Introduction
Methods
Data analyses
Results
Migraine n (%) | MA n (%) | MO n (%) | Healthy n (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
School level | p < 0.001 | p = 0.002 | p < 0.001 | – |
Graduated 12th grade | 2,504 (32.2) | 999 (33.5) | 1,505 (31.5) | 8,147 (35.4) |
Graduated 9th grade | 3,651 (47.0) | 1,413 (47.3) | 2,238 (46.8) | 10,117 (43.9) |
Not graduated 9th grade | 1,616 (20.8) | 574 (19.2) | 1,042 (21.8) | 4,766 (20.7) |
Educational level | p < 0.001 | p = 0.001 | p < 0.001 | – |
Higher education >4 years | 543 (7.5) | 242 (8.7) | 301 (6.8) | 2,280 (10.7) |
Higher education ≤4 years | 2,230 (30.9) | 861 (31.1) | 1,369 (30.8) | 6,033 (28.4) |
Vocational education | 3,183 (44.1) | 1,183 (42.8) | 2,000 (45.0) | 9,346 (44.0) |
No education | 1,258 (17.4) | 481 (17.4) | 777 (17.5) | 3,594 (16.9) |
Employment status | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | – |
Employed | 4,820 (69.6) | 1,815 (67.7) | 3,005 (70.7) | 14,468 (69.3) |
Self-employed | 491 (7.1) | 173 (6.5) | 318 (7.5) | 1,853 (8.9) |
Homemaker | 268 (3.9) | 99 (3.7) | 169 (4.0) | 577 (2.8) |
Retired | 621 (9.0) | 277 (10.3) | 344 (8.1) | 1,514 (7.3) |
Student | 544 (7.9) | 226 (8.4) | 318 (7.5) | 2,061 (9.9) |
Unemployed | 185 (2.7) | 89 (3.3) | 96 (2.3) | 407 (1.9) |
Physical work load | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | – |
Mainly seated | 1,881 (25.0) | 740 (25.6) | 1,141 (24.6) | 6,429 (28.7) |
Seated/standing or walking | 5,060 (67.3) | 1,947 (67.4) | 3,113 (67.1) | 14,134 (63.0) |
Heavy physical work | 583 (7.7) | 200 (6.9) | 383 (8.3) | 1,876 (8.4) |
Recreational physical activity | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | – |
No physical exercise | 1,416 (18.6) | 536 (18.3) | 880 (18.7) | 3,803 (16.7) |
Light physical exercise | 4,870 (63.9) | 1,882 (64.4) | 2,988 (63.6) | 14,056 (61.7) |
Heavy physical exercise | 1,335 (17.5) | 506 (17.3) | 829 (17.6) | 4,912 (21.6) |
BMI | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | – |
Underweight | 230 (3.0) | 91 (3.1) | 139 (3.0) | 477 (2.1) |
Normal weight | 4,621 (60.8) | 1,809 (62.1) | 2,812 (59.9) | 13,430 (59.4) |
Overweight | 2,072 (27.2) | 762 (26.2) | 1,310 (27.9) | 6,973 (30.8) |
Obese class I–III | 682 (9.0) | 249 (8.6) | 433 (9.2) | 1,743 (7.7) |
Smoking status | p < 0.001 | p = 0.003 | p = 0.006 | – |
Non-smoker | 3,270 (41.8) | 1,242 (41.3) | 2,028 (42.1) | 10,346 (44.4) |
Former smoker | 1,762 (22.5) | 679 (22.6) | 1,083 (22.5) | 5,136 (22.1) |
Current smoker | 2,795 (35.7) | 1,085 (36.1) | 1,710 (35.5) | 7,794 (33.5) |
Alcohol consumption | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | – |
Never/seldom | 2,200 (27.7) | 911 (29.8) | 1,289 (26.3) | 4,431 (18.9) |
Monthly | 1,735 (21.8) | 640 (21.0) | 1,095 (22.4) | 4,827 (20.5) |
Weekly | 4,009 (50.5) | 1,500 (49.2) | 2,509 (51.3) | 14,246 (60.6) |
Marital status | p = 0.007 | p = 0.245 | p = 0.006 | – |
Single | (27.5) | 866 (28.1) | 1,346 (27.1) | 6,925 (29.1) |
Marrieda | 5,832 (72.5) | 2,220 (71.9) | 3,612 (72.9) | 16,896 (70.9) |
Women | Men | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Migraine n (%) | MA n (%) | MO n (%) | Healthy n (%) | Migraine n (%) | MA n (%) | MO n (%) | Healthy n (%) | |
School level | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | – | p < 0.001 | p = 0.351 | p < 0.001 | – |
Graduated 12th grade | 1,901 (35.2) | 774 (35.3) | 1,127 (35.1) | 4,570 (40.5) | 603 (25.5) | 225 (28.3) | 378 (24.1) | 3,577 (30.4) |
