Introduction
Methods
Instrument development
Statistical analysis
Results
Variable | Mothers N = 167 (%) | Father N = 70 (%) | Total N = 237 (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Age
| |||
20 – 30 | 22 (13.2) | 0 (0) | 22 (9.3) |
31 – 40 | 86 (51.5) | 20 (28.6) | 106 (44.7) |
41 – 50 | 36 (21.6) | 31 (44.3) | 67 (28.3) |
>50 | 0 (0) | 15 (21.4) | 15 (6.3) |
Missing
| 23 (13.8) | 4 (5.7) | 27 (11.4) |
No. of children*
| |||
1 child | 43 (26.1) | 20 (8.6) | 63 (27.0) |
2 children | 49 (29.7) | 19 (8.2) | 68 (29.2) |
3 children | 57 (34.5) | 17 (7.3) | 74 (31.8) |
4 children | 11 (6.7) | 8 (3.4) | 19 (8.2) |
5 children | 5 (3.0) | 4 (1.7) | 9 (3.9) |
Missing
| 2 (1.2) | 2 (2.9) | 4 (1.7) |
Educational level
| |||
Illiterate | 2 (1.2) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.9) |
No formal education | 2 (1.2) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.9) |
Junior high school | 7 (4.2) | 7 (10.1) | 14 (6.0) |
High school | 26 (15.8) | 6 (8.7) | 32 (13.7) |
Diploma or bachelor | 125 (75.8) | 38 (55.1) | 163 (13.7) |
Higher degrees | 3 (1.8) | 18 (26.1) | 21 (9.0) |
Missing
| 2 (1.2) | 1 (1.4) | 3 (1.3) |
Employment
| |||
Unemployed | 3 (1.8) | 2 (2.9) | 5 (2.1) |
Employed | 91 (55.5) | 55 (78.6) | 146 (62.4) |
Student | 6 (3.7) | 0 (0) | 6 (2.6) |
Housewife | 56 (34.1) | 0 (0) | 56 (23.9) |
Self-employed | 5 (3.0) | 7 (10.0) | 12 (5.1) |
Retired | 3 (1.8) | 6 (8.6) | 9 (3.8) |
Missing
| 3 (1.8) | 0 (0) | 3 (1.3) |
Monthly income**
| |||
Low | 12 (8.0) | 9 (13.8) | 21 (9.8) |
Low middle | 53 (35.3) | 20 (30.8) | 73 (34.0) |
Middle | 54 (36.0) | 16 (24.6) | 70 (32.6) |
High middle | 19 (12.7) | 12 (18.5) | 31 (14.4) |
High | 12 (8.0) | 8 (12.3) | 20 (9.3) |
Missing
| 17 (10.2) | 5 (7.1) | 22 (9.3) |
Trained in health-related fields
| |||
Yes | 27 (16.5) | 10 (14.7) | 37 (15.9) |
No | 137 (83.5) | 58 (85.3) | 195 (84.1) |
Missing
| 3 (1.8) | 2 (2.9) | 5 (2.1) |
Geographical background
| |||
Eastern region | 91 (59.5) | 34 (55.7) | 125 (58.4) |
Western region | 13 (8.5) | 7 (11.5) | 20 (9.3) |
Middle region | 23 (15.0) | 10 (16.4) | 33 (15.4) |
Northern region | 2 (1.3) | 3 (4.9) | 5 (2.3) |
Southern region | 24 (15.7) | 7 (11.5) | 31 (14.5) |
Missing
| 14 (8.4) | 9 (12.9) | 23 (9.7) |
Common cold episodes/year | Antibiotic usage/year | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Never | Once | 2 - 3 times | 4–6 times | > 6 times | |
Never |
7
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Once | 7 |
23
| 12 | 2 | 0 |
2–3 times | 13 | 24 |
65
| 9 | 1 |
4–6 times | 2 | 6 | 12 |
33
| 4 |
> 6 times | 0 | 0 | 3 | 2 |
10
|
Factors and items | Items loadings |
---|---|
Factor 1: Knowledge and beliefs
| |
1- Antibiotics are needed for: the common cold | .627 |
2- Antibiotics are needed for: sore throat | .631 |
3- Antibiotics treat viral infections | .461 |
4- Antibiotics can cure ALL types of infections (viral, bacterial, & fungal) | .574 |
5- When I visit the doctor for my child’s common cold I expect a prescription for medication including antibiotics | .594 |
6- Antibiotics are helpful in treating common colds among children | .687 |
7- Children with common colds get better faster when antibiotics are given | .749 |
8- In the past, antibiotics have cured my child’s cold symptoms | .628 |
9- My child will be sick for a longer time if he/she doesn’t receive an antibiotic for cough, cold, or flu symptoms. | .613 |
10- If my child has a cold or cough it is best to get an antibiotic to get rid of it | .672 |
