Background
Methods
Procedure
Instruments
Behavioral areas | Behavior axes | Goals |
---|---|---|
Self-reliance | Autonomy | Independence |
Future perspective | ||
Contention | Conflict management | |
Ability to criticize / take criticism | ||
Social competence | Adaptation | Reliability / rule compliance |
Behavior at school / vocational training | ||
Affiliation | Integration into (peer)groups / friendship | |
Ability to communicate |
Statistical analyses
Results
Participants
N = 433 | n | % |
---|---|---|
Girls | 157 | 36.3 |
Children lived with both their biological parents before placement. | 123 | 28.4 |
Children did not live with any parent before placement. | 128 | 29.6 |
Children lived in foster care or residential care directly before this placement. | 67 | 15.5 |
Time lag between start of this placement and initial recording of individual goals (M = 8.0 months, SD = 11.5): | ||
< 1 month | 92 | 21.2 |
1 to 3 months | 106 | 24.5 |
3 to 12 months | 138 | 31.9 |
> 12 months | 97 | 22.4 |
At least one parent was not born in Germany (immigrant background). | 76 | 17.6 |
Problems reported at school (M = 3.4, SD = 1.9) | 365 | 84.3 |
Problem behavior (CBCL, T ≥ 60; caregiver report, N = 406): | ||
only internalizing | 97 | 23.9 |
only externalizing | 81 | 20.0 |
internal and external | 122 | 30.1 |
Problem behavior (YSR, T ≥ 60; youth report, N = 398): | ||
only internalizing | 75 | 18.8 |
only externalizing | 61 | 15.3 |
internal and external | 122 | 30.7 |
ICD-10 diagnosis (caregiver report) | 112 | 25.9 |
Change in mental health and behavior problems
M(t1) | M(tn) | SD(t1) | SD(tn) | t | df | p | Effect size | Improvement (%) | r(change, time) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Behavior problems
| ||||||||||
CBCL internalizing | 60.75 | 58.62 | 9.94 | 10.49 | 3.98* | 335 | <.0001 | 0.21 | 19.1 | -.09 |
CBCL externalizing | 60.88 | 59.70 | 11.72 | 12.09 | 2.11 | 335 | .0354 | 0.10 | 16.1 | -.03 |
CBCL total problems | 62.77 | 60.79 | 8.94 | 10.43 | 3.98* | 335 | <.0001 | 0.20 | 21.1 | -.09 |
YSR internalizing | 59.79 | 56.77 | 11.03 | 10.65 | 5.65* | 316 | <.0001 | 0.28 | 21.5 | -.13 |
YSR externalizing | 60.35 | 58.25 | 11.03 | 10.39 | 3.94* | 316 | <.0001 | 0.20 | 17.0 | -.03 |
YSR total problems | 63.01 | 59.79 | 10.70 | 9.94 | 6.44* | 316 | <.0001 | 0.31 | 20.8 | -.10 |
Social goals
| ||||||||||
Independence | 4.32 | 4.89 | 1.32 | 1.27 | 8.69* | 414 | <.0001 | 0.44 | 53.7 | .18* |
Future perspective | 4.28 | 4.65 | 1.55 | 1.58 | 4.49* | 414 | <.0001 | 0.24 | 45.1 | .14 |
Conflict management | 4.06 | 4.60 | 1.26 | 1.24 | 8.08* | 414 | <.0001 | 0.43 | 52.5 | .05 |
Ability to criticize / take criticism | 4.17 | 4.58 | 1.34 | 1.26 | 5.77* | 414 | <.0001 | 0.32 | 43.9 | .07 |
Reliability / rule compliance | 4.96 | 5.15 | 1.37 | 1.30 | 2.75 | 414 | .0062 | 0.14 | 39.8 | .06 |
Behavior at school / vocational training | 4.61 | 4.86 | 1.55 | 1.42 | 2.95 | 414 | .0034 | 0.17 | 41.4 | .02 |
Integration into (peer)groups / friendship | 4.80 | 5.29 | 1.45 | 1.35 | 6.92* | 414 | <.0001 | 0.35 | 47.5 | .20* |
Ability to communicate | 4.60 | 4.98 | 1.15 | 1.11 | 6.25* | 414 | <.0001 | 0.34 | 46.5 | .14 |
Total score | 4.47 | 4.88 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 8.37* | 414 | <.0001 | 0.41 | 65.3 | .16 |
Changes in social goals
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) Ability to communicate
| 0.55* | 0.51* | 0.42* | 0.51* | 0.35* | 0.46* | 0.57* | 0.72* | |
(2) Conflict management
| 0.64* | 0.63* | 0.51* | 0.52* | 0.45* | 0.48* | 0.51* | 0.78* | |
