Background
Methods
Study design
Study population
Measures
Frailty
Degree of housing damage
Lifestyle factors
Psychosocial factors
Other factors
Statistical analyses
Male (n = 1025) | Female (n = 1236) | P-valueb | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-frailty | Frailty | P-valuea | Non-frailty | Frailty | P-valuea | ||
Number of participants | 813 | 212 | 938 | 298 | |||
Age, mean ± SD | 71.9 ± 4.7 | 73.7 ± 5.0 |
<.001
| 70.9 ± 4.4 | 72.7 ± 5.1 |
<.001
|
<.001
|
Age, ≥75 years % | 27.3 | 40.1 |
<.001
| 19.7 | 32.6 |
<.001
|
<.001
|
The degree of housing damage, extensive % | 38.9 | 42.0 |
0.492
| 40.8 | 41.3 |
0.367
|
0.226
|
Job without change due to the disaster, % | 21.0 | 22.0 |
0.166
| 20.4 | 19.1 |
0.827
|
<.001
|
Job with change due to the disaster, % | 24.9 | 30.9 | 19.8 | 19.1 | |||
Residential status, temporary % | 20.4 | 21.7 |
0.109
| 20.8 | 22.3 |
0.842
|
0.092
|
Residential status, other residence % | 22.2 | 28.3 | 27.3 | 27.4 | |||
BMI, mean ± SD | 24.1 ± 2.7 | 24.2 ± 2.9 |
0.406
| 23.5 ± 3.2 | 24.0 ± 3.5 |
0.014
|
<.001
|
BMI, normal % | 64.4 | 62.8 |
0.329
| 70.0 | 58.7 |
0.001
|
<.001
|
BMI, underweight % | 0.3 | 0.9 | 2.1 | 1.7 | |||
BMI, overweight % | 35.3 | 36.3 | 27.9 | 39.6 | |||
Hypertension, % | 62.2 | 60.4 |
0.619
| 55.8 | 60.4 |
0.158
|
0.017
|
Diabetes mellitus, % | 14.5 | 18.4 |
0.193
| 7.8 | 11.4 |
0.052
|
<.001
|
Hypercholesterolemia, % | 25.7 | 26.4 |
0.834
| 36.3 | 32.6 |
0.245
|
<.001
|
Current smokers, % | 19.2 | 18.9 |
0.963
| 1.1 | 1.0 |
0.075
|
<.001
|
Current drinkers, % | 40.7 | 39.6 |
0.932
| 1.5 | 1.3 |
0.026
|
<.001
|
Physical activity, <23METs·hour/week % | 55.8 | 58.7 |
0.451
| 62.7 | 69.7 |
0.028
|
<.001
|
Sedentary lifestyle, % | 27.6 | 31.6 |
0.259
| 26.4 | 31.3 |
0.097
|
0.664
|
Poor dietary diversity, % | 43.5 | 50.9 |
0.052
| 29.6 | 42.3 |
<.001
|
<.001
|
Self-rated health, poor % | 7.0 | 14.6 |
0.001
| 7.8 | 17.5 |
<.001
|
0.208
|
Standard of living, difficult % | 37.5 | 42.1 |
0.221
| 36.3 | 41.9 |
0.083
|
0.701
|
Psychological distress, % | 4.5 | 10.1 |
0.002
| 8.9 | 14.3 |
0.008
|
<.001
|
Poor social networks, % | 28.8 | 47.3 |
<.001
| 26.0 | 35.3 |
0.002
|
0.027
|
Results
Participants’ characteristics
Changes in lifestyle and psychosocial factors from 2011 to 2015
Associations between lifestyle and psychosocial factors and the development of frailty
Variable | Male | Female | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All participants in the present study. | Only those who participated in all from 2011 to 2015. | All participants in the present study. | Only those who participated in all from 2011 to 2015. | |||||
