nach oben

Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders

Erschienen in:

03.09.2021 | Research article

Assessment of ideal cardiovascular health metrics in refugees, East of Iran

verfasst von: Marjan Farzad, Toba Kazemi, Vida Mohammadparast, Saeede Khosravi Bizhaem, Zohreh Khazaee, Seddigheh Kianfar, Nahid Azdaki, Zabihullah Mohaghegh, Mahmoud Zardast

Erschienen in: Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders | Ausgabe 2/2021

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Background

In 2013, there was an estimation of greater than 4.5 million Afghan refugees who had migrated to the least developed countries. Over one million are legally registered in Iran. We assessed the heart health status as described by the American Heart Association (AHA) in the Afghan refugee populace.

Methods

This cross-sectional survey was carried out on 1,634 Afghan refugees, including 746 males (45.7%) and 888 females (54.3%), selected through a convenience sampling method in 2016. The American Heart Association's seven cardiovascular health metrics were evaluated to specify the status of heart health in Afghan refugees. Differences with age and sex were analyzed using the χ² test.

Results

Only one (0.1%) participant met the ideal for all seven cardiovascular health metrics. No significant differences were found between women and men in meeting the ideal criteria for more than five cardiovascular health metrics. As age increased, the proportion of refugees who met the ideal for more than five cardiovascular health metrics declined.

Conclusions

Refugees were not meeting the ideal cardiovascular health for some of the assessed metrics. Intervention to improve and monitor heart health in Afghan refugees is needed.

Divkolaye NSH, Burkle FM. The Enduring health challenges of afghan immigrants and refugees in Iran: A systematic review. PLoS Curr. 2017:9. https://doi.org/10.1371/currents.dis.449b4c549951e359363a90a7f4cf8fc4.

McLennan AK, Jayaweera H. Non-communicable diseases and risk factors in migrants from South Asian countries. (Oxford, 2014).

López-Acuña D. Overcoming migrants’ barriers to health. Bull World Health Organ. 2008;86:583–4. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.08.020808.CrossRef

World Health Organization. Health of migrants:the way forward: report on al global consultation. Madrid. 2010.

Dassanayake J, Gurrin L, Payne WR, Sundararajan V, Dharmage SC. Cardiovascular disease risk in immigrants: what is the evidence and where are the gaps? Asia Pac J Public Health. 2011;23(6):882–95. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539509360572.CrossRefPubMed

García Ballesteros A, Jiménez Basco B, Redondo González Á. La immigración latinoamericana en España en el siglo XXI. Invest Geogr/Santiago. 2009;70:55–70.

Patel J, Vyas A, Cruickshank J, Prabhakaran D, Hughes E, Reddy K, et al. Impact of migration on coronary heart disease risk factors: comparison of Gujaratis in Britain and their contemporaries in villages of origin in India. Atherosclerosis. 2006;185(2):297–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.06.005.CrossRefPubMed

Neuhouser ML, Thompson B, Coronado GD, Solomon CC. Higher fat intake and lower fruit and vegetables intakes are associated with greater acculturation among Mexicans living in Washington State. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004;104(1):51–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2003.10.015.CrossRefPubMed

Pyakurel P, Karki P, Lamsal M, Ghimire A, Pokharel PK. Cardiovascular risk factors among industrial workers: a cross–sectional study from eastern Nepal. J Occup Med Toxicol. 2016;11(1):25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12995-016-0109-6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

10.

Ogunmoroti O, Younus A, Rouseff M, Spatz ES, Das S, Parris D, et al. Assessment of American Heart Association’s ideal cardiovascular health metrics among employees of a large healthcare organization: the Baptist Health South Florida Employee Study. Clin Cardiol. 2015;38(7):422–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/clc.22417.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

11.

Lloyd-Jones DM, Hong Y, Labarthe D, Mozaffarian D, Appel LJ, Van Horn L, et al. Defining and setting national goals for cardiovascular health promotion and disease reduction: the American Heart Association’s strategic Impact Goal through 2020 and beyond. Circulation. 2010;121(4):586–613. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192703.CrossRefPubMed

12.

Ford ES, Greenlund KJ, Hong Y. Ideal Cardiovascular Health and Mortality From All Causes and Diseases of the Circulatory System Among Adults in the United StatesClinical Perspective. Circulation. 2012;125(8):987–95. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.049122.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

13.

Chou L-P, Tsai C-C, Li C-Y, Hu SC. Prevalence of cardiovascular health and its relationship with job strain: a cross-sectional study in Taiwanese medical employees. BMJ Open. 2016;6(4):e010467. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010467.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

14.

Jayaweera H. Migration and non-communicable diseases. COMPAS blog. 2013;12.

15.

