Background
Methods
Participants and instrument
Children | 573 |
Daughter | 281 (49%) |
Age (mean ± SD) | 14.42 ± 1.58 |
Son | 292 (51%) |
Age (mean ± SD) | 14.48 ± 1.31 |
Grade | |
Guidance school | 305 (53%) |
High school | 268 (47%) |
Mother | 573 |
Age (mean ± SD) | 39.9 ± 6.4 |
Education level | |
Academic | 310 (54%) |
Nonacademic | 263 (46%) |
Father | 573 |
Age (mean ± SD) | 45.6 ± 6.1 |
Education level | |
Academic | 342 (60%) |
Nonacademic | 231 (40%) |
Number of children (mean ± SD) | 2.6 ± 1.1 |
Statistical analysis
Differential item functioning analysis with iterative hybrid OLR/IRT approach
Analysis of cross-informants agreement
Results
DIF analysis
Non-uniform | Uniform | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pa | Thresholdb | ΔR2c | Thresholdd | Pa | Thresholdb | ΔR2c | Thresholdd | CvBLe | Thresholdf | |
Physical health | ||||||||||
5. Hard to take a bath | 0.3156 | 0.0107 | 0.0018 | 0.0117 | 0.0002 | 0.0141 | 0.0243 | 0.0114 | 0.0135 | 0.0391 |
Emotional functioning | ||||||||||
3. Feel angry | 0.8460 | 0.0105 | 0.0000 | 0.0039 | 0.0000 | 0.0094 | 0.0115 | 0.0040 | 0.0270 | 0.0092 |
5. Worry about what will happen | 0.8531 | 0.0078 | 0.0000 | 0.0040 | 0.0000 | 0.0168 | 0.0097 | 0.0032 | 0.0167 | 0.0097 |
Social functioning | ||||||||||
1. Trouble getting along with peers | 0.0576 | 0.0258 | 0.0027 | 0.0039 | 0.0000 | 0.0077 | 0.0125 | 0.0055 | 0.0332 | 0.0171 |
4. Doing things | 0.0029 | 0.0327 | 0.0080 | 0.0046 | 0.0000 | 0.0110 | 0.0155 | 0.0063 | 0.0187 | 0.0188 |
5. Hard to play with others | 0.2825 | 0.0255 | 0.0009 | 0.0038 | 0.0000 | 0.0068 | 0.0472 | 0.0057 | 0.1236 | 0.0178 |
School functioning | ||||||||||
1. Hard to concentrate | 0.0000 | 0.0209 | 0.0742 | 0.0036 | 0.0186 | 0.0115 | 0.0037 | 0.0044 | 0.0042 | 0.0125 |
2. Forget things | 0.0003 | 0.0188 | 0.0084 | 0.0037 | 0.1182 | 0.0069 | 0.0016 | 0.0048 | 0.0003 | 0.0116 |
3. Trouble schoolwork | 0.4073 | 0.0188 | 0.0006 | 0.0060 | 0.0000 | 0.0069 | 0.0467 | 0.0069 | 0.0937 | 0.0209 |
4. Miss school-not well | 0.0080 | 0.0092 | 0.0069 | 0.0067 | 0.8240 | 0.0046 | 0.0000 | 0.0082 | 0.0010 | 0.0211 |
5. Miss school-doctor appointment | 0.0022 | 0.0162 | 0.0085 | 0.0055 | 0.0306 | 0.0140 | 0.0043 | 0.0056 | 0.0103 | 0.0205 |
Non-uniform | Uniform | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pa | Thresholdb | ΔR2c | Thresholdd | Pa | Thresholdb | ΔR2c | Thresholdd | CvBLe | Thresholdf | |
Physical health | ||||||||||
