Skip to main content
Hauptrubriken
CME Facharzt-Training Webinare Zeitschriften Bücher e.Medpedia Podcast
Service
Jobbörse Info & Hilfe
Fachgebiete
Anästhesiologie Allgemeinmedizin Arbeitsmedizin Augenheilkunde Chirurgie Dermatologie Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe HNO Innere Medizin Kardiologie Neurologie Onkologie und Hämatologie Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie Pädiatrie Pathologie Psychiatrie Radiologie Rechtsmedizin Urologie Zahnmedizin
Themen
Klimawandel und Gesundheit Neues aus dem Markt COVID-19 Praxis und Beruf Seltene Erkrankungen GOÄ & EBM Panorama
Sammlungen
Kasuistiken Algorithmen & Infografiken Blickdiagnosen Arthropedia FlapFinder (für Dermatochirurgen) Videos Kongressberichterstattung Medizin für Apothekerinnen und Apotheker Für Ärztinnen und Ärzte in Weiterbildung Für Medizinstudierende

Live-Webinar: Aktuelle Leitlinien bei Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen

Konkret geht es um den Diabetes-Patienten mit kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen oder Risiken, die Herzinsuffizienz sowie die kardiovaskuläre Primär- und Sekundärprävention. Sind Sie hier schon auf dem neuesten Stand? Unsere Experten beleuchten, wo und warum das bisherige Procedere geändert werden soll und was in der Praxis sinnvoll ist. Holen Sie sich Ihr Update und 2 CME-Punkte beim MMW-Webinar am 24. April von 17.30 bis 19 Uhr. 
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Journal of Urban Health
Erschienen in: Journal of Urban Health 5/2017

22.08.2017

Assessing Spatial Relationships between Race, Inequality, Crime, and Gonorrhea and Chlamydia in the United States

