Background
Methods
Study participants
Data collection
Exposure assessment
Outcome assessment
Covariable assessment
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics | n | Perceived walkability | Leisure-time physical activity/week | Transport-related physical activity/week | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Better | Worse | No | <150 min | > = 150 min | No | <150 min | > = 150 min | ||
Gender | |||||||||
Women | 8023 | 42.8 | 57.2 | 48.0 | 20.5 | 31.4 | 27.7 | 39.6 | 32.6 |
Men | 6726 | 44.9 | 55.1 | 37.0 | 23.1 | 40.0 | 24.4 | 39.2 | 36.5 |
Education | |||||||||
< Elementary | 869 | 35.1 | 64.9 | 57.9 | 19.7 | 22.4 | 17.3 | 40.4 | 42.3 |
Elementary | 1002 | 35.3 | 64.7 | 53.3 | 20.7 | 26.0 | 19.1 | 40.9 | 40.0 |
Secondary | 5091 | 36.1 | 63.9 | 52.0 | 19.5 | 28.5 | 21.5 | 36.8 | 41.6 |
University graduate | 2345 | 43.8 | 56.2 | 30.5 | 24.4 | 45.1 | 32.4 | 41.6 | 26.0 |
Postgraduate | 5442 | 53.8 | 46.2 | 42.6 | 21.3 | 36.1 | 28.3 | 39.0 | 32.7 |
Median age (years) | 51.0 | 52.0 | 51.0 | 51.0 | 52.0 | 52.0 | 51.0 | 51.0 | 52.0 |
Mean per capita income (R$) | 1751.00 | 1984.71 | 1569.44 | 1431.50 | 1857.57 | 2074.45 | 1958.87 | 1783.45 | 1555.48 |
Mean years residence in the neighbourhood | 17.2 | 15.9 | 18.3 | 17.7 | 16.7 | 16.9 | 16.3 | 16.8 | 18.3 |
Characteristics | n | Perceived availability of healthy food | Frequency of fruit consumption | Frequency of vegetable consumption | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Better | Worse | > Once/day | Daily | Weekly | Rare | > Once/day | Daily | Weekly | Rare | ||
Gender | |||||||||||
Female | 8023 | 56.7 | 43.3 | 27.9 | 45.3 | 17.6 | 9.2 | 16.9 | 51.3 | 20.9 | 10.9 |
Male | 6726 | 56.2 | 43.8 | 16.1 | 40.3 | 25.7 | 17.9 | 12.2 | 44.0 | 25.9 | 17.9 |
Education | |||||||||||
< Elementary | 869 | 58.2 | 41.8 | 19.8 | 36.7 | 21.4 | 22.1 | 14.2 | 32.6 | 29.5 | 23.7 |
Elementary | 1002 | 55.8 | 44.2 | 18.4 | 38.2 | 23.8 | 19.6 | 13.5 | 35.6 | 28.1 | 22.8 |
Secondary | 5091 | 54.0 | 46.0 | 18.7 | 42.4 | 23.0 | 16.0 | 13.2 | 42.7 | 26.0 | 18.1 |
University graduate | 2345 | 53.6 | 46.4 | 20.4 | 45.5 | 22.2 | 11.9 | 13.5 | 49.3 | 24.6 | 12.5 |
Postgraduate | 5442 | 59.9 | 40.1 | 28.3 | 44.5 | 18.7 | 8.5 | 17.1 | 57.0 | 18.0 | 7.9 |
Median age (years) | 51.0 | 52.0 | 50.0 | 54.0 | 52.0 | 49.0 | 50.0 | 52.0 | 52.0 | 51.0 | 50.0 |
Mean per capita income (R$) | 1751.00 | 1847.10 | 1626.22 | 2071.99 | 1808.04 | 1529.64 | 1371.99 | 1856.81 | 1957.76 | 1535.36 | 1290.80 |
