Background
Methods
Ethics
Data source
Selection of participants
Outcomes
Demographic variables, health behaviors and biochemical data
Statistical analyses
Results
Characteristics of the study population
Variable | Total | Mood disorder | χ2 | p-value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yesa | |||||||
Age (n = 315,045) | 51.74 | .001 | ||||||
65–69 | 78,764 | (25.0) | 71,099 | (22.6) | 7665 | (2.4) | ||
70–74 | 81,746 | (25.9) | 73,729 | (23.4) | 8017 | (2.5) | ||
75–79 | 75,425 | (23.9) | 68,253 | (21.7) | 7172 | (2.3) | ||
80–84 | 51,844 | (16.5) | 47,243 | (15) | 4601 | (1.5) | ||
> 85 | 27,266 | (8.7) | 24,859 | (7.9) | 2407 | (0.8) | ||
Education (n = 306,895) | 284.40 | .001 | ||||||
Illiterate | 17,036 | (5.4) | 15,116 | (4.8) | 1920 | (0.6) | ||
Self-taught | 6848 | (2.2) | 6156 | (2) | 692 | (0.2) | ||
Elementary school | 74,255 | (23.6) | 66,635 | (21.2) | 7620 | (2.4) | ||
Junior high school | 46,211 | (14.7) | 41,649 | (13.2) | 4562 | (1.4) | ||
Senior high school | 72,394 | (23.0) | 65,553 | (20.8) | 6841 | (2.2) | ||
Vocational school | 27,442 | (8.7) | 25,017 | (7.9) | 2425 | (0.8) | ||
University | 62,709 | (19.9) | 57,517 | (18.3) | 5192 | (1.6) | ||
Master’s degree and above | 8150 | (2.6) | 7540 | (2.4) | 610 | (0.2) | ||
Gender (n = 315,045) | 1285.19 | .001 | ||||||
Male | 149,920 | (47.6) | 132,766 | (42.1) | 17,154 | (5.4) | ||
Female | 165,125 | (52.4) | 152,417 | (48.4) | 12,708 | (4) | ||
Marital status (n = 315,045) | 144.45 | .001 | ||||||
Unmarried | 14,182 | (4.5) | 12,877 | (4.1) | 1305 | (0.4) | ||
Cohabitating | 1357 | (0.4) | 1224 | (0.4) | 133 | (0) | ||
Married–living together | 233,800 | (74.2) | 212,377 | (67.4) | 21,423 | (6.8) | ||
Married–living separately | 6581 | (2.1) | 5949 | (1.9) | 632 | (0.2) | ||
Divorced | 4059 | (1.3) | 3634 | (1.2) | 425 | (0.1) | ||
Widowed | 55,066 | (17.5) | 49,122 | (15.6) | 5944 | (1.9) | ||
Living alone (n = 315,045) | 9.40 | .002 | ||||||
Yes | 20,987 | (6.7) | 18,872 | (6) | 2115 | (0.7) | ||
No | 294,058 | (93.3) | 266,311 | (84.5) | 27,747 | (8.8) | ||
Drinking milk (n = 273,621) | 146.69 | .001 | ||||||
Yes | 142,323 | (52.0) | 129,510 | (47.3) | 12,813 | (4.7) | ||
No | 131,298 | (48.0) | 117,680 | (43.0) | 13,618 | (5.0) | ||
Eating at least three servings of vegetables and two of fruits (n = 273,343) | 1428.72 | .001 | ||||||
Yes | 211,346 | (77.3) | 193,371 | (70.7) | 17,975 | (6.6) | ||
No | 61,997 | (22.7) | 53,562 | (19.6) | 8435 | (3.1) | ||
Long-term medication (n = 315,045) | 1140.09 | .001 | ||||||
Yes | 234,157 | (74.3) | 209,537 | (66.5) | 24,620 | (7.8) | ||
No | 80,888 | (25.7) | 75,646 | (24.0) | 5242 | (1.7) | ||
Smoking status (n = 309,030) | 9.66 | .008 | ||||||
Non-smoking | 292,405 | (94.6) | 264,580 | (85.6) | 27,825 | (9.0) | ||
Daily smoking | 3965 | (1.3) | 3561 | (1.2) | 404 | (0.1) | ||
Smoking after a meal | 12,660 | (4.1) | 11,547 | (3.7) | 1113 | (0.4) | ||
Alcohol frequency (n = 314,285) | 121.67 | .001 | ||||||
Non-drinking | 253,083 | (80.5) | 228,385 | (72.7) | 24,698 | (7.9) | ||
Daily drinking | 6743 | (2.2) | 6166 | (2.0) | 577 | (0.2) | ||
Occasional drinking | 54,459 | (17.3) | 49,952 | (15.9) | 4507 | (1.4) | ||