Factor 2: Behaviours:
| |
11- Antibiotics should be sold without a prescription | 443 |
12- In the past, I have stopped giving my child an antibiotic because my friends/family advised me to | .426 |
13- I get my child’s antibiotics from the pharmacy without a prescription | .809 |
14- I generally store antibiotics at home for when they are needed | .534 |
15- In the past, I have given my child an antibiotic without a prescription when he/she had a high temperature for a few days | .874 |
16- In the past, I have changed doctors when my doctor did not prescribe antibiotics for my child | .623 |
Factor 3: Sources of information:
| |
17- I get my health-related information from the pharmacist | .479 |
18- I get my health-related information from nurses and/or other allied health professionals | .472 |
19- I get my health-related information from books and/or scientific literature | .759 |
20- I get my health-related information from family and/or friends | .621 |
21- I get my health-related information from the internet | .773 |
22- I get my health-related information from the media: TV, radio, newspapers | .789 |
23- I get my health-related information from my previous experience | .556 |
Factor 4: Adherence:
| |
24- It is not important to follow antibiotics doses strictly | .465 |
25- Skipping one or two antibiotic doses doesn’t make much difference | .716 |
26- If my child gets better I can reduce the dose of antibiotics | .902 |
27- If my child’s condition is mild I would give the antibiotic according what I see is suitable for his/her condition | .517 |
28- In the past, I have stopped giving my child an antibiotic because he/she felt better | .697 |
Factor 5: Awareness about antibiotics resistance
| |
29- Antibiotics treat bacterial infections | .446 |
30- Antibiotics are generally safe | -.422 |
31- Antibiotics can be harmful to one’s health | .444 |
32- Some germs are becoming harder to treat with antibiotics | .446 |
33- Some germs can become resistant to antibiotics if they are taken in inadequate doses | .674 |
Factor 6: Parent’s perception on doctors’ prescribing behaviors
| |
34- I think doctors prescribe too many antibiotics | .441 |
35- Doctors don’t inform parents well about their child’s condition | .622 |
36- Doctors aren’t well informed about judicious antibiotics use | .674 |
Items excluded due to only trivial loadings on all factors (coefficient < 0.4):
| |
37- Antibiotics are needed for: ear infection | |
38- If my child is asleep I will not wake him/her up for the dose of antibiotic | |
39- In the past, I have stopped giving my child an antibiotic because he/she had side effects | |
40- In the past, I have taken my child to a doctor when he/she had a high temperature for a few days | |
41- I get my child’s antibiotics from the pharmacy with a prescription | |
42- In the past, I have asked the doctor to prescribe medication for my child’s common cold | |
43- I get my health-related information from my doctor | |
44- When I visit the doctor for my child’s common cold and do not get antibiotics, I get dissatisfied | |
45- Frequency of antibiotic use does not influence its effectiveness |
Factor | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1
| 1.000 | .038 | -.058 | .171 | .010 | -.078 |
2
| .038 | 1.000 | .113 | .535 | -.403 | -.098 |
3
| -.058 | .113 | 1.000 | .127 | -.189 | .192 |
4
| .171 |
.535
| .127 | 1.000 | -.473 | .104 |
5
| .010 |
-.403
| -.189 |
-.473
| 1.000 | -.017 |
6
| -.078 | -.098 | .192 | .104 | -.017 | 1.000 |