Mean years residence in the neighbourhood | 17.2 | 17.5 | 16.8 | 18.1 | 17.2 | 16.3 | 17.2 | 17.6 | 17.0 | 17.1 | 17.9 |
Variables | Leisure-time physical activity | Transport-related physical activity | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<150 | > = 150 | <150 | > = 150 | |||||
OR | CI(95 %) | OR | CI(95 %) | OR | CI(95 %) | OR | CI(95 %) | |
Model 1 | ||||||||
Walkability (better) |
1.57
|
1.44 – 1.71
|
1.98
|
1.84 – 2.14
| 1.02 | 0.94 – 1.11 | 1.03 | 0.95 – 1.12 |
Model 2: Model 1 + age | ||||||||
Walkability (better) |
1.56
|
1.43 – 1.70
|
1.97
|
1.83 – 2.12
| 1.01 | 0.93 – 1.10 | 1.02 | 0.94 – 1.11 |
Age | 1.01 | 1.00 – 1.01 |
1.02
|
1.01 – 1.02
| 1.01 | 1.00 – 1.01 |
1.02
|
1.01 – 1.02
|
Model 3: Model 2 + gender | ||||||||
Walkability (better) |
1.56
|
1.43 – 1.70
|
1.97
|
1.82 – 2.12
| 1.01 | 0.93 – 1.10 | 1.01 | 0.93 – 1.10 |
Age | 1.01 | 1.00 – 1.01 |
1.02
|
1.01 – 1.02
| 1.01 | 1.00 – 1.01 |
1.02
|
1.01 – 1.02
|
Gender (male) |
1.46
|
1.34 – 1.59
|
1.65
|
1.53 – 1.77
|
1.12
|
1.04 – 1.22
|
1.27
|
1.17 – 1.38
|
Model 4: Model 3 + education | ||||||||
Walkability (better) |
1.42
|
1.30 – 1.55
|
1.73
|
1.60 – 1.87
| 1.07 | 0.99 – 1.17 |
1.17
|
1.08 – 1.28
|
Age |
1.01
|
1.01 – 1.02
|
1.02
|
1.02 – 1.02
| 1.01 | 1.00 – 1.01 |
1.02
|
1.01 – 1.02
|
Gender (male) |
1.51
|
1.39 – 1.65
|
1.75
|
1.62 – 1.90
|
1.11
|
1.02 – 1.20
|
1.27
|
1.16 – 1.38
|
Education (Elementary complete) | 1.21 | 0.96 – 1.54 |
1.39
|
1.11 – 1.74
| 0.94 | 0.73 – 1.22 | 0.91 | 0.70 – 1.18 |
(Secondary complete) |
1.31
|
1.08 – 1.59
|
1.83
|
1.52 – 2.20
|
0.79
|
0.64 – 0.98
| 0.94 | 0.76 – 1.16 |
(University graduate) |
2.59
|
2.14 – 3.15
|
4.37
|
3.64 – 5.24
|
0.57
|
0.47 – 0.70
|
0.36
|
0.29 – 0.44
|
(Postgraduate) |
1.78
|
1.44 – 2.20
|
2.89
|
2.37 – 3.51
|
0.64
|
0.51 – 0.80
|
0.56
|
0.45 – 0.70
|
Model 5: Model 4 + income | ||||||||
Walkability (better) |
1.40
|
1.28 – 1.52
|
1.69
|
1.57 – 1.83
| 1.08 | 0.99 – 1.17 |
1.19
|
1.09 – 1.30
|
Age | 1.01 | 1.00 – 1.01 |
1.01
|
1.01 – 1.02
| 1.01 | 1.00 – 1.01 |
1.02
|
1.02 – 1.03
|
Gender (male) |
1.53
|
1.41 – 1.68
|
1.80
|
1.66 – 1.94
|
1.10
|
1.01 – 1.20
|
1.25
|
1.15 – 1.36
|
Education (Elementary complete) | 1.18 | 0.93 – 1.50 |
1.34
|
1.07 – 1.67
| 0.95 | 0.74 – 1.23 | 0.93 | 0.72 – 1.20 |
(Secondary complete) |
1.22
|
1.01 – 1.48
|
1.65
|
1.37 – 1.98