Graduated 9th grade | 2,512 (46.5) | 1,035 (47.3) | 1,477 (45.9) | 4,814 (42.7) | 1,139 (48.1) | 378 (47.5) | 761 (48.5) | 5,303 (45.1) |
Not Graduated 9th grade | 992 (18.4) | 381 (17.4) | 611 (19.0) | 1,891 (16.8) | 624 (26.4) | 193 (24.3) | 431 (27.5) | 2,875 (24.5) |
Educational level | p < 0.001 | p = 0.193 | p < 0.001 | – | p = 0.017 | p = 0.334 | p < 0.001 | – |
Higher education >4 years | 301 (6.0) | 141 (6.9) | 160 (5.3) | 858 (8.2) | 242 (11.1) | 101 (13.8) | 141 (9.8) | 1,422 (13.1) |
Higher education ≤4 years | 1,686 (33.4) | 664 (32.6) | 1,022 (34.0) | 3,397 (32.5) | 544 (25.0) | 197 (26.9) | 347 (24.1) | 2,636 (24.4) |
Vocatinal education | 2,089 (41.4) | 846 (41.6) | 1,243 (41.4) | 4,175 (40.0) | 1,094 (50.3) | 337 (46.0) | 757 (52.5) | 5,171 (47.8) |
No education | 965 (19.1) | 384 (18.9) | 581 (19.3) | 2,009 (19.2) | 293 (13.5) | 97 (13.3) | 196 (13.6) | 1,585 (14.7) |
Employment status | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | – | p = 0.015 | p = 0.220 | p = 0.062 | – |
Employed | 3,227 (68.3) | 1,287 (66.6) | 1,940 (69.6) | 6,642 (67.1) | 1,593 (72.2) | 528 (70.9) | 1,065 (72.9) | 7,826 (71.3) |
Self-employed | 215 (4.6) | 79 (4.1) | 136 (4.9) | 415 (4.2) | 276 (12.5) | 94 (12.6) | 182 (12.5) | 1,438 (13.1) |
Homemaker | 265 (5.6) | 97 (5.0) | 168 (6.0) | 559 (5.7) | 3 (0.1) | 2 (0.3) | 1 (0.1) | 18 (0.2) |
Retired | 447 (9.5) | 213 (11.0) | 234 (8.4) | 787 (8.0) | 174 (7.9) | 64 (8.6) | 110 (7.5) | 727 (6.6) |
Student | 421 (8.9) | 182 (9.4) | 239 (8.6) | 1,250 (12.6) | 123 (5.6) | 44 (5.9) | 79 (5.4) | 811 (7.4) |
Unemployed | 148 (3.1) | 76 (3.9) | 72 (2.6) | 244 (2.5) | 37 (1.7) | 13 (1.7) | 24 (1.6) | 163 (1.5) |
Physical work load | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | – | p = 0.180 | p = 0.241 | p = 0.014 | – |
Mainly seated | 1,247 (23.8) | 504 (23.9) | 743 (23.8) | 3,033 (27.7) | 634 (27.6) | 236 (30.3) | 398 (26.3) | 3,396 (29.6) |
Seated/standing or walking | 3,692 (70.6) | 1,485 (70.4) | 2,207 (70.7) | 7,458 (68.1) | 1,368 (59.6) | 462 (59.4) | 906 (59.8) | 6,676 (58.1) |
Heavy physical work | 291 (5.6) | 120 (5.7) | 171 (5.5) | 460 (4.2) | 292 (12.7) | 80 (10.3) | 212 (14.0) | 1,416 (12.3) |
Recreational physical activity | p = 0.001 | p = 0.026 | p = 0.011 | – | p = 0.002 | p = 0.013 | p = 0.013 | – |
No physical exercise | 1,005 (19.1) | 412 (19.3) | 593 (18.9) | 1,872 (16.9) | 411 (17.5) | 124 (15.7) | 287 (18.4) | 1,931 (16.5) |
Light physical exercise | 3,476 (65.9) | 1,393 (65.2) | 2,083 (66.3) | 7,396 (66.8) | 1,394 (59.4) | 489 (62.0) | 905 (58.1) | 6,660 (56.9) |
Heavy physical exercise | 794 (15.1) | 330 (15.5) | 464 (14.8) | 1,800 (16.3) | 541 (23.1) | 176 (22.3) | 365 (23.4) | 3,112 (26.6) |
BMI | p < 0.001 | p = 0.031 | p < 0.001 | – | P = 0.276 | p = 0.793 | p = 0.166 | – |
Underweight | 214 (4.1) | 84 (3.9) | 130 (4.1) | 401 (3.6) | 16 (0.7) | 7 (0.9) | 9 (0.6) | 76 (0.7) |
Normal weight | 3,440 (65.2) | 1,408 (66.1) | 2,032 (64.6) | 7,559 (68.7) | 1,181 (50.7) | 401 (51.3) | 780 (50.3) | 5,871 (50.5) |
Overweight | 1,161 (22.0) | 456 (21.4) | 705 (22.4) | 2,278 (20.7) | 911 (39.1) | 306 (39.2) | 605 (39.0) | 4,695 (40.4) |
Obese class I–III | 459 (8.7) | 182 (8.5) | 277 (8.8) | 765 (7.0) | 223 (9.6) | 67 (8.6) | 156 (10,1) | 978 (8.4) |
Smoking status | p < 0.001 | p = 0.001 | p = 0.011 | – | p = 0.002 | p = 0.046 | p = 0.018 | – |
