Background
Methods
Source of Staphylococcus species
Isolation and identification of Staphylococcus species
Antibiotic sensitivity test
Mushroom collection and preparation of extract
Phytochemical screening of the extract
Test for flavonoids
Test for alkaloids
Test for tannins
Test for saponins
Test for terpenoids (Salkowski’s Test)
Test for anthraquinones
Test for steroids
Test for Phlobatannins
Test for cardiac glycosides
Antimicrobial activity of Lenzites quercina extract
Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration of the extract
Statistical analysis
Results
Organisms/source | Samples | Number of isolates | Antibiotics | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ERY | COT | CHL | NOV | GEN | STR | AUG | CPR | |||
SASH | Urine | 3 | 66.7 | 0.0 | 100 | 0.0 | 33.3 | 33.3 | 66.7 | 0.0 |
SASH | Sputum | 2 | 100 | 0.0 | 100 | 0.0 | 50.0 | 0.0 | 100 | 0.0 |
SASH | Pus | 4 | 100 | 50.0 | 75.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 50.0 | 75.0 | 50.0 |
SASH | Stool | 1 | 0.0 | 100 | 100 | 0.0 | 100 | 0.0 | 100 | 0.0 |
SASH | Wound swab | 6 | 83.3 | 66.7 | 100 | 0.0 | 50.0 | 33.3 | 50.0 | 33.3 |
SESH | Pus | 3 | 66.7 | 33.3 | 66.7 | 0.0 | 66.7 | 0.0 | 33.3 | 0.0 |
SESH | Wound swab | 3 | 33.3 | 66.7 | 66.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 33.3 | 0.0 |
SSSH | Urine | 4 | 25.0 | 0.0 | 75.0 | 100 | 25 | 50.0 | 50.0 | 0.0 |
SADB | Urine | 3 | 100 | 66.7 | 100 | 0.0 | 66.7 | 33.3 | 0.0 | 33.3 |
SADB | Sputum | 2 | 100 | 50 | 100 | 0.0 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 0.0 |
SADB | Pus | 3 | 66.7 | 33.3 | 66.7 | 0.0 | 33.3 | 33.3 | 100 | 0.0 |
SADB | Stool | 1 | 0.0 | 100 | 100 | 0.0 | 100 | 0.0 | 100 | 0.0 |
SADB | Wound swab | 3 | 100 | 100 | 33.3 | 0.0 | 33.3 | 100 | 100 | 33.3 |
SEDB | Pus | 1 | 0.0 | 100 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 100 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
SEDB | Wound swab | 3 | 100 | 33.3 | 66.7 | 0.0 | 33.3 | 100. | 33.3 | 33.3 |
aMRSA | 1 | 0.0 | 100 | 100 | 0.0 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 0.0 | |
a
S. aureus (ATCC 29213) | 1 | 0.0 | 100 | 100 | 0.0 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Phytochemicals | Extract of Lenzites quercina
| Quantity of phytochemicals (mg/g) |
---|---|---|
Flavonoids | + | 18.6 ± 0.02 |
Alkaloids | + | 0.48 ± 0.0 |
Anthraquinones | - | 0.0 |
Saponins | + | 2.8 ± 0.0 |
Steroids | - | 0.0 |
Tannins | + | 11.3 ± 0.01 |
Phlobatannins | - | 0.0 |
Tepernoids | + | 1.6 ± 0.0 |
Cardiac glycosides | + | 0.84 ± 0.02 |
Clinical samples | Isolates | Extract | Erythromycin (20 mg/ml) | Metronidazole (20 mg/ml) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Urine | SASH-1 | 8.0a ± 0.0 | 14.0b ± 0.0 | 9.3a ± 0.1 |
Urine | SASH-2 | 12.0b ± 0.0 | 10.0a ± 0.0 | 10.0a ± 0.1 |
Urine | SASH-3 | 0.0a
| 15.0c ± 0.0 | 11.0b ± 0.0 |
Sputum | SASH-4 | 0.0a
| 10.0b ± 0.0 | 0.0a
|
Sputum | SASH-5 | 0.0a
| 8.3b ± 0.1 | 0.0a
|
