Background
Methods
Study population
Skin autofluorescence
Data collection
Measurements
Statistical analysis
Results
Baseline characteristics and SAF data
Comparison between the high SAF and low SAF groups
High SAF(n = 159) | Low SAF(n = 160) | P value | |
---|---|---|---|
Age | 67.9 ± 10.4 | 60.6 ± 11.8 | < 0.01 |
Male (%) | 127 (79.9) | 129 (80.6) | 0.87 |
BMI | 23.7 ± 3.5 | 23.3 ± 3.3 | 0.38 |
Diabetes mellitus (%) | 69 (43.4) | 38 (23.8) | < 0.01 |
Hypertension (%) | 107 (67.3) | 102 (63.8) | 0.51 |
Dyslipidemia (%) | 86 (54.1) | 86 (53.8) | 0.95 |
Chronic kidney disease (%) | 46 (28.9) | 28 (17.6) | 0.02 |
Current smoking (%) | 22 (13.8) | 22 (13.8) | 1 |
COPD (%) | 14 (8.8) | 5 (3.1) | 0.03 |
Cancer (%) | 0 (0) | 3 (1.9) | 0.21 |
History of CVD | |||
MI (%) | 19 (12.0) | 16 (10.0) | 0.58 |
PCI (%) | 34 (21.4) | 22 (13.8) | 0.07 |
CABG (%) | 9 (5.7) | 6 (3.8) | 0.41 |
Valvular surgery (%) | 10 (6.3) | 6 (3.8) | 0.29 |
CHF (%) | 32 (20.1) | 27 (16.9) | 0.45 |
CVD at the beginning of CR | |||
Acute myocardial infarction (%) | 20 (12.6) | 19 (11.9) | 0.85 |
Effort angina pectoris (%) | 28 (17.6)) | 20 (12.5) | 0.20 |
PCI (%) | 28 (17.6) | 25 (15.6) | 0.63 |
CABG (%) | 45 (28.3) | 24 (15.0) | < 0.01 |
Valvular disease (%) | 58 (36.5) | 59 (36.9) | 0.94 |
Valvular surgery (%) | 47 (29.8) | 50 (31.3) | 0.77 |
Aortic disease (%) | 10 (6.3) | 13 (8.1) | 0.53 |
Peripheral artery disease (%) | 8 (5.0) | 3 (1.9) | 0.12 |
Atrial fibrillation (%) | 24 (15.1) | 26 (16.3) | 0.78 |
Anthropometric data | |||
Body fat percentage (%) | 23.4 ± 7.7 | 21.4 ± 8.5 | 0.03 |
Lean body weight (kg) | 48.6 ± 8.4 | 50.1 ± 8.7 | 0.13 |
Trunk muscle mass (kg) | 24.8 ± 3.9 | 25.7 ± 4.2 | 0.06 |
Upper limb muscle mass (kg) | 4.6 ± 1.0 | 4.8 ± 1.0 | 0.15 |
Lower limb muscle mass (kg) | 16.6 ± 4.0 | 17.1 ± 3.5 | 0.32 |
Grip strength (kg) | 29.9 ± 8.2 | 32.3 ± 8.4 | 0.04 |
Echocardiography | |||
LVEF (%) | 56 ± 14 | 57 ± 15 | 0.74 |
E/A | 1.3 ± 0.9 | 1.4 ± 0.9 | 0.42 |
E/e’ | 14.1 ± 0.7 | 13.0 ± 0.7 | 0.28 |
Laboratory data | |||
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.3 ± 1.9 | 13.9 ± 1.7 | < 0.01 |
Albumin (g/dL) | 3.9 ± 0.4 | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 0.03 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.11 ± 1.4 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | < 0.01 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 70.1 ± 25.7 | 77.2 ± 19.4 | < 0.01 |