verfasst von: Phillip Marotta

Erschienen in: Journal of Urban Health | Ausgabe 5/2017

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Incidence rates of chlamydia and gonorrhea reached unprecedented levels in 2015 and are concentrated in southern counties of the USA. Using incidence data from the Center for Disease Control, Moran’s I analyses assessed the data for statistically significant clusters of chlamydia and gonorrhea at the county level in 46 states of the USA. Lagrange multiplier diagnostics justified selection of the spatial Durbin regression model for chlamydia and the spatial error model for gonorrhea. Rates of chlamydia (Moran’s I = .37, p < .001) and gonorrhea (Moran’s I = .38, p < .001) were highly clustered particularly in the southern region of the USA. Logged percent in poverty (B = .49, p < .001 and B = .48, p < .001) and racial composition of African-Americans (B = .16, p < .001 and B = .40, p < .001); Native Americans (B = .12, p < .001 and B = .20, p < .001); and Asians (B = .14, p < .001 and B = .09, p < .001) were significantly associated with greater rates of chlamydia and gonorrhea, respectively, after accounting for spatial dependence in the data. Logged rates of rates violent crimes were associated with chlamydia (B = .053, p < .001) and gonorrhea (B = .10, p < .001). Logged rates of drug crimes (.052, p < .001) were only associated with chlamydia. Metropolitan census designation was associated with logged rates of chlamydia (B = .12, p < .001) and gonorrhea (B = .24, p < .001). Spatial heterogeneity in the distribution of rates of chlamydia and gonorrhea provide important insights for strategic public health interventions in the USA and inform the allocation of limited resources for the prevention of chlamydia and gonorrhea.
Literatur
1.
Chesson H. The expected lifetime cost of chlamydia and gonorrhea per infant born in the United States. In 2016 National STD Prevention Conference. CDC. 2016. Atlanta, GA.
2.
Centers for Disease Control. Incidence prevalence and cost of sexually transmitted infections in the United States. 2013. Atlanta, GA.
3.
Center for Disease Control. Sexually transmitted diseases surveillance. 2016a Atlanta, GA.
4.
Owusu-Edusei K Jr, Chesson HW, Gift TL, Tao G, Mahajan R, Ocfemia MCB, et al. The estimated direct medical cost of selected sexually transmitted infections in the United States, 2008. Sex Transm dis. 2013;40(3):197–201.
5.
6.
Adimora AA, Ramirez C, Schoenbach VJ, Cohen MS. Policies and politics that promote HIV infection in the southern United States. AIDS (London, England). 2014;28(10):1393.CrossRef
7.
Aral SO, O'leary A, Baker C. Sexually transmitted infections and HIV in the southern United States: an overview. Sex Transm dis. 2006;33(7):S1–5.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Farley TA. Sexually transmitted diseases in the southeastern United States: location, race, and social context. Sex Transm dis. 2006;33(7):S58–64.CrossRefPubMed
9.
10.
Thomas JC, Kulik AL, Schoenbach VJ. Syphilis in the south: rural rates surpass urban rates in North Carolina. Am J Public Health. 1995;85(8_Pt_1):1119–22.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
11.
Reif SS, Whetten K, Wilson ER, McAllaster C, Pence BW, Legrand S, et al. HIV/AIDS in the southern USA: a disproportionate epidemic. AIDS Care. 2014;26(3):351–9.
12.
Jennings JM, Curriero FC, Celentano D, Ellen JM. Geographic identification of high gonorrhea transmission areas in Baltimore, Maryland. Am J Epidemiol. 2005;161(1):73–80.CrossRefPubMed
13.
Hoover KW, Tao G, Nye MB, Body BA. Suboptimal adherence to repeat testing recommendations for men and women with positive chlamydia tests in the United States, 2008–2010. Clin Infect dis. 2013;56(1):51–7.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Becker KM, Glass GE, Brathwaite W, Zenilman JM. Geographic epidemiology of gonorrhea in Baltimore, Maryland, using a geographic information system. Am J Epidemiol. 1998;147(7):709–16.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Bernstein KT, Curriero FC, Jennings JM, Olthoff G, Erbelding EJ, Zenilman J. Defining core gonorrhea transmission utilizing spatial data. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;160(1):51–8.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Hardwick D, Patychuk D. Geographic mapping demonstrates the association between social inequality, teen births and STDs among youth. Can J hum Sex. 1999;8(2):77.
17.
Marotta P. Assessing spatial relationships between rates of crime and rates of gonorrhea and chlamydia in Chicago. J Urban Health. 2012;2016:1–13.
18.
Mayer JD. Geography, ecology and emerging infectious diseases. Soc Sci Med. 2000;50(7):937–52.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Owusu-Edusei K Jr, Chesson HW. Using spatial regression methods to examine the association between county-level racial/ethnic composition and reported cases of chlamydia and gonorrhea: an illustration with data from the state of Texas. Sex Transm Dis. 2009;36(10):657–64.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Holtgrave DR, Crosby RA. Social capital, poverty, and income inequality as predictors of gonorrhoea, syphilis, chlamydia and AIDS case rates in the United States. Sex Transm Infect. 2003;79(1):62–4.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
21.
Kposowa AJ. Relative deprivation, sexually transmitted diseases and HIV and AIDS mortality: a multilevel analysis. Am J Infect Dis Microbiol. 2014;2(3):55–62.
22.
Morenoff JD, Sampson RJ, Raudenbush SW. Neighborhood inequality, collective efficacy, and the spatial dynamics of urban violence. Criminology. 2001;39(3):517–58.CrossRef
23.
