Background
Methods
Study population
Sample collection
Analysis of cytokines in aqueous humor and serum samples
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics of patients with diabetes mellitus
Control (N = 51) | NDR (N = 50) | DR (N = 101) |
p
| |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex (m/f) | 30/21 | 24/26 | 54/47 | 0.552 |
Age (years) | 61.1 ± 7.4 | 58.8 ± 8.9 | 60.7 ± 7.6 | 0.291 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.5 ± 2.2 | 22.6 ± 2.4 | 23.6 ± 4.7 | 0.116 |
Duration (years) | – | 8.5 ± 3.8 | 13.0 ± 3.3 | <0.001*
|
FPG (mmol/l) | – | 7.5 ± 1.8 | 9.3 ± 1.8 | <0.001*
|
HbAlc (%) | – | 8.8 ± 3.5 | 12.9 ± 3.2 | <0.001*
|
Biomarker analysis in aqueous humors
DR | NDR | Control |
p
| |
---|---|---|---|---|
IL-1ra | 95.60 ± 93.12 | 120.71 ± 120.37 | 88.12 ± 107.15 | 0.643 |
IL-1β | 1.07 ± 1.03 | 1.28 ± 1.61 | 1.86 ± 1.96 | 0.409 |
IL-1α | 0.88 ± 0.38 | 1.26 ± 0.24 | 1.42 ± 0.31 | <0.001*
|
IL-2 | 17.12 ± 13.07 | 16.66 ± 16.26 | 17.40 ± 18.35 | 0.991 |
IL-4 | 6.50 ± 3.38 | 10.17 ± 3.60 | 11.98 ± 3.77 | <0.001*
|
IL-5 | 1.77 ± 0.98 | 1.74 ± 1.53 | 2.45 ± 1.68 | 0.292 |
IL-6 | 40.64 ± 16.52 | 32.46 ± 6.76 | 23.00 ± 14.42 | <0.001*
|
IL-7 | 5.00 ± 2.38 | 4.05 ± 1.46 | 3.72 ± 1.26 | 0.143 |
IL-8 | 42.20 ± 33.03 | 23.60 ± 6.84 | 27.75 ± 5.58 | 0.011*
|
IL-9 | 67.92 ± 49.21 | 127.35 ± 30.46 | 152.58 ± 28.84 | <0.001*
|
IL-10 | 0.24 ± 0.16 | 0.16 ± 0.20 | 0.24 ± 0.28 | 0.495 |
IL-12p70 | 0.30 ± 0.23 | 0.35 ± 0.51 | 0.47 ± 0.50 | 0.621 |
IL-13 | 4.46 ± 1.88 | 5.80 ± 3.38 | 7.33 ± 3.33 | 0.083 |
IL-15 | 14.42 ± 4.40 | 14.12 ± 8.20 | 17.45 ± 6.89 | 0.298 |
IL-17A | 0.94 ± 0.53 | 0.98 ± 0.80 | 1.11 ± 0.82 | 0.828 |
IL-18 | 1.28 ± 0.96 | 0.81 ± 1.49 | 1.43 ± 1.71 | 0.470 |
IL-21 | 6.52 ± 4.59 | 12.77 ± 4.81 | 16.89 ± 6.91 | <0.001*
|
IL-22 | 183.16 ± 115.29 | 188.33 ± 133.86 | 253.94 ± 170.78 | 0.307 |
IL-23 | 24.23 ± 14.56 | 46.50 ± 10.82 | 57.02 ± 12.46 | <0.001*
|
IL-27 | 19.82 ± 13.71 | 31.78 ± 14.88 | 37.41 ± 8.39 | <0.001*
|
IL-31 | 27.90 ± 17.32 | 52.73 ± 13.14 | 60.99 ± 14.53 | <0.001*
|
TNFα | 4.04 ± 1.83 | 3.53 ± 1.74 | 3.77 ± 2.57 | 0.840 |
TNFβ/LTA | 14.20 ± 10.19 | 26.94 ± 5.90 | 36.70 ± 6.44 | <0.001*
|
IFNγ | – | – | – | |
IFNα | 0.75 ± 0.30 | 1.04 ± 0.29 | 1.13 ± 0.31 | 0.001*
|
GM-CSF | 25.98 ± 10.31 | 25.18 ± 13.41 | 26.75 ± 14.96 | 0.937 |
BDNF | 1.83 ± 1.24 | 2.64 ± 0.92 | 2.81 ± 0.94 | 0.055 |
LIF | 10.89 ± 9.04 | 2.86 ± 2.18 | 2.70 ± 1.35 | <0.001*
|
SCF | 5.93 ± 3.82 | 3.72 ± 2.58 | 4.38 ± 2.74 | 0.184 |
DR | NDR | Control |
P
| |
---|---|---|---|---|
Eotaxin/CCL11 | 6.61 ± 3.28 | 5.07 ± 4.40 | 4.86 ± 3.52 | 0.510 |
GROα/CXCL1 | 9.85 ± 3.33 | 15.38 ± 1.40 | 17.17 ± 1.89 | <0.001*
|
IP-10/CXCL10 | 40.12 ± 29.28 | 17.53 ± 14.03 | 9.48 ± 11.67 | <0.001*
|
MCP-1/CCL2 | 719.81 ± 598.35 | 654.68 ± 250.44 | 593.96 ± 251.10 | 0.641 |
