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Erschienen in: Der Gynäkologe 2/2019

25.10.2018 | Kontrazeption | Leitthema

Arzneimittelwechselwirkungen bei oralen Kontrazeptiva

verfasst von: Mazyar Mahmoudi, Prof. Dr. med. Walter E. Haefeli, FBPhS

Erschienen in: Die Gynäkologie | Ausgabe 2/2019

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Zusammenfassung

Arzneimittelwechselwirkungen („drug-drug interactions“, DDI) können den Arzneistoffmetabolismus der Kontrazeptiva verändern (Kontrazeptiva als Opfer) und zum Wirkverlust der Kontrazeptiva mit ungewollten Schwangerschaften führen. Wirkverlust tritt umso eher ein, je stärker die Ausscheidung durch die Begleitmedikation beschleunigt wird und je niedriger die Kontrazeptiva dosiert sind. Zu den Substanzen, welche die Ausscheidung relevant beschleunigen (sog. Induktoren), gehören neben enzyminduzierenden Antiepileptika (Carbamazepin, Eslicarbazepin, Oxcarbazepin, Phenobarbital, Phenytoin), Rifamycinantibiotika (Rifampicin, Rifabutin) und Efavirenz auch frei verkäufliche Antidepressiva, z. B. Johanniskraut. In diesen Kombinationen ist die Sicherheit der Kontrazeption oft nicht mehr gegeben, entsprechend sind andere Verhütungsmethoden zu wählen. Andererseits können zahlreiche Substanzen v. a. den Abbau von Gestagenen hemmen, der meist über Cytochrom P450 3A4 vermittelt ist. Wichtige Tätersubstanzen an dieser Zielstruktur sind Azolfungistatika (z. B. Fluconazol), HIV(humanes Immundefizienzvirus)-Proteaseinhibitoren (z. B. Ritonavir) und einige Makrolidantibiotika (z. B. Clarithromycin, Erythromycin). Mit den heute gebräuchlichen niedrigdosierten Kontrazeptiva sind die Expositionsanstiege meist klinisch unbedeutend und die sichere Kontrazeption weiterhin gegeben. Darüber hinaus können Kontrazeptiva auch die Pharmakokinetik der Begleitmedikation beschleunigen (Kontrazeptiva als Tätersubstanz). Dies betrifft die vorwiegend glukuronidierten Antiepileptika Valproinsäure und Lamotrigin, deren Konzentrationen erheblich abfallen können (Risiko erneuter epileptischer Anfälle), weshalb Kontrollen der Antiepileptikakonzentration und -wirksamkeit oder alternative Verhütungsmethoden notwendig werden.
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Metadaten
Titel
Arzneimittelwechselwirkungen bei oralen Kontrazeptiva
verfasst von
Mazyar Mahmoudi
Prof. Dr. med. Walter E. Haefeli, FBPhS
Publikationsdatum
25.10.2018
Verlag
Springer Medizin
Erschienen in
Die Gynäkologie / Ausgabe 2/2019
Print ISSN: 2731-7102
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-7110
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00129-018-4356-8

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