Sampson RJ, Groves WB. Community structure and crime: testing social-disorganization theory. Am J Sociol. 1989:774–802.
24.
Biello KB, Niccolai L, Kershaw TS, Lin H, Ickovics J. Residential racial segregation and racial differences in sexual behaviours: an 11-year longitudinal study of sexual risk of adolescents transitioning to adulthood. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2013;67(1):28–34.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Biello KB, Kershaw T, Nelson R, Hogben M, Ickovics J, Niccolai L. Racial residential segregation and rates of gonorrhea in the United States, 2003–2007. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(7):1370–7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
26.
Datta SD, Sternberg M, Johnson RE, Berman S, Papp JR, McQuillan G, et al. Gonorrhea and chlamydia in the United States among persons 14 to 39 years of age, 1999 to 2002. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147(2):89–96.
27.
Henderson L. Racial isolation and chlamydia rates in US counties. Race Soc Probl. 2015;7(2):111–22.CrossRef
28.
Pugsley RA, Chapman DA, Kennedy MG, Liu H, Lapane KL. Residential segregation and gonorrhea rates in US metropolitan statistical areas, 2005–2009. Sex Transm Dis. 2013;40(6):439–43.CrossRefPubMed
29.
30.
Walker FJ, Llata E, Doshani M, Taylor MM, Bertolli J, Weinstock HS, et al. HIV, chlamydia, gonorrhea, and primary and secondary syphilis among American Indians and Alaska Natives within Indian Health Service areas in the United States, 2007–2010. J Community Health. 2015;40(3):484–92.
31.
32.
Patterson-Lomba O, Goldstein E, Gómez-Liévano A, Castillo-Chavez C, Towers S. Per capita incidence of sexually transmitted infections increases systematically with urban population size: a cross-sectional study. Sex Transm Infect. 2015;91(8):610–4.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
33.
Cattley C, Massari P, Genco CA. Incidence of gonorrhea and chlamydia in urban settings: the case for neighborhood level analysis in Boston. Adv Infect Dis. 2015;5(04):162.CrossRef
34.
Sampson RJ, Raudenbush SW, Earls F. Neighborhoods and violent crime: a multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science. 1997;277(5328):918–24.CrossRefPubMed
35.
Sampson RJ, Raudenbush SW. Seeing disorder: neighborhood stigma and the social construction of Bbroken windows^. Soc Psychol Q. 2004;67(4):319–42.CrossRef
36.
Chesson HW, Owusu-Edusei K, Leichliter JS, Aral SO. Violent crime rates as a proxy for the social determinants of sexually transmissible infection rates: the consistent statelevel correlation between violent crime and reported sexually transmissible infections in the United States, 1981–2010. Sex Health. 2013;10(5):419–23.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Jennings JM, Taylor RB, Salhi RA, Furr-Holden CDM, Ellen JM. Neighborhood drug markets: a risk environment for bacterial sexually transmitted infections among urban youth. Soc Sci Med. 2012;74(8):1240–50.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
38.
Jennings JM, Woods SE, Curriero FC. The spatial and temporal association of neighborhood drug markets and rates of sexually transmitted infections in an urban setting. Health Place. 2013;23:128–37.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Porter KA, Thomas JC, Emch ME. Variations in the effect of incarceration on community gonorrhea rates, Guilford County, North Carolina, 2005–2006. Int J STD AIDS. 2010;21(1):34–8.CrossRefPubMed
40.
Stoltey JE, Li Y, Bernstein KT, Philip SS. Ecological analysis examining the association between census tract-level incarceration and reported chlamydia incidence among female adolescents and young adults in San Francisco. Sex Transm Infect. 2015;91(5):370–4.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
41.
Thomas JC, Sampson LA. High rates of incarceration as a social force associated with community rates of sexually transmitted infection. J Infect Dis. 2005;191(Supplement 1):S55–60.CrossRefPubMed
42.
Dauria EF, Elifson K, Arriola KJ, Wingood G, Cooper HL. Male incarceration rates and rates of sexually transmitted infections: results from a longitudinal analysis in a southeastern US City. Sex Transm Dis. 2015;42(6):324.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
43.
Clear TR. Imprisoning communities: how mass incarceration makes disadvantaged neighborhoods worse. Oxford, United Kingdom.: Oxford University Press; 2009.
44.
Thomas JC, Clark M, Robinson J, Monnett M, Kilmarx PH, Peterman TA. The social ecology of syphilis. Soc Sci Med. 1999;48(8):1081–94.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Hogben M, Leichliter JS. Social determinants and sexually transmitted disease disparities. Sex Transm Dis. 2008;35(12):S13–8.CrossRefPubMed
46.
Semaan S, Sternberg M, Zaidi A, Aral SO. Social capital and rates of gonorrhea and syphilis in the United States: spatial regression analyses of state-level associations. Soc Sci Med. 2007;64(11):2324–41.CrossRefPubMed
47.
Sullivan AB, Gesink DC, Brown P, Zhou L, Kaufman JS, Fitch M, et al. Are neighborhood sociocultural factors influencing the spatial pattern of gonorrhea in North Carolina? Ann Epidemiol. 2011;21(4):245–52.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
48.
Ellen JM, Jennings JM, Meyers T, Chung SE, Taylor R. Perceived social cohesion and prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases. Sex Transm Dis. 2004;31(2):117–22.CrossRefPubMed
49.
Baral S, Logie CH, Grosso A, Wirtz AL, Beyrer C. Modified social ecological model: a tool to guide the assessment of the risks and risk contexts of HIV epidemics. BMC Public Health. 2013;13(1):1.CrossRef
50.