Number | 1025 | 679 | 1236 | 850 | ||||
Adjusted OR (95% CI) P-value
| ||||||||
BMI, underweight | 2.66 (0.84–8.45) |
0.098
| 2.22 (0.47–10.57) |
0.317
| 1.17 (0.54–2.52) |
0.692
| 1.02 (0.45–2.33) |
0.959
|
BMI, overweight | 1.08 (0.81–1.44) |
0.612
| 1.35 (0.94–1.96) |
0.108
| 1.42 (1.10–1.82) |
0.006
| 1.37 (1.02–1.83) |
0.038
|
Diabetes mellitus | 1.16 (0.83–1.62) |
0.388
| 1.23 (0.80–1.90) |
0.338
| 1.46 (1.04–2.03) |
0.027
| 1.25 (0.82–1.90) |
0.298
|
Sedentary lifestyle | 1.12 (0.84–1.50) |
0.447
| 1.08 (0.74–1.59) |
0.680
| 1.54 (1.20–1.98) |
0.001
| 1.57 (1.17–2.12) |
0.003
|
Poor dietary diversity | 1.61 (1.23–2.09) |
<.001
| 1.70 (1.22–2.36) |
0.002
| 1.49 (1.19–1.87) |
0.001
| 1.45 (1.12–1.87) |
0.005
|
Poor self-rated health | 2.94 (2.17–3.98) |
<.001
| 2.83 (1.91–4.21) |
<.001
| 3.03 (2.24–4.09) |
<.001
| 3.14 (2.20–4.50) |
<.001
|
Standard of living, difficult | 1.28 (0.97–1.70) |
0.082
| 1.54 (1.07–2.20) |
0.019
| 1.33 (1.04–1.71) |
0.022
| 1.35 (1.01–1.79) |
0.040
|
Psychological distress | 2.15 (1.15–4.02) |
0.017
| 3.10 (1.53–6.26) |
0.002
| 1.43 (0.98–2.08) |
0.065
| 1.35 (0.85–2.13) |
0.204
|
Poor social networks | 1.82 (1.38–2.41) |
<.001
| 1.67 (1.15–2.42) |
0.007
| 1.33 (1.06–1.67) |
0.015
| 1.36 (1.04–1.77) |
0.024
|
Characteristic differences related to the development of frailty by degree of housing damage
Variable |
By the degree of housing damage
|
By residential status
b
| ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Partial | Extensive | No displaced | Temporary | Other residence | |||||||
Number | 448 | 172 | 405 | 603 | 176 | 246 | ||||||
Adjusted OR (95% CI) P-value
| ||||||||||||
BMI, underweight | 0.90 (0.09–8.74) |
0.931
| 15.80 (0.74–337.16) |
0.077
| 3.53 (0.74–16.92) |
0.114
| 1.88 (0.34–10.42) |
0.468
| 11.85 (5.35–26.23) |
<.001
| 3.78 (0.34–41.96) |
0.279
|
Current drinkers | 0.83 (0.51–1.38) |
0.475
| 0.73 (0.38–1.43) |
0.364
| 0.77 (0.47–1.27) |
0.309
| 0.82 (0.53–1.26) |
0.361
| 0.76 (0.34–1.67) |
0.486
| 0.79 (0.46–1.36) |
0.388
|
Physical inactivity | 0.94 (0.63–1.42) |
0.771
| 1.03 (0.54–1.96) |
0.922
| 1.43 (0.96–2.12) |
0.077
| 0.99 (0.69–1.41) |
0.939
| 0.89 (0.47–1.66) |
0.706
| 1.64 (1.03–2.62) |
0.039
|
Sedentary lifestyle | 1.26 (0.79–2.01) |
0.325
| 1.06 (0.55–2.02) |
0.864
| 1.02 (0.64–1.61) |
0.943
| 1.14 (0.76–1.72) |
0.522
| 0.89 (0.42–1.87) |
0.749
| 1.08 (0.64–1.82) |
0.770
|
Poor dietary diversity | 1.43 (0.94–2.18) |
0.092
| 2.43 (1.26–4.69) |
0.008
| 1.54 (1.02–2.32) |
0.042
| 1.66 (1.15–2.39) |
0.006
| 0.75 (0.42–1.36) |
0.348
| 2.15 (1.27–3.62) |
0.004
|
Poor self-rated health | 3.62 (2.25–5.83) |
<.001
| 2.60 (1.09–6.16) |