Non-smoker | 2,354 (43.2) | 939 (42.5) | 1,415 (43.7) | 5,293 (46.6) | 916 (38.4) | 303 (37.9) | 613 (38.7) | 5,053 (42.4) |
Former smoker | 1,185 (21.8) | 482 (21.8) | 703 (21.7) | 2,402 (21.1) | 577 (24.2) | 197 (24.7) | 380 (24.0) | 2,734 (22.9) |
Current smoker | 1,905 (35.0) | 786 (35.6) | 1,119 (34.6) | 3,665 (32.3) | 890 (37.3) | 299 (37.4) | 591 (37.3) | 4,129 (34.7) |
Alcohol consumption | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | – | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | – |
Never/seldom | 1,823 (33.0) | 777 (34.7) | 1,046 (31.8) | 3,029 (26.4) | 377 (15.6) | 134 (16.4) | 243 (15.1) | 1,402 (11.7) |
Monthly | 1,294 (23.4) | 504 (22.5) | 790 (24.0) | 2,880 (25.1) | 441 (18.2) | 136 (16.7) | 305 (19.0) | 1,947 (16.2) |
Weekly | 2,405 (43.6) | 955 (42.7) | 1,450 (44.1) | 5,586 (48.6) | 1,604 (66.2) | 545 (66.9) | 1,059 (65.9) | 8,660 (72.1) |
Marital status | p = 0.001 | p = 0.091 | p = 0.001 | – | p = 0.955 | p = 0.959 | p = 0.915 | – |
Single | 1,515 (27.1) | 631 (27.9) | 884 (26.5) | 3,457 (29.6) | 697 (28.5) | 235 (28.6) | 462 (28.4) | 3,468 (28.5) |
Marrieda | 4,082 (72.9) | 1,634 (72.1) | 2,448 (73.5) | 8,213 (70.4) | 1,750 (71.5) | 586 (71.4) | 1,164 (71.6) | 8,683 (71.5) |
Migraine | MA | MO | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)a | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)a | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)a | |
School levelb | ||||||
Graduated 12th grade | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Graduated 9th grade |
1.17 (1.11–1.25)
|
1.08 (1.00–1.16)
|
1.14 (1.05–1.24)
| 1.04 (0.94–1.16) |
1.20 (1.12–1.29)
|
1.10 (1.01–1.20)
|
Not graduated 9th grade |
1.10 (1.03–1.19)
| 0.92 (0.83–1.03) | 0.98 (0.88–1.10) |
0.81 (0.69–0.95)
|
1.18 (1.09–1.29)
| 1.00 (0.88–1.14) |
Educational level | ||||||
Higher education >4 years | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Higher education ≤4 years |
1.55 (1.40–1.73)
|
1.35 (1.19–1.52)
|
1.35 (1.16–1.56)
|
1.22 (1.02–1.46)
|
1.72 (1.50–1.97)
|
1.44 (1.24–1.69)
|
Vocatinal education |
1.43 (1.29–1.58)
|
1.22 (1.07–1.38)
|
1.19 (1.03–1.38)
| 1.07 (0.89–1.29) |
1.62 (1.42–1.85)
|
1.33 (1.13–1.56)
|
No education |
1.47 (1.31–1.65)
|
1.20 (1.04–1.39)
|
1.26 (1.07–1.48)
| 1.08 (0.87–1.34) |
1.64 (1.42–1.89)
|
1.30 (1.08–1.56)
|
Employment status | ||||||
Employed | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Self-employed |
0.80 (0.72–0.88)
| 0.90 (0.79–1.02) |
0.74 (0.63–0.88)
| 0.84 (0.69–1.02) |
0.83 (0.73–0.94)
| 0.93 (0.80–1.08) |
Homemaker |
1.39 (1.20–1.62)
| 1.17 (0.96–1.41) |
1.37 (1.10–1.70)
| 1.15 (0.87–1.51) |
1.41 (1.18–1.68)
| 1.18 (0.94–1.48) |
Retired |
1.23 (1.12–1.36)
|
1.18 (1.03–1.36)
|
1.46 (1.27–1.67)
|
1.39 (1.15–1.69)
| 1.09 (0.97–1.24) | 1.05 (0.88–1.25) |
Student |
0.79 (0.72–0.88)
|
0.86 (0.75–0.99)
| 0.87 (0.76–1.01) | 0.99 (0.82–1.20) |
0.74 (0.66–0.84)
|
0.78 (0.66–0.93)
|
Unemployed |
1.36 (1.14–1.63)
|
1.24 (1.01–1.53)
|
1.74 (1.38–2.20)
|
1.61 (1.22–2.12)
| 1.14 (0.91–1.42) | 1.01 (0.77–1.33) |
Physical work load | ||||||
Mainly seated | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Seated/standing or walking |
1.22 (1.15–1.30)
| 1.07 (0.99–1.15) |
1.20 (1.09–1.31)
| 1.09 (0.97–1.22) |
1.24 (1.15–1.34)
| 1.06 (0.97–1.16) |
Heavy physical work | 1.06 (0.96–1.18) | 1.00 (0.87–1.15) | 0.93 (0.79–1.09) | 0.94 (0.76–1.16) |
1.15 (1.01–1.31)
| 1.03 (0.88–1.21) |
Recreational physical activity | ||||||