DiClemente RJ, Salazar LF, Crosby RA, Rosenthal SL. Prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections among adolescents: the importance of a socio-ecological perspective—a commentary. Public Health. 2005;119(9):825–36.CrossRefPubMed
51.
Mayer K, Pizer HF, Venkatesh KK. The social ecology of HIV/AIDS. Med Clin N Am. 2008;92(6):1363–75.CrossRefPubMed
52.
53.
United States Department of Justice. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Uniform crime reporting program data: offenses known and clearances by arrest, 2014. ICPSR36391-v1. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [Dataset] retrieved on 10/1/2016 from: https://​doi.​org/​10.​3886/​ICPSR36391.​v1.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
Li H, Calder CA, Cressie N. Beyond Moran’s I: testing for spatial dependence based on the spatial autoregressive model. Geogr Anal. 2007;39(4):357–75.CrossRef
59.
Waldhör T. The spatial autocorrelation coefficient Moran’s I under heteroscedasticity. Stat Med. 1996;15(7–9):887–92.CrossRefPubMed
60.
Tiefelsdorf M. Modelling spatial processes: the identification and analysis of spatial relationships in regression residuals by means of Moran’s I (Vol. 87). New York, NY: Springer; 2006.
61.
Anselin L, Syabri I, Kho Y. Geo Da: an introduction to spatial data analysis. Geogr Anal. 2006;38(1):5–22.CrossRef
62.
63.
64.
Benoit K. Linear regression models with logarithmic transformations. London: London School of Economics; 2011. London, United Kingdom
65.
Christensen R. Log-linear models and logistic regression. New York, NY: Springer Science & Business Media; 2006.
66.
Manning WG, Mullahy J. Estimating log models: to transform or not to transform? J Health Econ. 2001;20(4):461–94.CrossRefPubMed
67.
Anselin L, Bera AK. Spatial dependence in linear regression models with an introduction to spatial econometrics. Stat Textbooks Monogr. 1998;155:237–90.
68.
Anselin L. Spatial econometrics: methods and models (Vol. 4). New York, NY. Springer Science & Business Media.
69.
Roger S, Bivand RS, & Pebesma EJ. Applied spatial data analysis with R 2013.
70.
Ward MD, & Gleditsch KS. Spatial regression models (Vol. 155). Thousand Oaks, CA. 2008.
71.
Elhorst JP. Specification and estimation of spatial panel data models. Int Reg Sci Rev. 2003;26(3):244–68.CrossRef
72.
Lee LF, Yu J. Identification of spatial Durbin panelmodels. J Appl Econ. 2016;31(1):133–62.CrossRef
73.
Strathdee SA, Beletsky L, Kerr T. HIV, drugs and the legal environment. Int J Drug Policy. 2015;26:S27–32.CrossRefPubMed
74.
Riley ED, Gandhi M, Bradley Hare C, Cohen J, Hwang SW. Poverty, unstable housing, and HIV infection among women living in the United States. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2007;4(4):181–6.CrossRefPubMed
75.
Gee GC, Ford CL. Structural racism and health inequities. Du Bois Rev: Soc Sci Res Race. 2011;8(01):115–32.CrossRef
76.
77.
Sanders RA, Ellen JM. Structural interventions with an emphasis on poverty and racism. In African Americans and HIV/AIDS. New York: Springer; 2010. p. 255–70.
78.
Berry SA, Ghanem KG, Mathews WC, Korthuis PT, Yehia BR, Agwu AL, et al. Gonorrhea and chlamydia testing increasing but still lagging in HIV clinics in the United States. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2015. 1999;70(3):–275.
79.
Leichliter JS, Seiler N, Wohlfeiler D. Sexually transmitted disease prevention policies in the United States: evidence and opportunities. Sex Transm dis. 2016;43(2S):S113–21.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
80.
Dolan K, Wirtz AL, Moazen B, Ndeffo-mbah M, Galvani A, Kinner SA, et al. Global burden of HIV, viral hepatitis, and tuberculosis in prisoners and detainees. Lancet. 2016;388(10049):1089–102.CrossRefPubMed
81.
82.
Freudenberg N, Heller D. A review of opportunities to improve the health of people involved in the criminal justice system in the United States. Annu rev Public Health. 2016;37:313–33.CrossRefPubMed
83.
Jürgens R, Csete J, Amon JJ, Baral S, Beyrer C. People who use drugs, HIV, and human rights. Lancet. 2010;376(9739):475–85.CrossRefPubMed
84.
El-Bassel N, Gilbert Goddard-Eckrich D, Chang M, Wu E, Hunt T, Witte S. Efficacy of a group-based multimedia HIV prevention intervention for drug-involved women under community supervision: Project WORTH. PLoS One. 2014;9(11):e111528.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Metadaten
Titel
Assessing Spatial Relationships between Race, Inequality, Crime, and Gonorrhea and Chlamydia in the United States
verfasst von
Phillip Marotta
Publikationsdatum
22.08.2017
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Journal of Urban Health / Ausgabe 5/2017
Print ISSN: 1099-3460
Elektronische ISSN: 1468-2869
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-017-0179-5

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 5/2017

Journal of Urban Health 5/2017 Zur Ausgabe

OriginalPaper

Are Partner Race and Intimate Partner Violence Associated with Incident and Newly Diagnosed HIV Infection in African-American Men Who Have Sex with Men?

OriginalPaper

Have You Talked about It: Advance Care Planning among African Americans Living with HIV in Baltimore

OriginalPaper

Neighborhood Inequalities in Hepatitis C Mortality: Spatial and Temporal Patterns and Associated Factors

OriginalPaper

Place Still Matters: Racial/Ethnic and Geographic Disparities in HIV Transmission and Disease Burden

OriginalPaper

Client and Partner Violence Among Urban Female Exotic Dancers and Intentions for Seeking Support and Justice

OriginalPaper

Correlates of Preexposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Use among Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) in Los Angeles, California