Begam NS, Mini G. Impact of Migration on Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factors: Comparison of Gulf Migrants and their Non-Migrant Contemporaries in the District of Origin in Kerala, India. Int Arch BioMed Clin Res. 2016;2(2):59–64.CrossRef

16.

World Health Organization. International migration, health and human rights. 2003;1–40.

17.

Patterson F, Zhang G, Davey A, Tan Y, Ma X, G, . American heart association’s ideal cardiovascular health metrics in under-represented Asian Americans. J Commun Health. 2016;41(6):1282–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-016-0217-3.CrossRef

18.

Booth M. Assessment of physical activity: an international perspective. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2000;71(Sup2):114–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2000.11082794.CrossRefPubMed

19.

Folsom AR, Yatsuya H, Nettleton JA, Lutsey PL, Cushman M, Rosamond WD, et al. Community prevalence of ideal cardiovascular health, by the American Heart Association definition, and relationship with cardiovascular disease incidence. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57(16):1690–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2010.11.041.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

20.

World Health Organization. Global status report on noncommunicable diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011.

21.

Iqbal R, Anand S, Ounpuu S, Islam S, Zhang X, Rangarajan S, et al. Dietary patterns and the risk of acute myocardial infarction in 52 countries: results of the INTERHEART study. Circulation. 2008;118(19):1929–37. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.738716.CrossRefPubMed

22.

Abeywardena MY. Dietary fats, carbohydrates and vascular disease: Sri Lankan perspectives. Atherosclerosis. 2003;171(2):157–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9150(03)00157-6.CrossRefPubMed

23.

Tennakoon T. Cardiovascular risk factors and predicted risk of cardiovascular disease among Sri Lankans living in Kandy, Sri Lanka and Oslo, Norway. M.D. Thesis. University of Oslo (2012).

24.

Tribble DL. Antioxidant consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: emphasis on vitamin C, vitamin E, and β-carotene: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 1999;99(4):591–5. https://doi.org/10.1161/01CIR.99.4.591.CrossRefPubMed

25.

Morrison HI, Schaubel D, Desmeules M, Wigle DT. Serum folate and risk of fatal coronary heart disease. 1996;275(24):1893-6. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1996.03530480035037.

26.

Khaw KT, Barrett-Connor E. Dietary potassium and stroke-associated mortality-A 12 year prospective population based study. N Engl J Med. 1987;316(5):235–40. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198701293160502.CrossRefPubMed

27.

Méjean C, Deschamps V, Bellin-Lestienne C, Oleko A, Darmon N, Serge H, et al. Associations of socioeconomic factors with inadequate dietary intake in food aid users in France (The ABENA study 2004–2005). Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010;64(4):374. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.CrossRefPubMed

28.

Ross WL, Gallego-Perez DF, Lartey A, Sandow A, Escamilla RP. Dietary patterns in Liberian refugees in Buduburam, Ghana. Matern Child Nutr. 2017;13:e12401. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12401.CrossRef

29.

Wickramasekara P, Sehgal J, Mehran F, Noroozi L, Eisazadeh S. Afghan households in Iran: Profile and impact. A study funded by the European Commission, International Migration Programme, Geneva: ILO-UNHCR Available from http://www.unhcrorg/455835d92html (2006).

30.

Darmon N, Drewnowski A. Does social class predict diet quality?–. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87(5):1107–17. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/87.5.1107.CrossRefPubMed

31.

De Irala-Estevez J, Groth M, Johansson L, Oltersdorf U, Prättälä R, Martínez-González MA. A systematic review of socio-economic differences in food habits in Europe: consumption of fruit and vegetables. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2000;54(9):706. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601080.CrossRefPubMed

32.

Lallukka T, Laaksonen M, Rahkonen O, Roos E, Lahelma E. Multiple socio-economic circumstances and healthy food habits. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007;61(6):701. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602583.CrossRefPubMed

33.

Malavige G, De Alwis N, Siribaddana S, Weerasooriya N, Fernando D. Increasing diabetes and vascular risk factors in a sub-urban Sri Lankan population. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2002;57(2):143–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-8227(02)00015-3.CrossRefPubMed

34.

Lovegrove JA. CVD risk in South Asians: the importance of defining adiposity and influence of dietary polyunsaturated fat. Proc Nutr Soc. 2007;66(2):286–98. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665107005514.CrossRefPubMed

35.

Kazemi T, Hajihosseini M, Mashreghimoghadam H, Azdaki N, Ziaee M. Prevalence and determinants of hypertension among Iranian adults, Birjand, Iran. Int J Prev Med. 2017;8:36. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_103_16.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

36.

Tennakoon SU, Kumar BN, Nugegoda DB, Meyer HE. Comparison of cardiovascular risk factors between Sri Lankans living in Kandy and Oslo. BMC public health. 2010;10(1):654. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/10/654.