The frequency of physical activity (n = 261,870) | 46.38 | .001 | ||||||
Never | 30,683 | (11.8) | 27,531 | (4.9) | 3152 | (6.9) | ||
Three to five times per week | 142,049 | (54.2) | 129,181 | (30.7) | 12,868 | (23.5) | ||
Occasionally | 89,138 | (34) | 80,703 | (16.2) | 8435 | (17.8) | ||
Body Mass Index (n = 313,262) | 33.36 | .001 | ||||||
< 18.5 | 13,006 | (4.2) | 11,733 | (3.7) | 1273 | (0.4) | ||
18.5–23.9 | 145,737 | (46.5) | 131,764 | (42.1) | 13,973 | (4.5) | ||
24.0–26.9 | 98,629 | (31.5) | 89,651 | (28.6) | 8978 | (2.9) | ||
27.0–29.9 | 40,893 | (13) | 36,990 | (11.8) | 3903 | (1.2) | ||
30.0–34.9 | 13,489 | (4.3) | 12,092 | (3.9) | 1397 | (0.4) | ||
≥ 35.0 | 1508 | (0.5) | 1352 | (0.49) | 156 | (0.01) | ||
Number of chronic diseases (n = 315,018) | 15.41 | .118 | ||||||
0 | 93,010 | (29.5) | 84,423 | (26.8) | 8587 | (2.7) | ||
1 | 136,210 | (43.2) | 123,289 | (39.1) | 12,921 | (4.1) | ||
2 | 60,962 | (19.4) | 55,014 | (17.5) | 5948 | (1.9) | ||
3 | 19,629 | (6.2) | 17,718 | (5.6) | 1911 | (0.6) | ||
4 | 4295 | (1.4) | 3891 | (1.2) | 404 | (0.1) | ||
≥ 5 | 912 | (0.3) | 822 | (0.2) | 90 | (0.1) |
Variable | Reference value | Mean | Mood Disorder | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | ||||
Height | -- cm | 158.73 | 158.86 | 157.48 | .001 |
Weight | -- kg | 60.91 | 61.01 | 59.93 | .001 |
Systolic | < 120 mmHg | 134.61 | 134.62 | 134.44 | .118 |
Diastolic | < 80 mmHg | 75.16 | 75.19 | 74.87 | .001 |
Pulse rate | 60–80 /min | 73.15 | 73.15 | 73.20 | .462 |
Glucose | 70–100 mg/dL | 104.63 | 104.64 | 104.54 | .515 |
Cholesterol | < 200 mg/dL | 194.61 | 194.42 | 196.43 | .001 |
Triglycerides | < 150 mg/dL | 120.41 | 120.28 | 121.71 | .001 |
GOT* | 8–31 U/L | 24.97 | 24.97 | 24.99 | .795 |
GPT* | 0–41 U/L | 22.51 | 22.52 | 22.44 | .457 |
Variable | Beta (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Demographic variables | |||
Education | |||
Master’s and above | −0.129 (−0.2 to −0.06) | .001 | 0.879 (0.82 to 0.95) |
University | −0.077 (− 0.11 to − 0.04) | .001 | 0.926 (0.89 to 0.96) |
Vocational school | − 0.044 (− 0.09 to 0) | .051 | 0.957 (0.92 to 1) |
Junior high school | −0.025 (− 0.06 to 0.01) | .147 | 0.976 (0.94 to 1.01) |
Senior high school | −0.019 (− 0.06 to 0.02) | .324 | 0.981 (0.95 to 1.02) |
Self-taught | − 0.039 (− 0.12 to 0.04) | .341 | 0.962 (0.89 to 1.04) |
Illiterate | 0.025 (−0.03 to 0.08) | .363 | 1.025 (0.97 to 1.08) |
Elementary school | |||
Gender | |||
Male | −0.559 (−0.59 to − 0.53) | .001 | 0.572 (0.56 to 0.59) |
Female | |||
Marital status | |||
Widowed | 0.026 (−0.01 to 0.06) | .125 | 1.027 (0.99 to 1.06) |
Divorced | 0.199 (0.09 to 0.31) | .001 | 1.22 (1.09 to 1.36) |
Married--living separately | 0.004 (−0.08 to 0.08) | .931 | 1.004 (0.93 to 1.09) |
Cohabitating | −0.107 (− 0.28 to 0.07) | .222 | 0.899 (0.76 to 1.07) |
Unmarried | −0.027 (− 0.08 to 0.03) | .328 | 0.974 (0.92 to 1.03) |
Married--living together | |||
Drinking milk | |||
No | 0.111 (0.09 to 0.13) | .001 | 1.117 (1.09 to 1.14) |
Yes | |||
Eating at least three servings of vegetables and two of fruits | |||
No | 0.578 (0.55 to 0.61) | .001 | 1.782 (1.73 to 1.83) |
Yes | |||
Long-term medication | |||
No | −0.561 (−0.58 to −0.54) | .001 | 0.571 (0.56 to 0.58) |
Yes | |||
