Background
Aim
Methods
Study population and procedures
Data sources and variables
Sample size
Statistical analysis
Results
Basic characteristics
N | ||
---|---|---|
Median age (IQR) | 586 | 55.8 (48.9–62.8) |
Sex (N, % male) | 586 | 430 (73,2) |
Level of education (%) | ||
None | 40 | 6.8 |
Primary education | 43 | 7.4 |
Secondary education | 19 | 3.3 |
Vocational training | 140 | 23.9 |
High school education | 132 | 22.5 |
Associates | 72 | 12.2 |
Undergraduate | 62 | 10.5 |
Master’s | 69 | 11.8 |
Do not know | 9 | 1.5 |
Profession (%) | ||
Labourer | 60 | 10.2 |
Farmer | 3 | 0.5 |
Intermediate occupation | 56 | 9.6 |
Employee | 138 | 23.5 |
Artisan, Business owner | 43 | 7.3 |
Middle manager, executive | 235 | 40.1 |
Do not wish to reply | 51 | 8.8 |
Household income (%) | ||
Less than 900 € | 84 | 14.3 |
900–1499 € | 131 | 22.4 |
1500–2000 € | 103 | 17.6 |
2001–3000 € | 96 | 16.4 |
3001–4000 € | 65 | 11.1 |
More than 4000 € | 60 | 10.2 |
Do not wish to respond | 47 | 8.0 |
Place of origin (%) | ||
France | 498 | 85.0 |
Europe | 15 | 2.6 |
N/SS Africa | 63 | 10.8 |
Asia, Americas, Oceania | 10 | 1.7 |
Transmission Category (%) | ||
MSM | 290 | 49.5 |
Heterosexual | 192 | 32.8 |
IV Drug Use | 66 | 11.3 |
Other | 38 | 6.5 |
CDC category C (%) | 117 | 20.1 |
Last CD4 cell count (cells/ml, %) | ||
≧ 500 | 422 | 72.0 |
200–499 | 114 | 19.5 |
< 200 | 15 | 2.6 |
Missing | 35 | 6.0 |
Last viral load (copies/mL, %) | ||
< 50 | 543 | 92.7 |
50–200 | 14 | 2.39 |
≧ 200 | 11 | 1.9 |
Missing | 18 | 3.1 |
Median time (years) since start of ART (IQR) | ||
583 | 16.4 (8.3–21.7) |
Score distributions
Domain or item | Item number | N | Missing (%) | Mean | SD | Skewness | Kurtosis | Floor effect (%) | Ceiling effect (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall QOL/General Health | |||||||||
Overall Quality of life | Q1 | 586 | – | 3.67 | 0.80 | − 0.45 | 3.43 | 1.0 | 12.6 |
General health perception | Q2 | 586 | – | 3.55 | 0.95 | −0.74 | 3.15 | 3.1 | 10.8 |
I. Physical health | 574 | 14.15 | 2.96 | ||||||
Pain and discomforta | Q3 | 582 | 0.7 | 3.93 | 1.10 | −0.72 | 2.56 | 2.4 | 41.1 |
HIV symptomsa | Q4 | 580 | 1.0 | 3.80 | 1.14 | −0.56 | 2.31 | 3.0 | 36.1 |
Energy and fatigue | Q14 | 582 | 0.7 | 3.35 | 0.89 | −0.36 | 3.00 | 2.8 | 7.1 |
Sleep and rest | Q14 | 578 | 1.4 | 3.06 | 1.17 | −0.35 | 2.11 | 13.6 | 7.3 |
II. Psychological health | 569 | 13.70 | 2.78 | ||||||
Positive feelings | Q6 | 581 | 0.9 | 3.33 | 0.96 | −0.51 | 3.19 | 5.7 | 8.7 |
Concentration | Q11 | 577 | 1.5 | 3.80 | 0.92 | −0.38 | 2.87 | 1.7 | 14.9 |
Bodily image and appearance | Q15 | 582 | 0.7 | 3.13 | 1.07 | −0.33 | 2.69 | 10.2 | 9.0 |
Self-esteem | Q24 | 577 | 1.5 | 3.52 | 0.93 | −0.67 | 3.39 | 3.6 | 10.8 |