37.

Munger RG, Marin OG, Prineas RJ, Sinaiko AR. Elevated blood pressure among Southeast Asian refugee children in Minnesota. Am J Epidemiol. 1999;133(12):1257–65.CrossRef

38.

Chernet A, Probst-Hensch N, Sydow V, Paris DH, Neumayr A, Labhrdt ND. Cardiovascular diseases risk factors among recently arrived Eritrean refugees in Switzerland. BMC Res Notes. 2019;12:668. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4715-0.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

39.

Moran A, Diez Roux AV, Jackson SA, Kramer H, Manolio TA, Shrager S, et al. Acculturation is associated with hypertension in a multiethnic sample. Am J Hypertens. 2007;20(4):354–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjhyper.2006.09.025.CrossRefPubMed

40.

Jonas BS, Lando JF. Negative effect as a prospective risk factor for hypertension. Psychosom Med. 2000;62(2):188–96. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-200003000-00006.CrossRefPubMed

41.

Malm A, Tinghog P, Narusyte J, Saboonchi F. The refugee post - migration stress scale (RPMS) development and validation among refugees from syria recently resettled in Swiden. Confl Health. 2020;14:2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13031-019-0246-5.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

42.

Geleijnse JM, Kok FJ, Grobbee DE. Impact of dietary and lifestyle factors on the prevalence of hypertension in Western populations. Eur J Public Health. 2004;14(3):235–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/14.3.235.CrossRefPubMed

43.

Poulter N, Khaw K, Hopwood B, Mugambi M, Peart W, Rose G, et al. The Kenyan Luo migration study: observations on the initiation of a rise in blood pressure. BMJ. 1990;300(6730):967–72. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.300.6730.967.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

44.

Booth FW, Lees SJ. Fundamental questions about genes, inactivity, and chronic diseases. Physiol Genom. 2007;28(2):146–57. https://doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00174.2006.CrossRef

45.

Berkowitz SA, Fabreau GE, Raghavan S, Kentoffioet K, Chang Y, He W, et al. Risk of developing diabetes among refugees and immigrants: a longitudinal analysis. J Commun Health. 2016;41(6):1274–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-016-0216-4.CrossRef

46.

Kinzie JD, Riley C, Mcfarland B, Hayes M, Boehnlein J, Leung P, et al. High prevalence rates of diabetes and hypertension among refugee psychiatrics patients. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2008;196(2):108–12. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e318162aa51.CrossRefPubMed

47.

Goosen S, Middelkoop B, Stronks K, Agyemang C, Kunst A. High diabetes risk among asylum seekers in The Netherlands. Diabet Med. 2014;31(12):1532–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.12510.CrossRefPubMed

48.

Prinz N, Konrad K, Brack Ch, Hahn E, Herbst A, Icks A, et al. Diabetes care in pediatric refugees from Africa or Middle East: experiences from Germany and Austria based on real-world data from the DPV registry. Eur J Endocrinol. 2019;181:31–8. https://doi.org/10.1530/eje-18-0898.CrossRefPubMed

49.

Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ôunpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. The lancet. 2004;364(9438):937–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17018-9.CrossRef

50.

Poirier P, Giles TD, Bray GA, Hong Y, Stern JS, Pi-Sunyer FX, et al. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology, evaluation, and effect of weight loss: an update of the 1997 American Heart Association Scientific Statement on Obesity and Heart Disease from the Obesity Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. Circulation. 2006;113(6):898–918. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.171016.CrossRefPubMed

51.

Davis D, Phares CR, Salas J Scherrer J. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in US-Bound refugees:2009–2017. J Immigr Minor Health. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-020-00974-y.

52.

Minas H. Mental health and cardiovascular disease in refugees. (ed. Alvarenga M, Byrne D.). Handbook of Psychocardiology. 713–25 (Springer, 2015).

53.

Stamler J, Daviglus ML, Garside DB, Dyer AR, Greenland P, Neaton JD. Relationship of baseline serum cholesterol levels in 3 large cohorts of younger men to long-term coronary, cardiovascular, and all-cause mortality and to longevity. JAMA. 2000;284(3):311–8. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.284.3.311.CrossRefPubMed

54.

Navas-Nacher EL, Colangelo L, Beam C, Greenland P. Risk factors for coronary heart disease in men 18 to 39 years of age. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134(6):433–9. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-134-6-200103200-00007.CrossRefPubMed

55.

Njølstad I, Arnesen E, Lund-Larsen PG. Smoking, serum lipids, blood pressure, and sex differences in myocardial infarction: a 12-year follow-up of the Finnmark Study. Circulation. 1996;93(3):450–6. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.93.3.450.CrossRefPubMed

56.

