Background
Methods
The National Health Interview Survey
Study participants
Variable measurements
Sleep duration
Race/ethnicity
Industry of employment
Occupation
Covariates
Statistical analysis
Results
Study population
Short sleep duration (<7 hours) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White (n) | White (%) | Asian*(n) | Asian (%) | Total (n) | Total (%) | |
95% CI | 95% CI | 95% CI | ||||
Sample size, short sleepers
| 33,354 | 28 (27.8-28.5) | 2,607 | 33 (31.0-34.1) | 35,961 | 28 (27.9-28.6) |
Age group, (%)
| ||||||
18-49 | 18,172 | 31 (30.6-31.6) | 1,611 | 29 (27.5-31.0) | 19,783 | 31 (30.5-31.5) |
50-64 | 9,346 | 29 (28.7-29.9) | 637 | 36 (33.2-39.4) | 9,983 | 30 (29.0-30.2) |
≥65 | 5,836 | 21 (20.6-21.7) | 359 | 32 (28.7-35.3) | 6,195 | 22 (20.9-22.1) |
Women
| 16,041 | 28 (27.9-28.8) | 1,315 | 32 (30.2-34.4) | 18,605 | 28 (28.0-28.9) |
Men
| 17,313 | 28 (27.3-28.3) | 1,292 | 33 (30.7-34.8) | 17,356 | 28 (27.5-28.4) |
Educational attainment
| ||||||
<High school | 10,418 | 31 (30.0-31.3) | 459 | 32 (28.5-35.1) | 10,877 | 31 (30.0-31.2) |
High school graduate | 3,303 | 36 (34.3-36.8) | 202 | 32 (27.6-36.8) | 3,505 | 35 (34.0-36.5) |
Some college | 11,145 | 30 (29.1-30.4) | 651 | 36 (32.4-38.6) | 11,796 | 30 (29.3-30.5) |
≥ College | 8,488 | 23 (22.1-23.2) | 1,295 | 32 (29.5-33.9) | 9,783 | 23 (22.7-23.8) |
Marital status
| ||||||
Married | 15,624 | 26 (25.8-26.7) | 1,416 | 32 (29.8-33.5) | 17,040 | 27 (26.1-27.0) |
Divorced/separated/widowed | 10,868 | 35 (34.4-35.8) | 479 | 37 (33.9-40.5) | 11,347 | 35 (34.4-35.8) |
Never married | 6,791 | 28 (26.6-28.6) | 708 | 34 (29.3-37.9) | 7,499 | 28 (26.8-28.8) |
Non-US born
| 1,400 | 27 (25.8-28.8) | 1,873 | 31 (29.5-32.7) | 3,273 | 29 (27.7-29.8) |
Living in poverty
| 3,526 | 37 (35.5-38.3) | 297 | 35 (29.9-40.3) | 3,823 | 37 (35.4-38.1) |
Household income < $35,000
| 18,223 | 27 (26.1-27.0) | 1,570 | 32 (30.5-34.4) | 19,793 | 27 (26.4-27.2) |
Class of worker
| ||||||
Private wage | 24,910 | 29 (28.7-29.6) | 1,989 | 33 (31.3-35.1) | 26,899 | 29 (28.8-29.7) |
Government | 5,286 | 26 (25.3-26.9) | 396 | 31 (26.7-35.5) | 5,682 | 26 (25.5-27.1) |
Self employed | 2,970 | 25 (24.1-26.0) | 200 | 29 (24.9-33.7) | 3,170 | 25 (24.2-26.2) |
Occupation
| ||||||
Professional/management | 6,345 | 25 (24.6-26.1) | 705 | 31 (27.7-33.9) | 7,050 | 26 (24.9-26.3) |
Support services | 14,848 | 27 (26.0-27.0) | 1,196 | 33 (30.7-34.9) | 16,044 | 27 (26.3-27.3) |
Laborers | 12,034 | 32 (31.7-33.0) | 689 | 34 (31.1-36.4) | 12,723 | 32 (31.8-33.0) |