Negative feelingsa | Q31 | 578 | 1.4 | 3.54 | 1.00 | −0.62 | 3.10 | 4.3 | 14.4 |
III. Level of independence | 560 | 14.65 | 3.49 | ||||||
Dependence on medication or treatmenta | Q5 | 571 | 2.6 | 3.32 | 1.55 | −0.22 | 1.49 | 17.4 | 37.5 |
Activities of daily living | Q20 | 583 | 0.5 | 4.14 | 0.97 | −1.13 | 3.83 | 1.9 | 44.3 |
Work capacity | Q22 | 579 | 1.2 | 3.69 | 0.94 | −0.82 | 3.48 | 2.8 | 16.3 |
Mobility | Q23 | 573 | 2.2 | 3.49 | 1.14 | −0.76 | 2.82 | 9.1 | 15.6 |
IV. Social relations | 557 | 13.91 | 3.03 | ||||||
Social support | Q17 | 577 | 1.5 | 3.85 | 0.96 | −0.96 | 3.90 | 3.1 | 24.1 |
Sexual activity | Q25 | 577 | 1.5 | 3.67 | 0.91 | −0.96 | 4.06 | 3.5 | 12.9 |
Personal relationships | Q26 | 571 | 2.6 | 2.77 | 1.25 | −0.02 | 1.87 | 22.4 | 7.2 |
Social inclusion | Q27 | 574 | 2.0 | 3.64 | 0.99 | −0.79 | 3.60 | 4.9 | 17.0 |
V. Environmental health | 557 | 14.37 | 2.57 | ||||||
Physical safety and security | Q12 | 582 | 0.7 | 3.51 | 0.99 | −0.79 | 3.52 | 6.4 | 12.0 |
Home environment | Q13 | 582 | 0.7 | 3.53 | 1.14 | −0.84 | 3.06 | 9.6 | 16.8 |
Financial resources | Q16 | 577 | 1.5 | 2.90 | 1.15 | −0.16 | 2.35 | 16.8 | 7.8 |
Opportunities to acquire new skills and information | Q18 | 580 | 1.0 | 3.65 | 0.94 | −0.79 | 3.53 | 3.1 | 14.5 |
Participation in and opportunities for recreation and leisure activities | Q19 | 578 | 1.4 | 3.02 | 1.15 | −0.27 | 2.27 | 13.8 | 7.8 |
Physical environment | Q28 | 577 | 1.5 | 3.98 | 0.96 | −1.20 | 4.56 | 3.3 | 30.3 |
Health and social care | Q29 | 576 | 1.7 | 4.16 | 0.83 | −1.18 | 4.72 | 0.9 | 36.6 |
Transport | Q30 | 576 | 1.7 | 3.95 | 0.96 | −1.11 | 4.33 | 3.3 | 29.0 |
VI. Spirituality/religion and personal beliefs | 570 | 15.04 | 3.35 | ||||||
Religion, spirituality and personal beliefs | Q7 | 580 | 1.0 | 3.35 | 1.18 | −0.51 | 2.44 | 10.0 | 15.2 |
Forgiveness and blamea | Q8 | 580 | 1.0 | 4.28 | 1.19 | −1.47 | 3.88 | 4.3 | 67.1 |
Concerns about the futurea | Q9 | 580 | 1.0 | 3.62 | 1.23 | −0.58 | 2.36 | 7.1 | 29.1 |
Death and dyinga | Q10 | 578 | 1.4 | 3.80 | 1.24 | −0.74 | 2.50 | 6.4 | 39.3 |
Reliability
Domain | N | Mean | SD | Range | Cronbach’s α Coeff. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Max | |||||
I. Physical health | 574 | 14.15 | 2.97 | 4 | 20 | 0.63 |
II. Psychological health | 569 | 13.70 | 2.78 | 4.8 | 20 | 0.76 |
III. Level of independence | 560 | 14.65 | 3.49 | 4 | 20 | 0.72 |
IV. Social relations | 557 | 13.91 | 3.03 | 4 | 20 | 0.70 |
V. Environmental health | 557 | 14.37 | 2.57 | 6 | 20 | 0.79 |
VI. Spirituality/religion and personal beliefs | 570 | 15.04 | 3.35 | 4 | 20 | 0.64 |
Criterion validity
Concurrent validity
Domain | N | Correlation coefficient | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