(3) Ability to criticize/take criticism
| 0.60* | 0.70* | 0.49* | 0.48* | 0.43* | 0.42* | 0.47* | 0.74* | |
(4) Reliability/ rule compliance
| 0.56* | 0.59* | 0.56* | 0.49* | 0.55* | 0.40* | 0.35* | 0.72* | |
(5) Independence
| 0.61* | 0.61* | 0.56* | 0.59* | 0.46* | 0.57* | 0.52* | 0.77* | |
(6) Behavior at school/ vocational training
| 0.46* | 0.55* | 0.52* | 0.60* | 0.49* | 0.45* | 0.35* | 0.70* | |
(7) Future perspective
| 0.52* | 0.56* | 0.53* | 0.52* | 0.63* | 0.50* | 0.50* | 0.74* | |
(8) Integration into (peer)groups/ friendship
| 0.54* | 0.54* | 0.47* | 0.37* | 0.46* | 0.31* | 0.47* | 0.73* | |
(9) Total score
| 0.78* | 0.84* | 0.80* | 0.78* | 0.80* | 0.72* | 0.78* | 0.67* |
CBCL internalizing | CBCL externalizing | CBCL total problems | YSR internalizing | YSR externalizing | YSR total problems | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) Ability to communicate
| −0.38* | −0.21* | −0.37* | −0.23* | −0.16 | −0.21* |
(2) Conflict management
| −0.31* | −0.47* | −0.52* | −0.17 | −0.34* | −0.28* |
(3) Ability to criticize/ take criticism
| −0.30* | −0.42* | −0.45* | −0.22* | −0.35* | −0.32* |
(4) Reliability/ rule compliance
| −0.14 | −0.44* | −0.39* | −0.04 | −0.31* | −0.19 |
(5) Independence
| −0.28* | −0.29* | −0.42* | −0.22* | −0.28* | −0.29* |
(6) Behavior at school/ vocational training
| −0.11 | −0.43* | −0.37* | −0.07 | −0.38* | −0.26* |
(7) Future perspective
| −0.17 | −0.26* | −0.31* | −0.16 | −0.23* | −0.22* |
(8) Integration into (peer)groups/ friendship
| −0.35* | −0.29* | −0.44* | −0.26* | −0.21* | −0.24* |
(9) Total score
| −0.34* | −0.48* | −0.55* | −0.23* | −0.39* | −0.34* |
Changes in social goals in relation to competencies at the initial measurement
M(t1) | M(tn) | SD(t1) | SD(tn) | t | df | p | Effect size | Improvement (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low competence (total score < 4; N = 123)
| |||||||||
Independence | 3.06 | 4.20 | 0.98 | 1.15 | 10.05* | 122 | <.0001 | 1.07 | 69.1 |
Future perspective | 2.88 | 3.85 | 1.25 | 1.65 | 6.15* | 122 | <.0001 | 0.66 | 60.2 |
Conflict management | 2.91 | 4.02 | 0.86 | 1.25 | 8.86* | 122 | <.0001 | 1.03 | 71.5 |
Ability to criticize / take criticism | 3.06 | 3.98 | 1.12 | 1.29 | 6.12* | 122 | <.0001 | 0.76 | 56.1 |
Reliability / rule compliance | 3.75 | 4.44 | 1.22 | 1.34 | 4.85* | 122 | <.0001 | 0.54 | 55.3 |
Behavior at school / vocational training | 3.26 | 4.32 | 1.36 | 1.49 | 6.17* | 122 | <.0001 | 0.74 | 61.0 |
Integration into (peer)groups/ friendship | 3.49 | 4.66 | 1.24 | 1.54 | 8.00* | 122 | <.0001 | 0.84 | 65.0 |
Ability to communicate | 3.62 | 4.48 | 0.87 | 1.20 | 7.73* | 122 | <.0001 | 0.82 | 61.0 |
Total score | 3.25 | 4.24 | 0.51 | 1.03 | 10.48* | 122 | <.0001 | 1.22 | 81.3 |
High competence (total score > =4; N = 292)
| |||||||||
Independence | 4.85 | 5.18 | 1.06 | 1.21 | 4.36* | 291 | <.0001 | 0.29 | 47.3 |
Future perspective | 4.87 | 4.99 | 1.26 | 1.42 | 1.28 | 291 | .2003 | 0.09 | 38.7 |
Conflict management | 4.54 | 4.85 | 1.09 | 1.15 | 4.05* | 291 | <.0001 | 0.28 | 44.5 |
Ability to criticize / take criticism | 4.64 | 4.84 | 1.13 | 1.16 | 2.60 | 291 | .0098 | 0.17 | 38.7 |
Reliability / rule compliance | 5.47 | 5.45 | 1.07 | 1.16 | 0.33 | 291 | .7429 | −0.02 | 33.2 |
Behavior at school / vocational training | 5.18 | 5.09 | 1.25 | 1.32 | 0.99 | 291 | .3224 | −0.07 | 33.2 |
Integration into (peer)groups/ friendship | 5.36 | 5.56 | 1.14 | 1.16 | 2.75 | 291 | .0062 | 0.17 | 40.1 |
Ability to communicate | 5.01 | 5.20 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 2.63 | 291 | .0091 | 0.19 | 40.4 |