Occupation [work hours (≥40 hours/wk)]
| ||||||
Professional/management | 4,234 | 27 (25.6-28.0) | 515 | 37 (31.1-42.0) | 4,749 | 27 (26.0-28.4) |
Support services | 6,750 | 28 (27.0-28.9) | 685 | 37 (33.1-41.7) | 7,435 | 29 (27.5-29.4) |
Laborers | 5,643 | 33 (31.8-34.4) | 345 | 35 (29.6-40.7) | 5,988 | 33 (32.0-34.6) |
Industry
| ||||||
Manufacturing/construction | 10,628 | 30 (29.9-31.1) | 594 | 31 (28.6-34.2) | 11,222 | 30 (29.9-31.0) |
Retail | 3,763 | 29 (28.3-30.3) | 244 | 32 (27.7-36.0) | 4,007 | 29 (28.4-30.3) |
Finances/information | 2,940 | 26 (24.7-26.5) | 272 | 38 (32.0-43.9) | 3,212 | 26 (25.2-27.0) |
Profess/admin/man | 3,116 | 26 (25.2-27.5) | 331 | 30 (25.5-35.3) | 3,447 | 26 (25.4-27.6) |
Education | 2,814 | 23 (21.9-23.7) | 246 | 29 (24.7-34.2) | 3,060 | 23 (22.1-23.9) |
Health care | 4,201 | 29 (27.8-29.8) | 426 | 37 (33.0-40.7) | 4,627 | 29 (28.3-30.1) |
Accommodation and food | 2,043 | 33 (31.5-35.3) | 185 | 28 (22.7-32.8) | 2,228 | 33 (30.9-34.6) |
Public administration, arts | 3,849 | 27 (26.4-28.3) | 309 | 34 (31.1-37.5) | 4,158 | 28 (26.7-28.6) |
Health behaviors
| ||||||
Smoking status | ||||||
Never | 15,572 | 26 (25.2-26.2) | 1,855 | 32 (30.4-34.3) | 17,427 | 26 (25.6-26.5) |
Current | 8,433 | 28 (27.2-28.5) | 395 | 33 (30.0-36.6) | 8,828 | 28 (27.4-28.6) |
Former | 9,317 | 34 (33.3-34.9) | 354 | 34 (28.8-38.4) | 9,671 | 34 (33.3-34.8) |
Alcohol consumption | ||||||
Never | 3,799 | 27 (25.8-27.8) | 739 | 31 (28.2-33.6) | 4,538 | 27 (26.2-28.0) |
Current | 19,289 | 27 (26.7-27.6) | 1,142 | 34 (31.9-36.9) | 20,431 | 27 (26.8-27.8) |
Former | 4,878 | 32 (31.2-33.0) | 236 | 38 (33.0-43.2) | 5,114 | 32 (31.3-33.2) |
Leisure-time physical activity | ||||||
Never/unable | 11,542 | 31 (30.8-32.1) | 868 | 33 (31.1-35.6) | 12,410 | 31 (30.8-32.1) |
Low | 10,778 | 27 (26.0-27.2) | 925 | 33 (29.9-35.7) | 11,703 | 27 (26.2-27.4) |
High | 10,917 | 27 (26.0-27.1) | 809 | 32 (28.9-34.4) | 11,726 | 27 (26.2-27.3) |
Clinical characteristics
| ||||||
Overweight/Obesea
| 21,921 | 30 (29.4-30.3) | 1,688 | 36 (33.1-37.9) | 23,087 | 30 (29.5-30.4) c
|
Obeseb
| 10,153 | 33 (32.0-33.3) | 714 | 38 (32.4-43.2) | 10,457 | 33 (32.2-33.5) c
|
Hypertension (yes) | 10,901 | 32 (31.1-32.4) | 704 | 37 (34.0-40.6) | 11,605 | 32 (31.3-32.6) |
Diabetes (yes) | 2,892 | 33 (31.8-34.7) | 217 | 33 (28.0-38.3) | 3,109 | 33 (31.8-34.6) |
Heart disease (yes) | 4,469 | 33 (31.6-33.7) | 186 | 42 (35.8-48.9) | 4,655 | 33 (31.8-33.9) |
Cancer (yes) | 3,467 | 31 (29.4-31.9) | 94 | 30 (23.5-37.2) | 3,561 | 31 (29.4-31.9) |
Health status