General QoL | General health perception | ||||
I. Physical health | 574 | 0.54 | *** | 0.47 | *** |
II. Psychological health | 569 | 0.59 | *** | 0.47 | *** |
III. Level of independance | 560 | 0.51 | *** | 0.44 | *** |
IV. Social relations | 557 | 0.44 | *** | 0.33 | *** |
V. Environmental health | 557 | 0.57 | *** | 0.39 | *** |
VI. Spirituality/religion and personal beliefs | 570 | 0.38 | *** | 0.33 | *** |
Construct validity
Convergent and discriminant validity
I. Physical health | II. Psychological health | III. Level of independence | IV. Social relations | V. Environmental health | VI. Spirituality/religion and personal beliefs | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q3* | 0.72 | 0.41 | 0.56 | 0.28 | 0.35 | 0.31 |
Q4* | 0.69 | 0.43 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.31 | 0.39 |
Q14 | 0.71 | 0.64 | 0.59 | 0.43 | 0.46 | 0.39 |
Q14 | 0.64 | 0.45 | 0.41 | 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.30 |
Q6 | 0.55 | 0.74 | 0.49 | 0.50 | 0.58 | 0.50 |
Q11 | 0.43 | 0.69 | 0.45 | 0.44 | 0.50 | 0.40 |
Q15 | 0.45 | 0.68 | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.35 | 0.34 |
Q24 | 0.50 | 0.77 | 0.53 | 0.50 | 0.37 | 0.42 |
Q31* | 0.53 | 0.70 | 0.41 | 0.48 | 0.36 | 0.57 |
Q5* | 0.37 | 0.32 | 0.70 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.25 |
Q20 | 0.56 | 0.46 | 0.75 | 0.26 | 0.48 | 0.24 |
Q22 | 0.62 | 0.59 | 0.79 | 0.37 | 0.48 | 0.37 |
Q23 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.80 | 0.42 | 0.48 | 0.36 |
Q17 | 0.34 | 0.43 | 0.29 | 0.72 | 0.49 | 0.42 |
Q25 | 0.38 | 0.57 | 0.34 | 0.76 | 0.37 | 0.40 |
Q26 | 0.36 | 0.50 | 0.32 | 0.72 | 0.35 | 0.35 |
Q27 | 0.32 | 0.41 | 0.28 | 0.75 | 0.42 | 0.36 |
Q12 | 0.48 | 0.63 | 0.47 | 0.49 | 0.70 | 0.49 |
Q13 | 0.19 | 0.26 | 0.17 | 0.21 | 0.59 | 0.19 |
Q16 | 0.35 | 0.42 | 0.40 | 0.36 | 0.71 | 0.30 |
Q18 | 0.33 | 0.41 | 0.33 | 0.43 | 0.66 | 0.37 |
Q19 | 0.38 | 0.45 | 0.42 | 0.36 | 0.69 | 0.31 |
Q28 | 0.28 | 0.38 | 0.30 | 0.41 | 0.66 | 0.33 |
Q29 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.47 | 0.14 |
Q30 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.34 | 0.30 | 0.61 | 0.19 |
Q7 | 0.41 | 0.67 | 0.41 | 0.50 | 0.48 | 0.59 |
Q8* | 0.29 | 0.28 | 0.21 | 0.28 | 0.26 | 0.63 |
Q9* | 0.45 | 0.48 | 0.35 | 0.38 | 0.34 | 0.83 |
Q10* | 0.26 | 0.31 | 0.15 | 0.27 | 0.20 | 0.74 |
Domain | Range correlation coefficient | Convergent Validity | Discriminant validity | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
convergent validity | discriminant validity | Successa/Total | % | Successb/Total | % | |||
min | max | min | max | |||||
I. Physical health | 0.65 | 0.72 | 0.27 | 0.65 | 4/4 | 100 | 4/4 | 100 |
II. Psychological health | 0.67 | 0.77 | 0.31 | 0.56 | 5/5 | 100 | 5/5 | 100 |