No physical exercise | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Light physical exercise |
0.93 (0.87–1.00)
|
0.92 (0.84–1.00)
| 0.95 (0.86–1.05) | 0.96 (0.85–1.09) | 0.92 (0.85–1.00) |
0.90 (0.81–0.99)
|
Heavy physical exercise |
0.73 (0.67–0.80)
|
0.78 (0.70–0.87)
|
0.73 (0.64–0.83)
|
0.79 (0.67–0.93)
|
0.73 (0.66–0.81)
|
0.78 (0.69–0.89)
|
BMI | ||||||
Underweight |
1.40 (1.19–1.65)
|
1.25 (1.03–1.53)
|
1.42 (1.13–1.78)
|
1.41 (1.08–1.85)
|
1.39 (1.15–1.69)
| 1.14 (0.89–1.47) |
Normal weight | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Overweight |
0.86 (0.81–0.92)
|
0.81 (0.75–0.87)
|
0.81 (0.74–0.89)
|
0.77 (0.69–0.86)
|
0.90 (0.84–0.96)
|
0.83 (0.76–0.91)
|
Obese class I–III |
1.14 (1.04–1.25)
| 0.98 (0.87–1.10) | 1.06 (0.92–1.22) | 0.92 (0.77–1.10) |
1.19 (1.06–1.33)
| 1.02 (0.88–1.17) |
Smoking status | ||||||
Non-smoker | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Former smoker |
1.09 (1.02–1.16)
|
1.10 (1.02–1.20)
| 1.10 (1.00–1.22) | 1.12 (0.99–1.27) | 1.08 (0.99–1.17) | 1.09 (0.99–1.21) |
Current smoker |
1.14 (1.07–1.20)
|
1.10 (1.02–1.19)
|
1.16 (1.06–1.27)
| 1.11 (0.99–1.24) |
1.12 (1.04–1.20)
|
1.10 (1.00–1.20)
|
Alcohol consumption | ||||||
Never/seldom | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Monthly |
0.72 (0.67–0.78)
|
0.73 (0.67–0.80)
|
0.65 (0.58–0.72)
|
0.66 (0.58–0.76)
|
0.78 (0.71–0.85)
|
0.78 (0.70–0.87)
|
Weekly |
0.57 (0.53–0.60)
|
0.55 (0.51–0.60)
|
0.51 (0.47–0.56)
|
0.51 (0.45–0.57)
|
0.61 (0.56–0.65)
|
0.59 (0.53–0.65)
|
Marital status | ||||||
Single | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Marriedc |
1.08 (1.02–1.14)
|
1.08 (1.00–1.17)
| 1.05 (0.97–1.14) | 1.10 (0.99–1.23) |
1.10 (1.03–1.18)
| 1.07 (0.97–1.17) |
Migraine | MA | MO | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)a | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)a | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)a | |
Women
| ||||||
School levelb | ||||||
Graduated 12th grade | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Graduated 9th grade |
1.25 (1.17–1.35)
|
1.11 (1.02–1.22)
|
1.27 (1.15–1.41)
| 1.10 (0.96–1.25) |
1.24 (1.14–1.36)
|
1.12 (1.01–1.25)
|
Not graduated 9th grade |
1.26 (1.15–1.39)
| 1.03 (0.89–1.20) |
1.19 (1.04–1.36)
| 0.97 (0.79–1.20) |
1.31 (1.17–1.47)
| 1.07 (0.90–1.29) |
Educational level | ||||||
Higher education >4 years | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Higher education ≤4 years |
1.42 (1.23–1.63)
|
1.26 (1.07–1.50)
| 1.19 (0.98–1.45) | 1.10 (0.87–1.40) |
1.61 (1.34–1.94)
|
1.39 (1.13–1.72)
|
Vocatinal education |
1.43 (1.24–1.64)
| 1.19 (1.00–1.41) |
1.23 (1.02–1.50)
| 1.07 (0.84–1.36) |
1.60 (1.33–1.91)
|
1.28 (1.03–1.60)
|
No education |
1.37 (1.18–1.60)
| 1.11 (0.92–1.35) | 1.16 (0.94–1.43) | 0.98 (0.75–1.29) |
1.55 (1.28–1.88)
| 1.22 (0.96–1.55) |
Occupational status | ||||||
Employed | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Self-employed | 1.07 (0.90–1.26) | 1.11 (0.90–1.36) | 0.98 (0.77–1.26) | 0.94 (0.70–1.28) | 1.12 (0.92–1.37) | 1.22 (0.96–1.54) |
Homemaker | 0.98 (0.84–1.14) | 0.88 (0.72–1.06) | 0.90 (0.72–1.12) | 0.81 (0.61–1.08) | 1.03 (0.86–1.23) | 0.92 (0.73–1.16) |
Retired |
1.17 (1.03–1.32)
| 1.12 (0.94–1.33) |
1.40 (1.19–1.64)
|
1.33 (1.05–1.68)
| 1.02 (0.87–1.19) | 0.98 (0.78–1.21) |
Student |
0.69 (0.62–0.78)
| 0.87 (0.74–1.02) |
0.75 (0.64–0.89)
| 0.96 (0.77–1.20) |
0.66 (0.57–0.76)
|
0.81 (0.66–0.98)
|
Unemployed |
1.25 (1.01–1.54)
| 1.24 (0.97–1.59) |