| 0.81 | 0.66 – 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.80 – 1.22 |
(University graduate) |
1.98
|
1.61 – 2.44
|
2.98
|
2.46 – 3.62
|
0.63
|
0.51 – 0.78
|
0.44
|
0.35 – 0.55
|
(Postgraduate) |
1.51
|
1.22 – 1.87
|
2.28
|
1.86 – 2.79
|
0.68
|
0.54 – 0.85
|
0.64
|
0.51 – 0.80
|
Per capita income z-score |
1.22
|
1.15 – 1.29
|
1.32
|
1.25 – 1.38
|
0.94
|
0.90 – 0.99
|
0.87
|
0.83 – 0.92
|
Consumption of fruita
| ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Weekly | Daily | High | |||
OR | CI(95 %) | OR | CI(95 %) | OR | CI(95 %) | |
Model 1 | ||||||
Neighbourhood availability of healthy foods (better) |
1.01
|
0.91 – 1.14
|
1.37
|
1.24 – 1.52
|
1.65
|
1.47 – 1.84
|
Model 2: Model 1 + age | ||||||
Neighbourhood availability of healthy foods (better) |
1.02
|
0.91 – 1.14
|
1.31
|
1.18 – 1.45
|
1.53
|
1.36 – 1.71
|
Age | 1 | 0.99 – 1.00 | 1.03 | 1.02 – 1.04 | 1.05 | 1.04 – 1.05 |
Model 3: Model 2 + gender | ||||||
Neighbourhood availability of healthy foods (better) |
1.02
|
0.91 – 1.15
|
1.32
|
1.19 – 1.46
|
1.55
|
1.38 – 1.74
|
Age | 1 | 0.99 – 1.00 | 1.03 | 1.02 – 1.04 | 1.05 | 1.04 – 1.06 |
Gender (male) | 0.76 | 0.67 – 0.85 | 0.45 | 0.4 – 0.5 | 0.28 | 0.25 – 0.32 |
Model 4: Model 3 + education | ||||||
Neighbourhood availability of healthy foods (better) |
1.02
|
0.91 – 1.14
|
1.30
|
1.17 – 1.44
|
1.50
|
1.33 – 1.68
|
Age | 1.00 | 0.99 – 1.01 | 1.04 | 1.03 – 1.04 | 1.06 | 1.05 – 1.06 |
Gender (male) | 0.77 | 0.69 – 0.87 | 0.46 | 0.42 – 0.51 | 0.28 | 0.25 – 0.32 |
Education (Elementary complete) | 1.24 | 0.94 – 1.63 | 1.23 | 0.96 – 1.58 | 1.11 | 0.82 – 1.49 |
(Secondary complete) | 1.42 | 1.13 – 1.78 | 1.82 | 1.48 – 2.23 | 1.56 | 1.23 – 1.99 |
(University graduate) | 1.8 | 1.4 – 2.33 | 2.5 | 1.98 – 3.15 | 2.11 | 1.61 – 2.75 |
(Postgraduate) | 2.21 | 1.75 – 2.80 | 3.56 | 2.88 – 4.41 | 4.41 | 3.47 – 5.62 |
Model 5: Model 4 + standardised income score | ||||||
Neighbourhood availability of healthy foods (better) |
1.02
|
0.91 – 1.14
|
1.29
|
1.16 – 1.43
|
1.48
|
1.32 – 1.66
|
Age | 1 | 0.99 – 1.01 | 1.03 | 1.03 – 1.04 | 1.05 | 1.04 – 1.06 |
Gender (male) | 0.77 | 0.69 – 0.87 | 0.46 | 0.42 – 0.52 | 0.29 | 0.25 – 0.32 |
Education (Elementary complete) | 1.24 | 0.94 – 1.64 | 1.21 | 0.94 – 1.56 | 1.08 | 0.8 – 1.45 |
(Secondary complete) | 1.42 | 1.13 – 1.78 | 1.75 | 1.42 – 2.15 | 1.46 | 1.15 – 1.87 |
(University graduate) | 1.81 | 1.39 – 2.36 | 2.27 | 1.78 – 2.89 | 1.8 | 1.36 – 2.37 |