Pus | SASH-6 | 13.0a ±0.0 | 14.0a ± .0 | 24.0b ± 0.2 |
Pus | SASH-7 | 15.0b ± 0.0 | 13.0a ±0.1 | 18.0c ± 0.0 |
Pus | SASH-8 | 11.0a ±0.1 | 10.0a ±0.1 | 13.0b ± 0.0 |
Pus | SASH-9 | 14.0a ±0.0 | 20.0c ± 0.0 | 17.0b ± 0.0 |
Stool | SASH-10 | 0.0a
| 18.0c ± 0.0 | 14.2b ± 0.1 |
Wound swab | SASH-11 | 10.0b ± 0.0 | 8.0a ± 0.1 | 17.1c ± 0.2 |
Wound swab | SASH-12 | 18.0c ± 0.0 | 0.0a
| 15.2b ± 0.0 |
Wound swab | SASH-13 | 11.0a ±0.3 | 17.0b ± 0.0 | 17.0b ± 0.6 |
Wound swab | SASH-14 | 20.0c ± 0.0 | 0.0a
| 9.0b ± 0.0 |
Wound swab | SASH-15 | 0.0a
| 0.0a
| 18.0b ± 0.0 |
Wound swab | SASH-16 | 14.0b ± 0.2 | 21.0c ± 0.1 | 0.0a
|
Urine | SADB-17 | 7.0b ± 0.02 | 10.0c ± 0.1 | 0.0a
|
Urine | SABD-18 | 10.0b ± 0.0 | 0.0a
| 15.0c ± 0.0 |
Urine | SADB-19 | 7.0a ±0.0 | 12.0b ± 0.0 | 23.0c ± 0.0 |
Sputum | SADB-20 | 0.0a
| 10.3 ± 0.13 | 0.0a
|
Sputum | SADB-21 | 0.0a
| 12.0b ± 0.0 | 0.0a
|
Pus | SADB-22 | 17.0c ± 0.0 | 10.0b ± 0.0 | 0.0a
|
Pus | SADB-23 | 12.0a ±0.0 | 13.1a ±0.3 | 19.0c ± 0.0 |
Pus | SADB-24 | 16.0a ± 0.0 | 22.0b ± 0.1 | 20.0c ± 0.1 |
Stool | SABD-25 | 0.0a
| 15.1b ± 0.1 | 21.0c ± 0.1 |
Wound swab | SADB-26 | 0.0a
| 0.0a
| 18.0b ± 0.0 |
Wound swab | SADB-27 | 6.0a ±0.0 | 18.0c ± 0.0 | 16.1b ± 0.3 |
Wound swab | SADB-28 | 0.0a
| 15.0b ± 0.0 | 14.2b ± 0.1 |
Pus | SEDB-29 | 8.0b ± 0.0 | 0.0a
| 20.0c ± 0.0 |
Wound swab | SEDB-30 | 0.0a
| 0.0a
| 18.0b ± 0.0 |
Wound swab | SEDB-31 | 13.0b ± 0.0 | 0.0a
| 16.0c ± 0.0 |
Wound swab | SEDB-32 | 0.0a
| 17.0c ± 0.0 | 9.0b ± 0.0 |
Pus | SESH-33 | 0.0a
| 0.0a
| 11.0b ± 0.0 |
Pus | SESH-34 | 10.0b ± 0.0 | 8.0a ±0.0 | 13.0c ± 0.0 |
Pus | SESH-35 | 22.0c ± 0.0 | 0.0a
| 10.3b ± 0.1 |
Wound swab | SESH-36 | 18.0c ± 0.3 | 14.3b ± 0.2 | 0.0a
|
Wound swab | SESH-37 | 14.0b ± 0.0 | 0.0a
| 15.0b ± 0.0 |
Wound swab | SESH-38 | 0.0a
| 9.0b ± 0.0 | 0.0a
|
Urine | SSSH-39 | 10.0b ± 0.0 | 11.0b ± 0.0 | 0.0a
|
Urine | SSSH-40 | 16.1b ± 0.3 | 0.0a
| 16.0b ± 0.0 |
Urine | SSSH-41 | 8.0b ± 0.0 | 9.0b ± 0.0 | 0.0a
|
Urine | SSSH-42 | 0.0a
| 11.0c ± 0.0 | 7.0b ± 0.0 |
*MRSA | 13.3c ± 0.2 | 11.0b ± 0.0 | 8.3a ± 0.2 | |
*S. aureus (ATCC 29213) | 14.3ab ± 0.1 | 15.0b ± 0.0 | 12.7a ± 0.8 |
Tested isolates | MIC mg/ml | Tested isolates | MIC mg/ml |
---|---|---|---|
SASH-1 | 25.0 | SADB-22 | 25.0 |
SASH-2 | 25.0 | SADB-23 | 6.25 |
SASH-3 | >50 | SADB-24 | 6.25 |
SASH-4 | >50 | SABD-25 | >50 |
SASH-5 | >50 | SADB-26 | >50 |
SASH-6 | 50.0 | SADB-27 | 12.5 |
SASH-7 | 12.5 | SADB-28 | >50 |
SASH-8 | 6.25 | SEDB-29 | 12.5 |
SASH-9 | 50.0 | SEDB-30 | >50 |
SASH-10 | >50 | SEDB-31 | 12.5 |
SASH-11 | 6.25 | SEDB-32 | >50 |
SASH-12 | 12.5 | SESH-33 | >50 |
SASH-13 | 25.0 | SESH-34 | 12.5 |
SASH-14 | 6.25 | SESH-35 | 25.0 |
SASH-15 | >50 | SESH-36 | 6.25 |
SASH-16 | 25.0 | SESH-37 | 12.5 |
SADB-17 | 12.5 | SESH-38 | >50 |
SABD-18 | 50.0 | SSSH-39 | 12.5 |
SADB-19 | 25.0 | SSSH-40 | 6.25 |
SADB-20 | >50 | SSSH-41 | 12.5 |
SADB-21 | >50 | SSSH-42 | >50 |
aMRSA | 50 |
a
S. aureus (ATCC 29213) | 12.5 |