1.61 (1.23–2.09)
|
1.60 (1.17–2.20)
| 1.01 (0.77–1.32) | 1.00 (0.73–1.37) |
Physical work load | ||||||
Mainly seated | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Seated/standing or walking |
1.20 (1.12–1.30)
| 1.05 (0.96–1.16) |
1.20 (1.07–1.34)
| 1.11 (0.97–1.28) |
1.21 (1.10–1.33)
| 1.02 (0.91–1.14) |
Heavy physical work |
1.54 (1.31–1.81)
|
1.28 (1.04–1.58)
|
1.57 (1.26–1.96)
|
1.36 (1.02–1.81)
|
1.52 (1.25–1.84)
| 1.24 (0.96–1.58) |
Recreational physical activity | ||||||
No physical exercise | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Light physical exercise |
0.88 (0.80–0.96)
| 0.91 (0.82–1.02) |
0.86 (0.76–0.97)
| 0.91 (0.78–1.06) |
0.89 (0.80–0.99)
| 0.91 (0.80–1.04) |
Heavy physical exercise |
0.82 (0.73–0.92)
| 0.92 (0.80–1.06) |
0.83 (0.71–0.98)
| 0.94 (0.77–1.14) |
0.81 (0.71–0.93)
| 0.90 (0.76–1.07) |
BMI | ||||||
Underweight | 1.17 (0.99–1.39) | 1.12 (0.90–1.39) | 1.13 (0.88–1.43) | 1.20 (0.90–1.60) | 1.21 (0.98–1.48) | 1.06 (0.81–1.38) |
Normal weight | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Overweight |
1.12 (1.03–1.22)
| 1.03 (0.93–1.14) | 1.08 (0.96–1.21) | 1.00 (0.86–1.15) |
1.15 (1.04–1.27)
| 1.05 (0.93–1.19) |
Obese class I–III |
1.32 (1.17–1.49)
| 1.13 (0.97–1.33) |
1.28 (1.08–1.52)
| 1.07 (0.86–1.33) |
1.35 (1.16–1.56)
| 1.18 (0.98–1.42) |
Smoking status | ||||||
Non-smoker | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Former smoker |
1.11 (1.02–1.21)
|
1.11 (1.00–1.24)
|
1.13 (1.00–1.28)
| 1.11 (0.96–1.29) | 1.10 (0.99–1.21) | 1.12 (0.98–1.27) |
Current smoker |
1.17 (1.09–1.26)
|
1.15 (1.05–1.26)
|
1.21 (1.09–1.34)
|
1.14 (1.00–1.31)
|
1.14 (1.05–1.25)
|
1.15 (1.03–1.29)
|
Alcohol consumption | ||||||
Never/seldom | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Monthly |
0.75 (0.68–0.82)
|
0.76 (0.68–0.85)
|
0.68 (0.60–0.77)
|
0.72 (0.61–0.84)
|
0.79 (0.72–0.88)
|
0.79 (0.69–0.90)
|
Weekly |
0.72 (0.66–0.77)
|
0.68 (0.62–0.75)
|
0.67 (0.60–0.74)
|
0.63 (0.55–0.72)
|
0.75 (0.69–0.82)
|
0.73 (0.64–0.82)
|
Marital status | ||||||
Single | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Marriedc |
1.13 (1.06–1.22)
| 1.10 (1.00–1.21) | 1.09 (0.99–1.21) | 1.11 (0.97–1.27) |
1.17 (1.07–1.27)
| 1.09 (0.97–1.22) |
Men
| ||||||
School levelb | ||||||
Graduated 12th grade | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Graduated 9th grade |
1.27 (1.14–1.42)
|
1.17 (1.03–1.33)
| 1.13 (0.96–1.34) | 1.12 (0.92–1.38) |
1.36 (1.19–1.55)
|
1.20 (1.02–1.40)
|
Not graduated 9th grade |
1.29 (1.14–1.46)
|
1.19 (1.01–1.41)
| 1.07 (0.88–1.30) | 1.00 (0.76–1.32) |
1.42 (1.23–1.64)
|
1.31 (1.06–1.60)
|
Educational level | ||||||
Higher education >4 years | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Higher education ≤4 years |
1.21 (1.03–1.43)
| 1.07 (0.88–1.30) | 1.05 (0.82–1.35) | 1.00 (0.75–1.35) |
1.33 (1.08–1.63)
| 1.12 (0.88–1.42) |
Vocatinal education |
1.24 (1.07–1.45)
| 1.00 (0.82–1.22) | 0.92 (0.73–1.16) | 0.83 (0.61–1.13) |
1.48 (1.22–1.78)
| 1.12 (0.87–1.44) |
No education | 1.09 (0.90–1.31) | 0.95 (0.75–1.20) | 0.86 (0.65–1.15) | 0.80 (0.55–1.16) | 1.25 (0.99–1.57) | 1.05 (0.79–1.41) |
Occupational status | ||||||
Employed | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Self-employed | 1.07 (0.90–1.26) | 1.00 (0.85–1.19) | 0.97 (0.77–1.22) | 1.07 (0.82–1.39) | 0.93 (0.79–1.10) | 0.97 (0.80–1.19) |
Homemakerd | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Retired |
1.17 (1.03–1.32)