| ||||||
Excellent/very good | 18,680 | 25 (24.4-25.2) | 1,531 | 31 (28.9-33.1) | 20,211 | 25 (24.6-25.4) |
Good | 9,203 | 31 (30.5-31.9) | 781 | 34 (31.3-36.5) | 9,984 | 31 (30.6-31.9) |
Fair/poor | 5,453 | 40 (38.8-40.9) | 293 | 42 (37.3-47.3) | 5,746 | 40 (38.9-40.9) |
Region of country
| ||||||
Northeast | 6,204 | 30 (28.9-30.6) | 472 | 33 (29.4-36.4) | 6,676 | 30 (29.1-30.7) |
Midwest | 9,823 | 28 (27.7-29.3) | 352 | 34 (29.0-38.6) | 10,175 | 29 (27.7-29.3) |
South | 11,234 | 28 (27.8-29.0) | 488 | 32 (27.9-35.7) | 11,722 | 28 (27.8-29.1) |
West | 6,093 | 25 (24.7-26.2) | 1,295 | 32 (30.3-34.6) | 7,388 | 26 (25.5-26.9) |
Asian-White differences in sleep duration by industry and occupation
Model 1: | Model 2: | Model 3: | Model 4: | Model 5: | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | Demographics | Health behaviors | Medical conditions | Occupational characteristics | |
Manufacturing/construction
| 1.00 | 1.03 | 1.16 | 1.14 | 1.14 |
(0.92-1.08) | (0.95- 1.12) | (1.06-1.28) | (1.04-1.26) | (1.03-1.26) | |
Retail
| 1.01 | 1.03 | 1.16 | 1.13 | 1.05 |
(0.88-1.16) | (0.90-1.18) | (0.98-1.36) | (0.97-1.33) | (0.87-1.26) | |
Finances/information
| 1.30 | 1.36 | 1.49 | 1.44 | 1.46 |
(1.14-1.48) | (1.19-1.54) | (1.29-1.72) | (1.25-1.65) | (1.26-1.69) | |
Profess/admin/man
| 0.97 | 1.01 | 1.16 | 1.14 | 1.18 |
(0.86-1.09) | (0.90-1.14) | (1.02-1.33) | (1.00-1.30) | (1.03-1.36) | |
Education
| 1.20 | 1.20 | 1.27 | 1.25 | 1.29 |
(1.04-1.37) | (1.04-1.38) | (1.08-1.49) | (1.06-1.47) | (1.08-1.53) | |
Health care and social services
| 1.21 | 1.26 | 1.42 | 1.40 | 1.39 |
(1.10-1.34) | (1.13-1.39) | (1.27-1.60) | (1.25-1.57) | (1.22-1.57) | |
Accommodation and food
| 0.82 | 0.80 | 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.81 |
(0.70-0.96) | (0.68-0.94) | (0.79-1.15) | (0.79-1.13) | (0.66-0.99) | |
Public administration, arts
| 1.19 | 1.20 | 1.38 | 1.37 | 1.35 |
(1.06-1.34) | (1.07-1.35) | (1.22-1.57) | (1.21-1.56) | (1.17-1.56) |
Model 1: | Model 2: | Model 3: | Model 4: | Model 5: | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | Demographics | Health behaviors | Medical conditions | Occupational characteristics | |
Professional/management
| 1.08 | 1.11 | 1.25 | 1.23 | 1.25 |
(0.99-1.17) | (1.02-1.20) | (1.14-1.37) | (1.13-1.35) | (1.14-1.38) | |
Support services
| 1.15 | 1.18 | 1.32 | 1.29 | 1.28 |
(1.08-1.22) | (1.10-1.25) | (1.23-1.42) | (1.20-1.39) | (1.18-1.38) | |
Laborers
| 1.01 | 0.99 | 1.12 | 1.11 | 1.07 |
(0.93-1.09) | (0.92-1.07) | (1.03-1.22) | (1.02-1.21) | (0.97-1.18) |