(Postgraduate) | 2.23 | 1.72 – 2.89 | 3.06 | 2.42 – 3.86 | 3.42 | 2.62 – 4.46 |
Per capita income z-score | 1 | 0.91 – 1.08 | 1.12 | 1.04 – 1.21 | 1.2 | 1.10 – 1.30 |
Variables | Consumption of vegetablesa
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weekly | Daily | High | ||||
OR | CI(95 %) | OR | CI(95 %) | OR | CI(95 %) | |
Model 1 | ||||||
Neighbourhood availability of healthy foods (better) |
1.11
|
0.99 – 1.23
|
1.37
|
1.25 – 1.52
|
1.57
|
1.39 – 1.77
|
Model 2: Model 1 + age | ||||||
Neighbourhood availability of healthy foods (better) |
1.10
|
0.98 – 1.22
|
1.34
|
1.21 – 1.48
|
1.53
|
1.35 – 1.73
|
Age | 1 | 1 – 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.01 – 1.02 | 1.02 | 1.01 – 1.02 |
Model 3: Model 2 + gender | ||||||
Neighbourhood availability of healthy foods (better) |
1.10
|
0.98 – 1.22
|
1.34
|
1.21 – 1.48
|
1.53
|
1.35 – 1.73
|
Age | 1 | 1 – 1.01 | 1.02 | 1.01 – 1.02 | 1.02 | 1.01 – 1.02 |
Gender (male) | 0.76 | 0.68 – 0.85 | 0.52 | 0.47 – 0.58 | 0.44 | 0.39 – 0.5 |
Model 4: Model 3 + education | ||||||
Neighbourhood availability of healthy foods (better) |
1.09
|
0.98 – 1.22
|
1.3
|
1.17 – 1.44
|
1.49
|
1.31 – 1.68
|
Age | 1.01 | 1 – 1.01 | 1.02 | 1.01 – 1.03 | 1.02 | 1.01 – 1.03 |
Gender (male) | 0.77 | 0.69 – 0.86 | 0.53 | 0.48 – 0.59 | 0.44 | 0.39 – 0.5 |
Education (Elementary complete) | 1 | 0.78 – 1.29 | 1.16 | 0.9 – 1.48 | 0.99 | 0.72 – 1.35 |
(Secondary complete) | 1.16 | 0.94 – 1.43 | 1.78 | 1.45 – 2.18 | 1.21 | 0.94 – 1.56 |
(University graduate) | 1.57 | 1.23 – 1.99 | 2.85 | 2.27 – 3.58 | 1.7 | 1.28 – 2.26 |
(Postgraduate) | 1.85 | 1.49 – 2.31 | 5.45 | 4.41 – 6.73 | 3.65 | 2.82 – 4.72 |
Model 5: Model 4 + standardised income score | ||||||
Neighbourhood availability of healthy foods (better) |
1.08
|
0.97 – 1.21
|
1.28
|
1.16 – 1.42
|
1.47
|
1.30 – 1.67
|
Age | 1.01 | 1 – 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.01 – 1.02 | 1.02 | 1.01 – 1.02 |
Gender (male) | 0.78 | 0.69 – 0.87 | 0.54 | 0.49 – 0.6 | 0.44 | 0.39 – 0.5 |
Education (Elementary complete) | 0.99 | 0.77 – 1.27 | 1.12 | 0.87 – 1.43 | 0.96 | 0.7 – 1.32 |
(Secondary complete) | 1.12 | 0.9 – 1.38 | 1.62 | 1.32 – 1.99 | 1.13 | 0.88 – 1.46 |
(University graduate) | 1.41 | 1.1 – 1.81 | 2.29 | 1.81 – 2.91 | 1.45 | 1.08 – 1.94 |
(Postgraduate) | 1.56 | 1.22 – 2 | 3.83 | 3.04 – 4.84 | 2.81 | 2.12 – 3.73 |
Per capita income z-score | 1.14 | 1.05 – 1.25 | 1.30 | 1.21 – 1.41 | 1.23 | 1.12 – 1.34 |