| 1.19 (0.94–1.50) | 1.31 (1.00–1.71) | 1.33 (0.93–1.91) | 1.11 (0.90–1.37) | 1.11 (0.84–1.48) |
Student |
0.69 (0.62–0.78)
|
0.74 (0.56–0.97)
| 0.80 (0.59–1.10) | 0.93 (0.62–1.40) |
0.72 (0.56–0.91)
|
0.63 (0.45–0.89)
|
Unemployed | 1.12 (0.78–1.60) | 0.94 (0.61–1.46) | 1.18 (0.67–2.09) | 1.10 (0.57–2.11) | 1.08 (0.70–1.67) | 0.86 (0.50–1.49) |
Physical work load | ||||||
Mainly seated | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Seated/standing or walking | 1.10 (0.99–1.22) | 1.00 (0.88–1.14) | 1.00 (0.85–1.17) | 0.93 (0.76–1.14) | 1.16 (1.02–1.31) | 1.04 (0.89–1.22) |
Heavy physical work | 1.11 (0.95–1.29) | 0.99 (0.81–1.21) | 0.81 (0.63–1.06) | 0.82 (0.59–1.14) |
1.28 (1.07–1.53)
| 1.08 (0.86–1.37) |
Recreational physical activity | ||||||
No physical exercise | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Light physical exercise | 0.98 (0.87–1.11) | 0.92 (0.80–1.06) | 1.14 (0.93–1.40) | 1.08 (0.85–1.37) | 0.91 (0.79–1.05) | 0.85 (0.72–1.00) |
Heavy physical exercise |
0.82 (0.71–0.94)
|
0.83 (0.70–0.98)
| 0.88 (0.70–1.12) | 0.87 (0.66–1.15) |
0.79 (0.67–0.93)
|
0.81 (0.66–0.98)
|
BMI | ||||||
Underweight | 1.05 (0.61–1.80) | 1.20 (0.65–2.22) | 1.35 (0.62–2.94) | 1.83 (0.82–4.10) | 0.89 (0.45–1.79) | 0.85 (0.36–2.00) |
Normal weight | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Overweight | 0.97 (0.88–1.06) |
0.87 (0.77–0.98)
| 0.95 (0.82–1.11) | 0.83 (0.69–1.00) | 0.97 (0.87–1.09) | 0.89 (0.77–1.02) |
Obese class I–III | 1.13 (0.97–1.33) | 1.01 (0.83–1.23) | 1.00 (0.77–1.31) | 0.96 (0.70–1.32) | 1.20 (1.00–1.44) | 1.04 (0.83–1.30) |
Smoking status | ||||||
Non-smoker | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Former smoker |
1.16 (1.04–1.31)
| 1.13 (0.98–1.30) | 1.20 (1.00–1.45) | 1.22 (0.97–1.53) |
1.15 (1.00–1.31)
| 1.08 (0.91–1.28) |
Current smoker |
1.19 (1.08–1.32)
| 1.11 (0.98–1.25) |
1.21 (1.02–1.42)
| 1.15 (0.94–1.41) |
1.18 (1.05–1.33)
| 1.09 (0.94–1.26) |
Alcohol consumption | ||||||
Never/seldom | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Monthly |
0.84 (0.72–0.98)
| 0.87 (0.72–1.06) |
0.73 (0.57–0.94)
| 0.73 (0.54–1.00) | 0.90 (0.75–1.08) | 0.95 (0.76–1.19) |
Weekly |
0.69 (0.61–0.78)
|
0.67 (0.57–0.78)
|
0.66 (0.54–0.80)
|
0.67 (0.52–0.86)
|
0.71 (0.61–0.82)
|
0.67 (0.55–0.81)
|
Marital status | ||||||
Single | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Marriedc | 1.00 (0.91–1.10) | 1.00 (0.88–1.13) | 1.00 (0.85–1.17) | 1.00 (0.82–1.23) | 1.01 (0.90–1.13) | 1.00 (0.85–1.16) |
MA versus MO
All subjects | Women | Men | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)a | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)a | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)a | |
School levelb | ||||||
Graduated 12th grade | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Graduated 9th grade | 0.95 (0.86–1.06) | 0.95 (0.83–1.07) | 1.02 (0.90–1.15) | 0.97 (0.84–1.13) | 0.83 (0.68–1.03) | 0.95 (0.74–1.22) |
Not graduated 9th grade |
0.83 (0.73–0.95)
|
0.81 (0.67–0.98)
| 0.91 (0.78–1.06) | 0.92 (0.72–1.17) |
0.75 (0.59–0.95)
| 0.79 (0.57–1.09) |
Educational level | ||||||
Higher education >4 years | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Higher education ≤4 years |
0.78 (0.65–0.95)
| 0.83 (0.66–1.04) |
0.74 (0.58–0.94)
| 0.78 (0.59–1.05) | 0.79 (0.58–1.08) | 0.85 (0.59–1.23) |
Vocatinal education |
0.74 (0.61–0.88)
| 0.80 (0.63–1.00) |
0.77 (0.61–0.98)
| 0.82 (0.61–1.11) |
0.62 (0.47–0.83)
