Introduction
Methods
Developing the PICO questions
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Population: children from birth to 18 years of age with kidney diseases
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Intervention: assessment of nutritional requirements
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Comparator: assessment in healthy age- and sex-matched pediatric populations or no comparator
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Outcomes: assessment of growth (including underweight, overweight, obesity, and malnutrition), energy, and protein requirements and adequacy of the nutritional intake
Literature search
Framing advice
Clinical practice recommendations
Evidence and rationale
Euvolemic weight
Measure | Age 0–1 year∞ Minimum interval (weeks) | Age 1–3 years Minimum interval (months) | Age > 3 years Minimum interval (months) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CKD 3b–5 | CKD 5D | CKD 3b–5 | CKD 5D | CKD 3b–5 | CKD 5D | |
Height or length for age (centile or SDS) | 6 | 2–4 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 |
Height or length (centile or SDS) | 8 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 6 | 6 |
Height velocity for age (SDS) | N/A | N/A | 3 | 2 | 6 | 6 |
Estimated euvolemic weight and weight for age (centile or SDS) | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 |
BMI for height age (centile or SDS) | N/A | N/A | 2* | 1* | 3 | 3 |
Weight for length* (centile or SDS) | 6 | 6 | 2* | 1* | N/A | N/A |
Head circumference for age (centile or SDS) | 6 | 4 | 2 | 2 | N/A | N/A |
Age/parameter | Daily weight gain (g/kg/d) |
---|---|
Premature, currently < 2 kg* | 15–20 |
Premature, currently > 2 kg* | 20–30 |
0–4 months | 23–34 |
4–8 months | 10–16 |
8–12 months | 6–11 |
12–16 months | 5–9 |
16–24 months | 4–9 |
Age 0–1 year∞ Minimum interval (weeks) | Age 1–3 years Minimum interval (months) | Age > 3 years Minimum interval (months) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CKD 3b–5 | CKD 5D | CKD 3b–5 | CKD 5D | CKD 3b–5 | CKD 5D |
8 | 8 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 4 |
Linear growth
Head circumference
Tracking growth
BMI and body composition
Midparental height
Prematurity
Expected grams of weight gain by age
CKD 2–3a | CKD 3b–5 | CKD 5D | |
---|---|---|---|
0–6 months of age | 3 months | 1 month | 1 month |
6–12 months of age | 3 months | 1 month | 1 month |
Age 1 year and older | 1 year | 3 months | 1 month |
Nutrition-focused physical examination
Secondary measures that may be considered
Dietary assessment
Evidence and rationale
Growth
Under- and overnutrition
Quality of diet
Gastrointestinal symptoms
Biochemical values
Appetite
Dietary data collection
Nutritional impact of dialysis
Biochemical assessment
Evidence and rationale
nPCR
Variable | Definition |
---|---|
G (mg/min) | [(C2 × V2) – (C1 × V1)]/T |
C1 | Postdialysis BUN (mg/dL) |
C2 | Predialysis BUN (mg/dL) |
V1 (for G calculations) | Postdialysis total body water (dL) |
V2 | Predialysis total body water (dL) |
T | Time from the end of dialysis treatment to the beginning of the next treatment in minutes |
V1 (for nPCR calculations) | Total body water (L) |
Volume calculations for V values | 5.8 dL/kg and pre- or postdialysis weight in kg; for V1 in nPCR calculations: 0.58 and weight in kg |
Serum albumin
Results of the Delphi survey
Summary of recommendations
Recommendations | Grade |
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1. Anthropometric assessment | |
1.1 Measure weight, height, or length and the head circumference in children with kidney diseases | A, strong recommendation |
1.1.1 Use euvolemic (dry) weight for nutritional assessment, with adjustment of measured weight when indicated (e.g., being on dialysis and having nephrotic syndrome) | A, strong recommendation |
1.1.2 Measure recumbent length under 2 years of age and standing height thereafter. When young children are unable to stand for an accurate height measurement, recumbent length can be measured | A, strong recommendation |
1.1.2.1 Use a surrogate measurement of height for older children who are unable to stand | D, weak recommendation |
1.1.3 Measure the head circumference in all children up to 2 years of age or up to 3 years of age when appropriate centile charts are available | A, strong recommendation |
1.2 Plot anthropometric measurements serially on centile growth charts. Use the World Health Organization (WHO) growth chart for all ages or country-specific growth charts, if available, beyond 2 years of age | A, strong recommendation |
1.2.1 Calculate z-scores (standard deviation scores (SDS)) to complement growth chart plots | X, strong recommendation |
1.2.2 Calculate height/length velocity z-scores over a minimum period of six months | B, moderate recommendation |
1.2.3 Use disorder- or genetic condition-specific growth charts when applicable | B, moderate recommendation |
1.2.4 Utilize trends in growth parameters to assist in clinical decision-making | D, weak recommendation |
1.3 Calculate the body mass index (BMI) in children aged 2 years and older and weight for length in children younger than age 2 | A, strong recommendation |
1.3.1 Plot BMI or weight for length on centile growth charts | B; moderate recommendation |
1.3.2 Calculate BMI or weight-for-length z-scores/SDS to complement growth chart plots | B, moderate recommendation |
1.3.3 Use height age for determining the BMI z-score/SDS if the child is shorter than the third centile curve on the growth chart, provided the child has not reached their adult height | B, moderate recommendation |
1.4 Calculate midparental height and plot the value as a centile to estimate growth potential | C, weak recommendation |
1.5 For premature infants, plot weight, length, and weight for length for both gestational and chronological age for the first year of life if born from 32 up to 37 weeks of gestation and through 2 years of age if born prior to 32 weeks of gestation | D, weak recommendation |
1.6 Monitor growth parameters routinely in children with kidney diseases, with increased frequency in younger children, and in those children with advanced CKD, with comorbidities, and with risk factors for poor growth and those not meeting nutritional and growth targets | D, weak recommendation |
2. Dietary assessment | |
2.1 Dietary assessment should be guided by severity of kidney disease and nutritional concerns, including abnormal growth parameters, excessive or inadequate dietary intake, poor quality of diet, gastrointestinal symptoms, and abnormal biochemical values | D, weak recommendation |
2.1.1 Assess appetite to guide the need for supplementary feeding if a child is not meeting nutritional goals | D, weak recommendation |
2.2 Conduct a prospective minimum 3-day diet history when accurate, comprehensive information regarding dietary intake is needed. Although a diet history is preferred, a retrospective diet recall over a 24-h period, preferably inclusive of more than one 24-h period, may also be acceptable for dietary assessment | B, moderate recommendation |
3. Biochemical assessment | |
3.1 Calculate the normalized protein catabolic rate (nPCR) on a regular basis in adolescent patients on hemodialysis. Utilize individual values and trends to evaluate dietary protein adequacy | C, weak recommendation |
3.2 Only consider utilizing serum albumin as a measure of nutritional status after all nonnutritional causes of hypoalbuminemia have been excluded | A, strong recommendation |