5. Hard to take a bath or shower | 0.0749 | 0.0071 | 0.0052 | 0.0118 | 0.0000 | 0.0080 | 0.0383 | 0.0113 | 0.0604 | 0.0327 |
Emotional functioning | ||||||||||
2. Feel sad or blue | 0.0001 | 0.0179 | 0.0094 | 0.0036 | 0.0000 | 0.0102 | 0.0355 | 0.0041 | 0.0935 | 0.0111 |
5. Worry about what will happen | 0.5410 | 0.0154 | 0.0002 | 0.0034 | 0.0000 | 0.0080 | 0.0317 | 0.0040 | 0.0668 | 0.0115 |
Social functioning | ||||||||||
1. Trouble getting along with peers | 0.0694 | 0.0311 | 0.0025 | 0.0037 | 0.0000 | 0.0122 | 0.0156 | 0.0049 | 0.0241 | 0.0131 |
3. Teased | 0.2442 | 0.0188 | 0.0023 | 0.0097 | 0.0000 | 0.0086 | 0.0286 | 0.0122 | 0.0633 | 0.0277 |
4. Doing things other peers do School | 0.0000 | 0.0172 | 0.0189 | 0.0061 | 0.0000 | 0.0138 | 0.0321 | 0.0067 | 0.0760 | 0.0176 |
5. Hard to keep up when play with others | 0.2014 | 0.0237 | 0.0012 | 0.0040 | 0.0000 | 0.0063 | 0.0408 | 0.0059 | 0.0883 | 0.0154 |
School functioning | ||||||||||
1. Hard to concentrate | 0.0000 | 0.0204 | 0.0543 | 0.0038 | 0.0850 | 0.0070 | 0.0020 | 0.0051 | 0.0014 | 0.0126 |
2. Forget things | 0.0000 | 0.0186 | 0.0176 | 0.0039 | 0.0001 | 0.0089 | 0.0111 | 0.0048 | 0.0106 | 0.0152 |
3. Trouble keeping up with schoolwork | 0.0525 | 0.0133 | 0.0032 | 0.0059 | 0.0000 | 0.0100 | 0.0578 | 0.0060 | 0.1251 | 0.0167 |
Non-uniform | Uniform | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pa | Thresholdb | ΔR2c | Thresholdd | Pa | Thresholdb | ΔR2c | Thresholdd | CvBLe | Thresholdf | |
Physical health | ||||||||||
2. Hard to run | 0.4751 | 0.0117 | 0.0004 | 0.0051 | 0.0022 | 0.0067 | 0.0074 | 0.0058 | 0.0336 | 0.0282 |
5. Hard to take a bath or shower | 0.1780 | 0.0109 | 0.0047 | 0.0179 | 0.0000 | 0.0044 | 0.0695 | 0.0213 | 0.0194 | 0.0619 |
Emotional functioning | ||||||||||
3. Feel angry | 0.1464 | 0.0240 | 0.0013 | 0.0031 | 0.0000 | 0.0100 | 0.0107 | 0.0041 | 0.0181 | 0.0089 |
5. Worry about what will happen | 0.0000 | 0.0147 | 0.0177 | 0.0035 | 0.0000 | 0.0147 | 0.0222 | 0.0036 | 0.0597 | 0.0098 |
Social functioning | ||||||||||
1. Trouble getting along with peers | 0.5320 | 0.0201 | 0.0003 | 0.0044 | 0.0000 | 0.0065 | 0.0341 | 0.0061 | 0.0905 | 0.0188 |
3. Teased | 0.1444 | 0.0108 | 0.0022 | 0.0071 | 0.0000 | 0.0071 | 0.0174 | 0.0077 | 0.0137 | 0.0238 |
5. Hard to keep up when play with others | 0.0026 | 0.0155 | 0.0066 | 0.0044 | 0.0000 | 0.0072 | 0.0360 | 0.0056 | 0.0962 | 0.0231 |
School functioning | ||||||||||