| 0.70 (0.48–1.03) |
No education |
0.77 (0.63–0.94)
| 0.82 (0.63–1.06) |
0.75 (0.58–0.97)
| 0.80 (0.57–1.11) |
0.69 (0.49–0.98)
| 0.72 (0.46–1.14) |
Employment status | ||||||
Employed | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Self-employed | 0.90 (0.74–1.09) | 0.90 (0.71–1.13) | 0.88 (0.66–1.17) | 0.76 (0.54–1.08) | 1.04 (0.80–1.37) | 1.08 (0.79–1.49) |
Homemakerc | 0.97 (0.75–1.25) | 0.98 (0.71–1.36) | 0.87 (0.67–1.13) | 0.88 (0.63–1.23) | – | – |
Retired |
1.33 (1.13–1.58)
|
1.33 (1.05–1.68)
|
1.37 (1.13–1.67)
|
1.35 (1.02–1.79)
| 1.17 (0.85–1.63) | 1.21 (0.78–1.86) |
Student | 1.18 (0.98–1.41) | 1.26 (1.00–1.60) | 1.15 (0.94–1.41) | 1.20 (0.91–1.57) | 1.12 (0.77–1.65) | 1.52 (0.91–2.55) |
Unemployed |
1.54 (1.14–2.06)
|
1.58 (1.11–2.25)
|
1.59 (1.14–2.21)
|
1.62 (1.09–2.40)
| 1.09 (0.55–2.16) | 1.26 (0.55–2.88) |
Physical work load | ||||||
Mainly seated | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Seated/standing or walking | 0.96 (0.87–1.08) | 1.02 (0.90–1.17) | 0.99 (0.87–1.13) | 1.10 (0.93–1.29) | 0.86 (0.71–1.05) | 0.88 (0.69–1.13) |
Heavy physical work |
0.81 (0.66–0.98)
| 0.91 (0.71–1.16) | 1.04 (0.80–1.34) | 1.10 (0.79–1.54) |
0.64 (0.47–0.86)
| 0.74 (0.50–1.10) |
Recreational physical activity | ||||||
No physical exercise | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Light physical exercise | 1.03 (0.92–1.17) | 1.07 (0.92–1.24) | 0.96 (0.83–1.11) | 0.99 (0.83–1.18) | 1.25 (0.99–1.59) | 1.28 (0.97–1.70) |
Heavy physical exercise | 1.00 (0.86–1.17) | 1.01 (0.84–1.23) | 1.02 (0.85–1.24) | 1.03 (0.82–1.31) | 1.12 (0.85–1.47) | 1.09 (0.78–1.52) |
BMI | ||||||
Underweight | 1.02 (0.78–1.33) | 1.23 (0.88–1.71) | 0.93 (0.70–1.24) | 1.12 (0.79–1.59) | 1.51 (0.56–4.09) | 2.30 (0.76–7.01) |
Normal weight | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Overweight | 0.90 (0.81–1.01) | 0.92 (0.81–1.05) | 0.93 (0.82–1.07) | 0.95 (0.80–1.12) | 0.98 (0.82–1.18) | 0.94 (0.75–1.18) |
Obese class I–III | 0.89 (0.76–1.06) | 0.89 (0.72–1.10) | 0.95 (0.78–1.16) | 0.89 (0.69–1.15) | 0.84 (0.61–1.14) | 0.95 (0.65–1.39) |
Smoking status | ||||||
Non-smoker | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Former smoker | 1.02 (0.91–1.15) | 1.03 (0.90–1.19) | 1.03 (0.90–1.19) | 0.99 (0.83–1.18) | 1.05 (0.84–1.31) | 1.14 (0.87–1.50) |
Current smoker | 1.04 (0.93–1.15) | 1.01 (0.88–1.15) | 1.06 (0.94–1.20) | 0.98 (0.84–1.15) | 1.02 (0.84–1.25) | 1.09 (0.85–1.38) |
Alcohol consumption | ||||||
Never/seldom | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Monthly |
0.83 (0.73–0.94)
| 0.86 (0.73–1.01) |
0.86 (0.74–0.99)
| 0.92 (0.76–1.10) | 0.81 (0.60–1.08) | 0.77 (0.53–1.11) |
Weekly |
0.85 (0.76–0.94)
|
0.86 (0.75–0.99)
| 0.89 (0.78–1.00) | 0.86 (0.73–1.02) | 0.93 (0.74–1.18) | 0.99 (0.73–1.34) |
Marital status | ||||||
Single | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Marriedd | 0.96 (0.86–1.06) | 1.03 (0.90–1.17) | 0.94 (0.83–1.05) | 1.02 (0.87–1.20) | 0.99 (0.82–1.19) | 1.02 (0.79–1.30) |
Men versus women
Migraine | MA | MO | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)a | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)a | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)a | |
School levelb | ||||||
Graduated 12th grade | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Graduated 9th grade |
1.43 (1.27–1.60)
|
1.44 (1.24–1.67)
|
1.26 (1.04–1.52)
|
1.35 (1.06–1.72)
|
1.54 (1.33–1.78)
|
1.49 (1.24–1.80)
|
Not graduated 9th grade |