MIP-1α/CCL3 | 2.58 ± 1.99 | 3.48 ± 2.40 | 4.66 ± 2.02 | 0.060 |
MIP-1β/CCL4 | 24.18 ± 6.06 | 29.13 ± 9.50 | 26.94 ± 4.45 | 0.233 |
RANTES/CCL5 | 1.11 ± 0.35 | 1.47 ± 0.34 | 1.77 ± 0.36 | <0.001*
|
SDF1α/CXCL12 | 247.02 ± 54.83 | 230.00 ± 41.20 | 212.05 ± 29.15 | 0.068 |
DR | NDR | Control |
P
| |
---|---|---|---|---|
EGF | 2.10 ± 1.92 | 1.87 ± 1.37 | 2.78 ± 1.57 | 0.193 |
FGF-2/FGF basic | 25.83 ± 12.79 | 32.36 ± 14.20 | 25.90 ± 8.51 | 0.194 |
HGF | 1327.16 ± 1250.12 | 474.48 ± 267.76 | 284.67 ± 217.93 | <0.001*
|
β-NGF | 19.73 ± 14.09 | 20.51 ± 11.43 | 25.87 ± 11.90 | 0.305 |
PDGF-BB | 15.41 ± 14.35 | 14.44 ± 20.79 | 18.74 ± 24.66 | 0.815 |
PLGF | 12.59 ± 2.52 | 11.50 ± 1.66 | 12.33 ± 1.94 | 0.281 |
VEGF-A | 357.02 ± 84.25 | 373.87 ± 226.73 | 238.02 ± 192.41 | 0.039*
|
VEGF-D | 5.97 ± 5.20 | 3.81 ± 3.43 | 4.88 ± 3.34 | 0.356 |
Cytokine | DME (n = 55) | Non-DME (n = 46) |
P
|
---|---|---|---|
IL-6 | 50.65 ± 6.31 | 29.11 ± 13.40 | <0.001*
|
IL-8 | 62.04 ± 17.65 | 36.38 ± 16.76 | <0.001*
|
IP-10 | 54.43 ± 10.83 | 32.06 ± 11.67 | <0.001*
|
LIF | 13.81 ± 4.19 | 6.57 ± 3.46 | <0.001*
|
HGF | 1513.58 ± 183.90 | 814.42 ± 326.57 | <0.001*
|
VEGF-A | 445.40 ± 88.86 | 326.91 ± 61.29 | <0.001*
|
Cytokine | Aqueous humor | Serum |
P
|
---|---|---|---|
IL-6 | 33.94 ± 14.40 | 1.52 ± 0.21 | <0.001*
|
IL-8 | 37.93 ± 20.06 | 0.66 ± 0.62 | <0.001*
|
IP-10 | 28.52 ± 21.12 | 9.76 ± 4.12 | <0.001*
|
LIF | 6.64 ± 5.52 | 4.06 ± 1.61 | <0.001*
|
HGF | 786.37 ± 541.07 | 390.59 ± 100.40 | <0.001*
|
VEGF-A | 324.65 ± 145.56 | 393.09 ± 140.59 | <0.001*
|
Correlation analyses in patients with diabetic retinopathy
Cytokines/chemokines/growth factors | Correlation coefficients |
P
| |
---|---|---|---|
Duration | IL-6 | 0.350 | <0.001*
|
IL-8 | 0.563 | <0.001*
| |
IP-10 | 0.444 | <0.001*
| |
LIF | 0.578 | <0.001*
| |
HGF | 0.435 | <0.001*
| |
VEGF-A | 0.324 | <0.001*
| |
IL-1α | −0.341 | <0.001*
| |
IL-4 | −0.383 | <0.001*
| |
IL-9 | −0.364 | <0.001*
| |
IL-21 | −0.342 | <0.001*
| |
IL-23 | −0.324 | <0.001*
| |
IL-27 | −0.329 | <0.001*
| |
IL-31 | −0.434 | <0.001*
| |
TNF-β | −0.318 | <0.001*
| |
IFN-α | −0.203 | 0.013*
| |
GROα | −0.448 | <0.001*
| |
RANTES | −0.296 | <0.001*
|
Cytokines/chemokines/growth factors | Correlation coefficients |
P
| |
---|---|---|---|
HbA1c (%) | IL-6 | 0.347 | <0.001*
|
IL-8 | 0.546 | <0.001*
| |
IP-10 | 0.430 | <0.001*
| |
LIF | 0.567 | <0.001*
| |
HGF | 0.421 | <0.001*
| |
VEGF-A | 0.319 | <0.001*
| |
IL-1α | −0.341 | <0.001*
| |
IL-4 | −0.367 | <0.001*
| |
IL-9 | −0.362 | <0.001*
| |
IL-21 | −0.339 | <0.001*
| |
IL-23 | −0.328 | <0.001*
| |
IL-27 | −0.333 | <0.001*
| |
IL-31 | −0.432 | <0.001*
| |
TNF-β | −0.311 | <0.001*
| |
IFN-α | −0.201 | <0.001*
| |
GROα | −0.443 | <0.001*
| |
RANTES | −0.310 | <0.001*
|