0.031
| 2.42 (1.54–3.81) |
<.001
| 3.39 (2.20–5.21) |
<.001
| 4.68 (2.49–8.80) |
<.001
| 1.74 (0.95–3.19) |
0.075
|
Standard of living, difficult | 1.69 (1.11–2.59) |
0.015
| 1.22 (0.64–2.33) |
0.546
| 1.15 (0.74–1.78) |
0.525
| 1.51 (1.04–2.19) |
0.029
| 0.88 (0.43–1.80) |
0.729
| 1.32 (0.80–2.20) |
0.276
|
Psychological distress | 1.10 (0.32–3.80) |
0.882
| 1.58 (0.32–7.72) |
0.571
| 3.23 (1.42–7.37) |
0.005
| 1.22 (0.45–3.34) |
0.698
| 7.98 (3.63–17.54) |
<.001
| 1.61 (0.38–6.86) |
0.517
|
Poor social networks | 1.64 (1.01–2.65) |
0.045
| 1.45 (0.74–2.86) |
0.279
| 2.21 (1.46–3.37) |
<.001
| 1.68 (1.13–2.49) |
0.011
| 2.42 (1.39–4.20) |
0.002
| 2.17 (1.29–3.65) |
0.004
|
Variable |
By the degree of housing damage
|
By residential status
b
| ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Partial | Extensive | No displaced | Temporary | Other residence | |||||||
Number | 555 | 175 | 506 | 694 | 262 | 280 | ||||||
Adjusted OR (95% CI) P-value
| ||||||||||||
BMI, underweight | 2.30 (1.03–5.14) |
0.043
| 1.42 (0.21–9.40) |
0.719
| 0.42 (0.08–2.34) |
0.323
| 2.29 (1.08–4.86) |
0.031
| 0.65 (0.10–4.37) |
0.654
| 0.36 (0.03–3.97) |
0.403
|
BMI, overweight | 1.16 (0.80–1.68) |
0.435
| 1.68 (0.80–3.56) |
0.173
| 1.70 (1.15–2.51) |
0.008
| 1.33 (0.96–1.86) |
0.091
| 1.64 (0.96–2.81) |
0.073
| 1.50 (0.87–2.60) |
0.147
|
Diabetes mellitus | 1.53 (0.94–2.49) |
0.091
| 0.47 (0.17–1.26) |
0.134
| 1.82 (1.09–3.04) |
0.023
| 1.13 (0.73–1.77) |
0.583
| 1.77 (0.91–3.44) |
0.094
| 2.40 (1.07–5.38) |
0.034
|
Sedentary lifestyle | 1.64 (1.10–2.44) |
0.016
| 1.61 (0.68–3.81) |
0.276
| 1.49 (1.04–2.13) |
0.029
| 1.49 (1.05–2.11) |
0.026
| 2.08 (1.32–3.29) |
0.002
| 1.45 (0.82–2.57) |
0.199
|
Poor dietary diversity | 1.52 (1.10–2.08) |
0.010
| 1.30 (0.62–2.72) |
0.479
| 1.56 (1.09–2.25) |
0.016
| 1.47 (1.09–1.98) |
0.011
| 1.42 (0.90–2.23) |
0.131
| 1.55 (0.93–2.60) |
0.094
|
Poor self-rated health | 3.20 (1.97–5.19) |
<.001
| 2.29 (1.01–5.18) |
0.046
| 3.57 (2.31–5.53) |
<.001
| 2.70 (1.81–4.05) |
<.001
| 3.12 (1.54–6.32) |
0.002
| 4.29 (2.37–7.77) |
<.001
|
Standard of living, difficult | 1.55 (1.08–2.24) |
0.019
| 1.97 (0.91–4.24) |
0.084
| 1.17 (0.80–1.71) |
0.412
| 1.42 (1.00–2.01) |
0.052
| 1.76 (1.09–2.85) |
0.021
| 0.99 (0.56–1.75) |
0.968
|
Psychological distress | 1.95 (1.13–3.38) |
0.017
| 0.86 (0.19–3.88) |
0.840
| 1.35 (0.79–2.28) |
0.270
| 1.89 (1.09–3.28) |
0.024
| 0.90 (0.48–1.70) |
0.750
| 1.89 (0.79–4.52) |
0.155
|
Poor social networks | 1.24 (0.91–1.71) |
0.176
| 1.45 (0.68–3.09) |
0.330
| 1.44 (0.99–2.08) |
0.054
| 1.34 (1.00–1.79) |
0.053
| 1.06 (0.66–1.72) |
0.809
| 1.85 (1.07–3.20) |
0.027
|