Total score | 4.99 | 5.14 | 0.67 | 0.88 | 3.17 | 291 | .0017 | 0.19 | 58.6 |
Changes in individual goals
N = 433 | Number of goals | M(t1) | M(tn) | SD (t1) | SD (tn) | t | df | p | Effect size | Improvement (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Progress at school | 193 | 3.86 | 4.69 | 1.36 | 1.63 | 7.91* | 192 | <.0001 | 0.55 | 54.4 |
Progress and behavior at vocational training | 181 | 3.63 | 4.76 | 1.59 | 1.71 | 8.55* | 180 | <.0001 | 0.68 | 60.8 |
Behavior at school | 156 | 3.35 | 4.56 | 1.27 | 1.63 | 9.74* | 155 | <.0001 | 0.83 | 63.5 |
Leisure activities | 121 | 3.28 | 4.12 | 1.55 | 2.02 | 4.78* | 120 | <.0001 | 0.47 | 52.1 |
Independence | 120 | 3.63 | 4.58 | 1.28 | 1.52 | 6.83* | 119 | <.0001 | 0.68 | 56.7 |
Health behavior | 120 | 3.36 | 4.53 | 1.44 | 1.59 | 7.15* | 119 | <.0001 | 0.77 | 59.2 |
Social competence | 69 | 3.52 | 4.83 | 1.21 | 1.46 | 7.14* | 68 | <.0001 | 0.98 | 75.4 |
Relationship to family members | 65 | 3.15 | 4.45 | 1.27 | 1.49 | 7.01* | 64 | <.0001 | 0.94 | 64.6 |
Management of conflicts / ability to criticize | 57 | 3.21 | 4.35 | 1.31 | 1.43 | 8.13* | 56 | <.0001 | 0.83 | 71.9 |
Reliability / responsibility | 49 | 3.92 | 5.20 | 1.48 | 1.59 | 6.00* | 48 | <.0001 | 0.83 | 57.1 |
Other | 363 | 3.22 | 4.56 | 1.37 | 1.64 | 16.74* | 362 | <.0001 | 0.89 | 66.7 |
All individual goals | 1494 | 3.45 | 4.59 | 1.41 | 1.65 | 27.49* | 1493 | <.0001 | 0.75 | 61.6 |
Changes in social goals in relation to changes in mental health and behavior problems
N = 329 | T < 60 → T < 60 (N = 80)# | T ≥ 60 → T < 60 (N = 71) | T < 60 → T ≥ 60 (N = 31) | T ≥ 60 → T ≥ 60 (N = 147) | F | df | p | Effect size |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independence | 0.33 | 0.72 | 0.32 | 0.61 | 1.66 | 3/325 | .1750 | 0.12 |
Future perspective | 0.00 | 1.23 | −0.48 | 0.29 | 10.78* | 3/325 | <.0001 | 0.32 |
Conflict management | 0.36 | 1.23 | −0.06 | 0.59 | 8.76* | 3/325 | <.0001 | 0.28 |
Ability to criticize / take criticism | 0.08 | 1.01 | −0.29 | 0.50 | 8.33* | 3/325 | <.0001 | 0.28 |
Reliability / rule compliance | 0.00 | 0.77 | −0.23 | 0.10 | 6.19* | 3/325 | .0004 | 0.24 |
Behavior at school / vocational training | 0.08 | 0.63 | −0.29 | 0.44 | 2.73 | 3/325 | .0439 | 0.16 |
Integration into (peer)groups / friendship | 0.44 | 1.01 | 0.16 | 0.47 | 3.76 | 3/325 | .0111 | 0.19 |
Ability to communicate | 0.26 | 0.73 | −0.06 | 0.40 | 3.56 | 3/325 | .0147 | 0.18 |
Total score | 0.19 | 0.92 | −0.12 | 0.43 | 12.27* | 3/325 | <.0001 | 0.34 |
CBCL internalizing | CBCL externalizing | CBCL total problems | YSR internalizing | YSR externalizing | YSR total problems | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) Ability to communicate
| −0.12 | −0.23* | −0.24* | −0.20 | −0.20 | −0.21* |
(2) Conflict management
| −0.13 | −0.30* | −0.29* | −0.19 | −0.17 | −0.21 |
(3) Ability to criticize/ take criticism
| −0.18 | −0.19 | −0.24* | −0.19 | −0.16 | −0.20 |
(4) Reliability/ rule compliance
| −0.17 | −0.28* | −0.28* | −0.14 | −0.23* | −0.23* |
(5) Independence
| −0.07 | −0.13 | −0.16 | −0.22* | −0.16 | −0.21* |
(6) Behavior at school/ vocational training
| −0.07 | −0.25* | −0.23* | −0.16 | −0.26* | −0.25* |
(7) Future perspective
| −0.10 | −0.25* | −0.24* | −0.17 | −0.20 | −0.18 |
(8) Integration into (peer)groups/ friendship
| −0.15 | −0.21* | −0.22* | −0.23* | −0.09 | −0.19 |
(9) Total score
| −0.19 | −0.36* | −0.36* | −0.28* | −0.29* | −0.32* |
(10) Individual goals
| −0.10 | −0.14* | −0.15* | −0.07 | −0.12* | −0.09 |