 34.3 | 34.3–34.3 | 1 | 0.4 | ||
Colon | No | 59.3 | 44.7–81.1 | 241 | 99.6 | 0.13 |
Yes | 29.6 | 29.6–29.6 | 1 | 0.4 | ||
Kidney | No | 59.0 | 44.0–81.1 | 238 | 98.3 | 0.97 |
Yes | 65.1 | 47.2–77.4 | 4 | 1.7 | ||
Bladder | No | 59.3 | 44.8–81.1 | 239 | 98.8 | 0.03 |
Yes | 40.4 | 29.6–40.8 | 3 | 1.2 |
Levels of obesity
Variable | Correlation coefficient (p value)* | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BMI | SOAF | SPF | UOAF | UVF | |
Body mass index (BMI) | 1.000 | 0.514 (< 0.001) | 0.546 (< 0.001) | 0.587 (< 0.001) | 0.561 (< 0.001) |
Subxiphoid outer abdominal fat (SOAF) | 0.514 (< 0.001) | 1.000 | 0.369 (< 0.001) | 0.637 (< 0.001) | 0.319 (< 0.001) |
Subxiphoid peritoneal fat (SPF) | 0.546 (< 0.001) | 0.369 (< 0.001) | 1.000 | 0.389 (< 0.001) | 0.532 (< 0.001) |
Umbilical outer abdominal fat (UOAF) | 0.587 (< 0.001) | 0.637 (< 0.001) | 0.389 (< 0.001) | 1.000 | 0.290 (< 0.001) |
Umbilical visceral fat (UVF) | 0.561 (< 0.001) | 0.319 (< 0.001) | 0.532 (< 0.001) | 0.290 (< 0.001) | 1.000 |
Rib fracture score and mortality
Variable | Category | Unadjusted | Adjusted* | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p value† | OR | 95% CI | p value‡ | ||
Rib fracture score (RFS)§ | ≤ 4 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | ||||
> 4 | 5.9 | 1.9–18.3 | 0.001 | 5.9 | 1.9–16.6 | 0.002 | |
Sex | Female | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | ||||
Male | 0.7 | 0.3–1.7 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 0.3–2.2 | 0.74 | |
Comorbidities | No | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | ||||
Yes | 1.4 | 0.6–3.5 | 0.47 | 0.9 | 0.3–2.3 | 0.80 |