TG (mg/dL) | 114 ± 63 | 130 ± 87 | 0.07 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 49 ± 15 | 50 ± 16 | 0.68 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 100 ± 28 | 100 ± 30 | 0.88 |
HbA1c (%) | 6.1 ± 0.8 | 5.8 ± 0.6 | < 0.01 |
BNP (pg/nL) | 200.6 ± 516.0 | 160 ± 287 | 0.40 |
Skin autofluorescence (a.u) | 3.3 ± 0.4 | 2.4 ± 0.3 | < 0.01 |
Medication | |||
Aspirin (%) | 130 (82.3) | 12 (78.1) | 0.35 |
ACE-I/ARB (%) | 66 (41.8) | 62 (38.8) | 0.58 |
Statin (%) | 106 (67.1) | 87 (54.4) | 0.02 |
β blocker (%) | 116 (73.4) | 116 (72.5) | 0.85 |
Ca antagonist (%) | 29 (18.4) | 21 (13.1) | 0.20 |
Loop diuretics (%) | 110 (69.6) | 108 (67.5) | 0.68 |
Oral hypoglycemic agent (%) | 35 (22.2) | 13 (8.1) | < 0.01 |
Insulin (%) | 14 (8.9) | 0 (0) | < 0.01 |
Anaerobic threshold (AT) | |||
Workload (W) | 43 ± 14 | 49 ± 15 | < 0.01 |
AT (mL/kg/min) | 10.7 ± 2.2 | 11.8 ± 2.5 | < 0.01 |
Peak exercise | |||
HR (/min) | 111 ± 19 | 116 ± 20 | 0.03 |
SBP (mmHg) | 178 ± 30 | 173 ± 31 | 0.16 |
DBP (mmHg) | 86 ± 17 | 87 ± 17 | 0.41 |
RER | 1.12 ± 0.11 | 1.11 ± 0.10 | 0.18 |
Workload (W) | 77 ± 20 | 86 ± 21 | < 0.01 |
Peak VO2 (mL/kg/min) | 15.6 ± 3.5 | 17.2 ± 3.8 | < 0.01 |
VE/VCO2 | 32.4 ± 7.5 | 29.5 ± 6.5 | < 0.01 |
Comparison between the diabetes and non-diabetes groups
Association between SAF levels and reduced EC
Variables | Univariate | Multivariate | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds ratio | 95% CI | P value | Odds ratio | 95% CI | P value | |
Age | 1.05 | 1.03–1.08 | < 0.01 | 1.04 | 1.00–1.09 | 0.04 |
Female | 1.82 | 1.01–3.22 | < 0.05 | 0.97 | 0.31–2.96 | 0.96 |
BMI | 1.08 | 1.01–1.17 | < 0.05 | 0.98 | 0.83–1.15 | 0.76 |
Diabetes mellitus | 2.64 | 1.61–4.38 | < 0.01 | 1.56 | 0.74–3.26 | 0.24 |
Atrial fibrillation | 3.99 | 2.15–7.52 | < 0.01 | 1.48 | 0.55–3.90 | 0.43 |
Albumin | 0.45 | 0.26–0.77 | < 0.01 | 1.22 | 0.56–2.72 | 0.62 |
eGFR | 0.97 | 0.96–0.99 | < 0.01 | 0.99 | 0.97–1.01 | 0.18 |
BNP | 1.00 | 1.00–1.002 | < 0.01 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.00 | 0.73 |
E/e’ | 1.06 | 1.02–1.10 | < 0.01 | 1.05 | 1.00–1.10 | 0.04 |
Body fat percentage | 1.09 | 1.05–1.13 | < 0.01 | 1.07 | 0.99–1.16 | 0.054 |
HDL cholesterol | 0.98 | 0.96–0.99 | < 0.05 | 0.98 | 0.96–1.01 | 0.14 |
Aspirin | 0.46 | 0.26–0.83 | < 0.01 | 0.57 | 0.20–1.63 | 0.29 |
SAF | 2.63 | 1.72–4.13 | < 0.01 | 2.10 | 1.13–4.05 | 0.02 |