Smoking frequency | |||
Smoking after meals | −0.034 (−0.09 to 0.02) | .193 | 0.966 (0.92 to 1.02) |
Daily smoking | 0.142 (0.01 to 0.28) | .041 | 1.152 (1.01 to 1.32) |
Non-smoking | |||
Alcohol frequency | |||
Occasionally drinking | −0.046 (−0.08 to − 0.02) | .002 | 0.955 (0.93 to 0.98) |
Daily drinking | −0.067 (− 0.15 to 0.01) | .098 | 0.935 (0.86 to 1.01) |
Non-drinking | |||
The frequency of physical activity | |||
Occasionally | −0.046 (−0.09 to − 0.01) | .024 | 0.955 (0.92 to 0.99) |
Three to five times per week | −0.059 (− 0.1 to − 0.02) | .002 | 0.942 (0.91 to 0.98) |
Never | |||
Age | |||
> 85 | −0.032 (− 0.08 to 0.01) | .160 | 0.968 (0.93 to 1.01) |
80–84 | −0.042 (− 0.08 to − 0.01) | .022 | 0.959 (0.93 to 0.99) |
75–79 | − 0.008 (− 0.04 to 0.03) | .650 | 0.993 (0.96 to 1.03) |
70–74 | 0.001 (− 0.03 to 0.03) | .940 | 1.001 (0.97 to 1.03) |
65–69 | |||
Number of chronic diseases | 0.021 (0.01 to 0.03) | .002 | 1.02 (1.01 to 1.03) |
Biochemical value | |||
Cholesterol | 0.001 (0.001–0.001) | .014 | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) |
Variables | OR (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|
Male | Female | |
Demographic variables | ||
Education | ||
Master’s and above | 0.893 (0.82 to 0.97)* | 0.868 (0.71 to 1.06) |
University | 0.938 (0.9 to 0.98)* | 0.91 (0.84 to 0.98)* |
Vocational school | 0.958 (0.91 to 1.02) | 0.962 (0.88 to 1.05) |
Junior high school | 0.983 (0.94 to 1.03) | 0.966 (0.9 to 1.03) |
Senior high school | 1.009 (0.95 to 1.07) | 0.958 (0.9 to 1.03) |
Self-taught | 0.926 (0.82 to 1.04) | 0.992 (0.93 to 1.06) |
Illiterate | 1.071 (0.97 to 1.19) | 0.979 (0.87 to 1.1) |
Elementary school | ||
Marital status | ||
Widowed | 1.069 (1.01 to 1.13)* | 1.006 (0.97 to 1.05) |
Divorced | 1.386 (1.19 to 1.61)* | 1.063 (0.91 to 1.24) |
Married--living separately | 1.026 (0.93 to 1.13) | 0.982 (0.86 to 1.12) |
Cohabitating | 0.997 (0.77 to 1.3) | 0.852 (0.68 to 1.07) |
Unmarried | 1.026 (0.96 to 1.1) | 0.91 (0.84 to 0.99)* |
Married--living together | ||
Drinking milk | ||
No | 1.111 (1.08 to 1.14)* | 1.125 (1.09 to 1.16)* |
Yes | ||
Eating at least three servings of vegetables and two of fruits | ||
No | 1.69 (1.63 to 1.76)* | 1.885 (1.8 to 1.97)* |
Yes | ||
Long-term medication | ||
No | 0.606 (0.59 to 0.63)* | 0.538 (0.52 to 0.56)* |
Yes | ||
Smoking frequency | ||
Smoking after meals | 0.981 (0.93 to 1.04) | 0.902 (0.79 to 1.03) |
Daily smoking | 1.179 (1.02 to 1.37)* | 1.026 (0.71 to 1.48) |
Non-smoking | ||
Alcohol frequency | ||
Occasionally drinking | 0.956 (0.93 to 0.99)* | 0.956 (0.9 to 1.01) |
Daily drinking | 0.981 (0.9 to 1.07) | 0.719 (0.57 to 0.91)* |
Non-drinking | ||
Frequency of physical activity | ||
Occasional | 0.978 (0.92 to 1.04) | 0.942 (0.89 to 1) |
Three to five times per week | 0.966 (0.92 to 1.02) | 0.928 (0.88 to 0.98)* |
Never | ||
Age | ||
> 85 | 0.964 (0.91 to 1.02) | 0.98 (0.91 to 1.06) |
80–84 | 0.949 (0.91 to 0.99)* | 0.985 (0.93 to 1.05) |
75–79 | 0.988 (0.95 to 1.03) | 0.999 (0.95 to 1.05) |
70–74 | 1.012 (0.97 to 1.06) | 0.993 (0.95 to 1.04) |
65–69 | ||
Number of chronic diseases | 1.008 (0.99 to 1.02) | 1.029 (1.01 to 1.05)* |
Biochemical value | ||
Cholesterol | 1 (1 to 1) | 1 (1 to 1) |