III. Level of independence | 0.70 | 0.80 | 0.21 | 0.63 | 4/4 | 100 | 4/4 | 100 |
IV. Social relations | 0.73 | 0.75 | 0.28 | 0.57 | 4/4 | 100 | 4/4 | 100 |
V. Environmental health | 0.45 | 0.71 | 0.12 | 0.61 | 8/8 | 100 | 8/8 | 100 |
VI. Spirituality/religion and personal beliefs | 0.58 | 0.82 | 0.15 | 0.66 | 4/4 | 100 | 3/4 | 75 |
Known-group validity
N | A | N | B | N | C | F | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 330 | N = 136 | N = 117 | |||||||||||
Overall QoL and Health | Mean | 95% CI | Mean | 95% CI | Mean | 95% CI | |||||||
General QoLa (N = 586) | 333 | 3.78 | 3.70 | 3.86 | 136 | 3.57 | 3.44 | 3.71 | 117 | 3.50 | 3.35 | 3.64 | 7.09** |
General Health Perceptiona (N = 586) | 333 | 3.67 | 3.57 | 3.76 | 136 | 3.36 | 3.19 | 3.53 | 117 | 3.43 | 3.25 | 3.60 | 6.46** |
Domain | |||||||||||||
I. Physical healtha (N = 574) | 326 | 14.55 | 14.25 | 14.86 | 135 | 13.61 | 13.09 | 14.14 | 113 | 13.63 | 13.06 | 14.20 | 7.11** |
II. Psychological healtha (N = 569) | 324 | 13.98 | 13.67 | 14.28 | 132 | 13.21 | 12.73 | 13.68 | 113 | 13.51 | 12.99 | 14.02 | 3.98* |
III. Level of independencea (N = 560) | 317 | 15.18 | 14.82 | 15.55 | 131 | 13.92 | 13.26 | 14.57 | 112 | 14.00 | 13.38 | 14.62 | 8.73** |
IV. Social relationsa (N = 557) | 316 | 14.12 | 13.78 | 14.45 | 131 | 13.43 | 12.89 | 13.96 | 110 | 13.88 | 13.35 | 14.41 | 2.42 |
V. Environmental healtha (N = 557) | 318 | 14.68 | 14.42 | 14.94 | 130 | 14.05 | 13.57 | 14.52 | 109 | 13.86 | 13.33 | 14.39 | 5.62** |
VI. Spirituality/religion and personal beliefsa (N = 570) | 325 | 15.30 | 14.95 | 15.66 | 132 | 14.53 | 13.95 | 15.11 | 113 | 14.90 | 14.26 | 15.55 | 2.63 |
Not hospitalized > 48 h | Hospitalization > 48 h (within last 2 years) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | N | Mean | 95% CI | N | Mean | 95% CI | T-valuea | |||
Overall QoL and Health | l.b. | u.b | l.b. | u.b | ||||||
General QoL | 586 | 555 | 3.71 | 3.64 | 3.77 | 31 | 3.13 | 2.77 | 3.49 | 3.97**** |
General Health | 586 | 555 | 3.58 | 3.50 | 3.66 | 31 | 3.03 | 2.69 | 3.38 | 3.16*** |
Domain | ||||||||||
I. Physical health | 574 | 544 | 14.24 | 13.99 | 14.49 | 30 | 12.73 | 11.72 | 13.74 | 2.71** |
II. Psychological health | 568 | 538 | 13.76 | 13.53 | 14.00 | 30 | 12.56 | 11.66 | 13.46 | 2.31* |
III. Level of independence | 560 | 532 | 14.80 | 14.51 | 15.08 | 28 | 11.93 | 10.43 | 13.43 | 4.31**** |
IV. Social relations | 556 | 526 | 13.93 | 13.67 | 14.19 | 30 | 13.43 | 12.48 | 14.38 | 0.87 |
V. Environmental health | 557 | 531 | 14.43 | 14.21 | 14.65 | 26 | 13.21 | 12.15 | 14.27 | 2.36** |
VI. Spirituality/religion and personal beliefs | 570 | 540 | 15.05 | 14.77 | 15.34 | 30 | 14.77 | 13.68 | 15.85 | 0.45 |