3. Trouble keeping up with schoolwork | 0.0126 | 0.0112 | 0.0047 | 0.0049 | 0.0000 | 0.0069 | 0.0298 | 0.0057 | 0.0402 | 0.0198 |
5. Miss school—doctor appointment | 0.2566 | 0.0122 | 0.0012 | 0.0060 | 0.0023 | 0.0080 | 0.0089 | 0.0070 | 0.0538 | 0.0379 |
Non-uniform | Uniform | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pa | Thresholdb | ΔR2c | Thresholdd | Pa | Thresholdb | ΔR2c | Thresholdd | CvBLe | Thresholdf | |
Physical health | ||||||||||
2. Hard to run | 0.0336 | 0.0139 | 0.0035 | 0.0049 | 0.0016 | 0.0064 | 0.0077 | 0.0061 | 0.0345 | 0.0244 |
5. Hard to take a bath or shower | 0.0524 | 0.0096 | 0.0095 | 0.0164 | 0.0000 | 0.0119 | 0.0733 | 0.0172 | 0.0114 | 0.0579 |
Emotional functioning | ||||||||||
5. Worry about what will happen | 0.0000 | 0.0150 | 0.0116 | 0.0037 | 0.0000 | 0.0070 | 0.0310 | 0.0045 | 0.0642 | 0.0120 |
Social functioning | ||||||||||
1. Trouble getting along with peers | 0.0142 | 0.0297 | 0.0047 | 0.0038 | 0.0000 | 0.0082 | 0.0351 | 0.0054 | 0.0745 | 0.0128 |
3. Teased | 0.2351 | 0.0146 | 0.0015 | 0.0065 | 0.0000 | 0.0052 | 0.0327 | 0.0086 | 0.0559 | 0.0166 |
4. Doing things other peers do school | 0.0000 | 0.0268 | 0.0248 | 0.0045 | 0.0141 | 0.0138 | 0.0054 | 0.0060 | 0.0096 | 0.0142 |
5. Hard to keep up when play with others | 0.0058 | 0.0212 | 0.0057 | 0.0041 | 0.0000 | 0.0081 | 0.0170 | 0.0052 | 0.0264 | 0.0155 |
School functioning | ||||||||||
2. Forget things | 0.0161 | 0.0210 | 0.0042 | 0.0038 | 0.0086 | 0.0063 | 0.0050 | 0.0055 | 0.0145 | 0.0183 |
3. Trouble keeping up with schoolwork | 0.0001 | 0.0210 | 0.0124 | 0.0046 | 0.0000 | 0.0063 | 0.0302 | 0.0055 | 0.0451 | 0.0220 |
DIF analysis between mothers and daughters in compare to fathers and daughters
DIF analysis between mothers and sons compared to fathers and sons
Measure of cross-informants agreement
PedsQL™ 4.0 generic core scales | Mean ± (SD) | Effect size | ICC | Mean ± (SD) | Effect size | ICC | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | |||||||
Mother | 76.67 ± 13.90 | 0.14 | 0.55** | Father | 78.06 + 13.50 | 0.03 | 0.52** |
Daughter | 78.58 ± 13.52 | Daughter | 78.54 + 13.55 | ||||
Mother | 78.11 ± 13.41 | 0.24 | 0.50** | Father | 79.40 + 14.06 | 0.15 | 0.46** |
Son | 81.20 ± 11.86 | Son | 81.27 + 11.81 | ||||
Physical health | |||||||
Mother | 75.52 ± 17.10 | 0.13 | 0.57** | Father | 77.26 + 16.53 | 0.008 | 0.54** |
Daughter | 77.43 ± 15.90 | Daughter | 77.37 ± 15.93 | ||||
Mother | 79.91 ± 15.83 | 0.31 | 0.44** | Father | 80.57 + 17.04 | 0.26 | 0.38** |