Jawad M, Khader A, Millett C. Differences in tobacco smoking prevalence and frequency between adolescent Palestine refugee and non-refugee populations in Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and the West Bank: cross-sectional analysis of the global youth tobacco survey. Confl health. 2016;10:20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13031-016-0087-4.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

57.

Narain JP, Garg R, Fric A. Non-communicable diseases in the South-East Asia region: burden, strategies and opportunities. Natl Med J India. 2011;24:280–7.PubMed

58.

Martiniuk A, Lee C, Lam T, Huxley R, Suh I, Jamrozik K, et al. The fraction of ischaemic heart disease and stroke attributable to smoking in the WHO Western Pacific and South-East Asian regions. Tob Control. 2006;15(3):181–8. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2005.013284.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

59.

Fleg JL, Strait J. Age-associated changes in cardiovascular structure and function: a fertile milieu for future disease. Heart Fail Rev. 2012;17(4–5):545–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-011-9270-2.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

60.

Dhingra R, Vasan RS. Age as a risk factor. Med Clin. 2012;96(1):87–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.mcna.2011.11.003.CrossRef

Titel: Assessment of ideal cardiovascular health metrics in refugees, East of Iran
verfasst von: Marjan Farzad
Toba Kazemi
Vida Mohammadparast
Saeede Khosravi Bizhaem
Zohreh Khazaee
Seddigheh Kianfar
Nahid Azdaki
Zabihullah Mohaghegh
Mahmoud Zardast
Publikationsdatum: 03.09.2021
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Erschienen in: Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders / Ausgabe 2/2021
Elektronische ISSN: 2251-6581
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40200-021-00890-4

The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on glycemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus in Turkey: a multi-center study from Kocaeli

Zur Zeit gratis
COVID-19
Research article

The conceptual and practical definitions of frailty in older adults: a systematic review

Review Article

Molecular diagnosis of maturity onset diabetes of the young in Iranian patients: improving management

Research article

Iran diabetes research study; knowledge discovery in diagnosis: a scoping review

Review article

Clarification the optimal cut-off values for Persian-language versions of depression screening tools in Iranian patients with type 2 diabetes

Research article

Predictive biomarkers of cardiovascular disease in adult Canadian population

Research article

Kompaktes Leitlinien-Wissen Innere Medizin (Link öffnet in neuem Fenster)

Mit medbee Pocketcards schnell und sicher entscheiden.
Leitlinien-Wissen kostenlos und immer griffbereit auf ihrem Desktop, Handy oder Tablet.

Kostenlos registrieren

Neu im Fachgebiet Innere Medizin

Fortgeschrittenes Melanom: Wann den Checkpoint-Inhibitor absetzen?

20.04.2025
Melanom
Nachrichten

Eine ICI-Therapie sollte bei Betroffenen mit fortgeschrittenem Melanom mindestens ein Jahr fortgesetzt werden. Bei anhaltendem Ansprechen kann danach offenbar ohne hohes Risiko ein Therapieabbruch erwogen werden.

Therapiestopp bei älteren MS-Kranken kann sich lohnen

17.04.2025
AAN-Jahrestagung 2025
Nachrichten

Eine Analyse aus Kanada bestätigt: Setzen ältere MS-Kranke die Behandlung mit Basistherapeutika ab, müssen sie kaum mit neuen Schüben und MRT-Auffälligkeiten rechnen.

Dank Nasenspray seltener in die Notaufnahme

17.04.2025
Supraventrikuläre Tachykardien
Nachrichten

Durch die intranasale Applikation von Etripamil lassen sich paroxysmale supraventrikuläre Tachykardien (PSVT) oft in Eigenregie beenden. Das erspart den Betroffenen das Aufsuchen von Notfallambulanzen.

Vorhofflimmern: So häufig kommt es bei Katheterablation zu Embolien

17.04.2025
Ablationstherapie
Nachrichten

Arterielle Embolien – insbesondere Hirnembolien - sind eine mögliche periprozedurale Komplikation bei Katheterablation von Vorhofflimmern. Wie hoch ist das Risiko? Eine Analyse von weltweit mehr als 300.000 Ablationsprozeduren gibt darüber Auskunft.

EKG Essentials: EKG befunden mit System (Link öffnet in neuem Fenster)

In diesem CME-Kurs können Sie Ihr Wissen zur EKG-Befundung anhand von zwölf Video-Tutorials auffrischen und 10 CME-Punkte sammeln.
Praxisnah, relevant und mit vielen Tipps & Tricks vom Profi.

Jetzt 10 CME-Punkte sammeln

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Springer Medizin

Assessment of ideal cardiovascular health metrics in refugees, East of Iran