1.98 (1.73–2.27)
|
3.08 (2.49–3.81)
|
1.74 (1.39–2.19)
|
2.42 (1.71–3.43)
|
2.10 (1.78–2.49)
|
3.58 (2.73–4.69)
|
Educational level | ||||||
Higher education >4 years | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Higher education ≤4 years |
0.40 (0.33–0.49)
|
0.39 (0.31–0.50)
|
0.41 (0.31–0.56)
|
0.41 (0.28–0.60)
|
0.39 (0.30–0.50)
|
0.38 (0.28–0.52)
|
Vocatinal education |
0.65 (0.54–0.78)
|
0.48 (0.38–0.62)
|
0.56 (0.42–0.74)
|
0.43 (0.29–0.65)
|
0.69 (0.54–0.88)
|
0.50 (0.36–0.70)
|
No education |
0.38 (0.31–0.47)
|
0.33 (0.25–0.45)
|
0.35 (0.25–0.50)
|
0.31 (0.19–0.51)
|
0.38 (0.29–0.51)
|
0.34 (0.23–0.50)
|
Employment status | ||||||
Employed | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Self-employed |
2.60 (2.16–3.14)
|
2.21 (1.74–2.81)
|
2.90 (2.12–3.98)
|
3.00 (2.00–4.51)
|
2.44 (1.93–3.08)
|
1.85 (1.38–2.49)
|
Homemakerc |
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
| – |
Retired |
0.79 (0.66–0.95)
| 0.86 (0.66–1.13) |
0.73 (0.54–0.99)
| 0.88 (0.58–1.35) | 0.86 (0.68–1.09) | 0.89 (0.62–1.26) |
Student |
0.59 (0.48–0.73)
|
0.68 (0.50–0.92)
|
0.59 (0.42–0.83)
| 0.77 (0.49–1.23) |
0.60 (0.46–0.79)
|
0.64 (0.43–0.95)
|
Unemployed |
0.51 (0.35–0.73)
|
0.55 (0.34–0.87)
|
0.42 (0.23–0.76)
|
0.45 (0.22–0.93)
|
0.61 (0.38–0.97)
| 0.70 (0.37–1.30) |
Physical work load | ||||||
Mainly seated | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Seated/standing or walking |
0.73 (0.65–0.82)
|
0.79 (0.68–0.92)
|
0.66 (0.55–0.80)
|
0.67 (0.52–0.85)
|
0.77 (0.66–0.89)
| 0.87 (0.72–1.06) |
Heavy physical work |
1.97 (1.64–2.38)
|
1.64 (1.26–2.13)
|
1.42 (1.03–1.97)
| 1.28 (0.82–2.02) |
2.31 (1.83–2.93)
|
1.87 (1.34–2.60)
|
Recreational physical activity | ||||||
No physical exercise | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Light physical exercise | 0.98 (0.86–1.12) | 0.98 (0.83–1.16) | 1.17 (0.93–1.46) | 1.16 (0.87–1.56) | 0.90 (0.76–1.06) | 0.90 (0.73–1.11) |
Heavy physical exercise |
1.67 (1.42–1.95)
|
1.75 (1.42–2.15)
|
1.77 (1.35–2.33)
|
1.96 (1.37–2.81)
|
1.63 (1.34–1.98)
|
1.68 (1.30–2.18)
|
BMI | ||||||
Underweight |
0.22 (0.13–0.36)
|
0.32 (0.18–0.58)
|
0.29 (0.13–0.64)
| 0.46 (0.20–1.07) |
0.18 (0.09–0.36)
|
0.22 (0.09–0.53)
|
Normal weight | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Overweight |
2.29 (2.05–2.55)
|
2.39 (2.07–2.76)
|
2.36 (1.96–2.83)
|
2.21 (1.74–2.80)
|
2.24 (1.95–2.56)
|
2.50 (2.09–3.00)
|
Obese class I–III |
1.42 (1.19–1.68)
|
1.74 (1.37–2.20)
| 1.29 (0.96–1.75) |
1.57 (1.05–2.34)
|
1.47 (1.19–1.82)
|
1.82 (1.36–2.45)
|
Smoking status | ||||||
Non-smoker | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Former smoker |
1.25 (1.10–1.42)
| 1.09 (0.92–1.29) |
1.27 (1.03–1.56)
| 1.24 (0.94–1.62) |
1.25 (1.07–1.46)
| 1.01 (0.82–1.25) |
Current smoker |
1.20 (1.08–1.34)
|
1.17 (1.01–1.36)
| 1.18 (0.98–1.42) | 1.27 (0.99–1.63) |
1.22 (1.06–1.40)
| 1.12 (0.92–1.35) |
Alcohol consumption | ||||||
Never/seldom | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Monthly |
1.65 (1.41–1.92)
|
1.79 (1.46–2.20)
|
1.57 (1.20–2.04)
|
1.54 (1.09–2.18)
|
1.66 (1.37–2.01)
|
1.92 (1.48–2.49)
|
Weekly |
3.23 (2.84–3.66)
|
3.39 (2.84–4.04)
|
3.31 (2.68–4.09)
|
3.41 (2.55–4.54)
|
3.14 (2.68–3.69)
|
3.38 (2.71–4.22)
|
Marital status | ||||||
Single | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Marriedd | 0.93 (0.84–1.04) |
0.85 (0.73–0.99)
| 0.96 (0.81–1.15) | 0.81 (0.63–1.04) | 0.91 (0.80–1.34) | 0.89 (0.73–1.07) |