Son | 84.54 ± 12.77 | Son | 84.58 + 12.77 | ||||
Emotional functioning | |||||||
Mother | 69.05 ± 19.02 | 0.06 | 0.48** | Father | 73.30 ± 18.87 | 0.26 | 0.50** |
Daughter | 67.83 ± 21.66 | Daughter | 68.04 ± 21.31 | ||||
Mother | 73.12 ± 18.06 | 0.01 | 0.50** | Father | 77.10 ± 17.00 | 0.22 | 0.46** |
Son | 72.78 ± 19.11 | Son | 73.07 ± 18.90 | ||||
Social functioning | |||||||
Mother | 84.82 ± 15.48 | 0.17 | 0.43** | Father | 84.71 ± 15.55 | 0.16 | 0.36** |
Daughter | 87.66 ± 16.25 | Daughter | 87.60 ± 16.31 | ||||
Mother | 83.64 ± 15.47 | 0.08 | 0.31** | Father | 82.64 ± 17.24 | 0.12 | 0.33** |
Son | 85.05 ± 16.25 | Son | 85.10 ± 15.55 | ||||
School functioning | |||||||
Mother | 79.37 ± 17.39 | 0.18 | 0.43** | Father | 79.42 ± 17.79 | 0.18 | 0.38** |
Daughter | 82.17 ± 14.43 | Daughter | 82.21 ± 14.46 | ||||
Mother | 77.19 ± 17.31 | 0.18 | 0.48** | Father | 78.02 ± 17.26 | 0.14 | 0.39** |
Son | 80.21 ± 15.87 | Son | 80.37 ± 15.87 | ||||
Totala | |||||||
Mother | 76.81 ± 14.89 | 0.03 | 0.56** | Father | 77.62 ± 13.68 | 0.06 | 0.57** |
Daughter | 77.25 ± 15.70 | Daughter | 76.92 ± 14.27 | ||||
Mother | 78.44 ± 16.21 | 0.20 | 0.44** | Father | 79.54 ± 13.54 | 0.08 | 0.48** |
Son | 81.37 ± 12.84 | Son | 80.64 ± 12.48 | ||||
Physical healtha | |||||||
Mother | 73.83 ± 18.23 | 0.05 | 0.60** | Father | 75.25 ± 17.41 | 0.05 | 0.58** |
Daughter | 74.78 ± 17.82 | Daughter | 74.31 + 17.45 | ||||
Mother | 78.43 ± 16.32 | 0.27 | 0.44** | Father | 79.50 ± 16.74 | 0.20 | 0.36** |
Son | 82.55 ± 14.52 | Son | 82.62 ± 14.34 | ||||
Emotional functioninga | |||||||
Mother | 74.80 ± 19.67 | 0.01 | 0.47** | Father | 73.50 ± 19.57 | 0.06 | 0.47** |
Daughter | 74.31 ± 21.79 | Daughter | 72.30 ± 18.67 | ||||
Mother | 79.57 ± 16.57 | 0.02 | 0.46** | Father | 77.78 ± 16.31 | 0.11 | 0.43** |
Son | 79.93 ± 17.29 | Son | 76.06 ± 17.45 | ||||
Social functioninga | |||||||
Mother | 91.28 + 15.27 | 0.05 | 0.39** | Father | 88.33 ± 20.55 | 0.04 | 0.17** |
Daughter | 90.37 + 16.97 | Daughter | 89.13 ± 21.18 | ||||
Mother | 88.16 ± 16.25 | 0.28 | 0.34** | Father | 80.61 ± 18.01 | 0.03 | 0.32** |
Son | 84.77 ± 17.02 | Son | 81.34 ± 21.30 | ||||
School functioninga | |||||||
Mother | All the items showed DIF | Father | 86.60 ± 18.21 | 0.06 | 0.48** | ||
Daughter | No corrected score existed | Daughter | 85.54 ± 16.98 | ||||
Mother | 76.04 ± 17.07 | 0.11 | 0.48** | Father | 87.57 ± 19.87 | 0.06 | 0.37** |
Son | 77.96 ± 17.17 | Son | 86.31 ± 21.02 |