Background
Methods
Participants
MCR diagnosis
Frailty assessment
Other covariates
Statistical analysis
Results
Enrolment, prevalence rates and characteristics of the total sample
Total (n = 429) | Males (n = 257) | Females (n = 172) | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years (mean ± SD) | 76.7 ± 7.7 | 77.4 ± 8.0 | 75.7 ± 7.2 | 0.027 |
High school and above, n (%) | 283 (66.0) | 179 (69.6) | 104 (60.5) | 0.049 |
Married, n (%) | 340 (79.3) | 221 (86.0) | 119 (69.2) | < 0.001 |
Current or former smoker, n (%) | 100 (23.3) | 100 (38.9) | 0 (0) | < 0.001 |
Current or former drinker, n (%) | 99 (23.1) | 93 (36.2) | 6 (3.5) | < 0.001 |
BMI (mean ± SD, kg/m2) | 23.7 ± 3.2 | 23.8 ± 3.0 | 23.5 ± 3.5 | 0.312 |
History of diabetes, n (%) | 101 (23.5) | 64 (24.9) | 37 (21.5) | 0.417 |
History of cerebrovascular diseases, n (%) | 129 (30.1) | 78 (30.4) | 51 (29.7) | 0.877 |
History of hypertension, n (%) | 325 (75.8) | 199 (77.4) | 126 (73.3) | 0.323 |
History of coronary artery disease, n (%) | 141 (32.9) | 85 (33.1) | 56 (32.6) | 0.911 |
Comorbidities (≥ 5 diseases), n (%) | 259 (60.4) | 157 (61.1) | 102 (59.3) | 0.711 |
Polypharmacy (≥ 5 drugs), n (%) | 198 (46.2) | 118 (45.9) | 80 (46.5) | 0.903 |
Fall history in the past year, n (%) | 69 (16.1) | 41 (16.0) | 28 (16.3) | 0.928 |
Grip strength, (mean ± SD, kg) | 30.6 ± 9.4 | 35.5 ± 8.1 | 23.3 ± 5.5 | < 0.001 |
Four-meter usual gait speed (mean ± SD, m/s) | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 0.622 |
Depressive symptoms from GDS-15 (mean ± SD, scores) | 2.2 ± 2.4 | 1.8 ± 2.1 | 2.9 ± 2.8 | < 0.001 |
MMSE (mean ± SD, scores) | 27.4 ± 1.9 | 27.3 ± 1.9 | 27.5 ± 1.8 | 0.145 |
Frailty for CFS ≥ 5, n (%) | 64 (14.9) | 38 (14.8) | 26 (15.1) | 0.925 |
Comparing variables between groups
Healthy control (n = 301) | Subjective cognitive complaints only (n = 68) | Slow gait only (n = 43) | MCR (n = 17) | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years (mean ± SD) | 76.6 ± 7.6 | 75.7 ± 7.8 | 79.1 ± 7.7 | 76.7 ± 8.7 | 0.156 |
Male, n (%) | 189 (62.8) | 34 (50.0) | 27 (62.8) | 7 (41.2) | 0.092 |
High school and above, n (%) | 207 (68.8) | 40 (58.8) | 28 (65.1) | 8 (47.1) | 0.150 |
Married, n (%) | 239 (79.4) | 58 (85.3) | 29 (67.4) | 14 (82.4) | 0.154 |
Current or former smoker, n (%) | 73 (24.3) | 15 (22.1) | 9 (20.9) | 3 (17.6) | 0.885 |
Current or former drinker, n (%) | 74 (24.6) | 13 (19.1) | 9 (20.9) | 3 (17.6) | 0.710 |
BMI (mean ± SD, kg/m2) | 23.7 ± 3.0 | 22.8 ± 3.1 | 24.5 ± 3.8 | 24.4 ± 4.5 | 0.032 |
History of diabetes, n (%) | 76 (25.2) | 8 (11.8) | 13 (30.2) | 4 (23.5) | 0.079 |
History of cerebrovascular diseases, n (%) | 86 (28.6) | 19 (27.9) | 15 (34.9) | 9 (52.9) | 0.160 |
History of hypertension, n (%) | 223 (74.1) | 52 (76.5) | 36 (83.7) | 14 (82.4) | 0.500 |
History of coronary artery disease, n (%) | 93 (30.9) | 24 (35.3) | 15 (34.9) | 9 (52.9) | 0.273 |
Comorbidities (≥ 5 diseases), n (%) | 176 (58.5) | 42 (61.8) | 29 (67.4) | 12 (70.6) | 0.542 |
Polypharmacy (≥ 5 drugs), n (%) | 132 (43.9) | 27 (39.7) | 27 (62.8) | 12 (70.6) | 0.014 |
Fall history in the past year, n (%) | 50 (16.6) | 10 (14.7) | 8 (18.6) | 1 (5.9) | 0.643 |
Grip strength, (mean ± SD, kg) | 31.8 ± 9.2 | 29.7 ± 8.8 | 26.8 ± 9.7 | 23.0 ± 6.8 | < 0.001 |
Four-meter usual gait speed (mean ± SD, m/s) | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | < 0.001 |
Depressive symptoms from GDS-15 (mean ± SD, scores) | 1.6 ± 2.0 | 4.0 ± 2.7 | 2.7 ± 2.4 | 5.1 ± 2.9 | < 0.001 |
MMSE (mean ± SD, scores) | 27.6 ± 1.8 | 27.2 ± 1.8 | 26.9 ± 2.0 | 25.7 ± 1.7 | < 0.001 |
Frailty for CFS ≥ 5, n (%) | 33 (11.0) | 7 (10.3) | 16 (37.2) | 8 (47.1) | < 0.001 |
The association between MCR and frailty
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR(95%CI) | P-value | OR(95%CI) | P-value | OR(95%CI) | P-value | |
Healthy control | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
Subjective cognitive complaints only | 0.93 (0.39–2.21) | 0.873 | 1.03 (0.41–2.56) | 0.952 | 0.76 (0.26–2.26) | 0.619 |
Slow gait only | 4.81 (2.35–9.85) | < 0.001 | 4.36 (1.94–9.80) | < 0.001 | 3.40 (1.40–8.23) | 0.007 |
MCR | 7.22 (2.61–19.99) | < 0.001 | 9.98 (2.88–34.59) | < 0.001 | 5.53 (1.46–20.89) | 0.012 |