The purposes of this study were to evaluate the relationship between risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cardiac mass and function on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and to investigate possible risk factors for silent myocardial infarction (SMI) in an asymptomatic Asian population. We included 647 asymptomatic subjects (485 males, mean age 54.8 ± 6.7 years; 162 females, mean age 55.2 ± 7.6 years) who underwent 1.5-T cardiac MRI during a health checkup. The association between biventricular functional parameters as evaluated on MRI and CVD risk factors was examined using multivariable regression and analysis of variance. The left ventricular mass-to-volume ratios were positively related to body mass index (β = 0.153, p < 0.001), systolic (β = 0.165, p = 0.001) and diastolic (β = 0.147, p = 0.002) blood pressure, triglyceride levels (β = 0.197, p = 0.006), and C-reactive protein levels (β = 0.130, p < 0.001), and were negatively related to estimated glomerular filtration rates (β = −0.076, p = 0.025). No significant relationship was present between ventricular parameters and the presence of SMI after adjusting for confounders. The prevalence (6.9 %, 7/101) of SMI in diabetics was significantly greater than that in non-diabetics patients (0.9 %, 5/546; confidence interval 1.739–12.848; p < 0.001). Traditional CVD risk factors are associated with ventricular mass, geometry and function in asymptomatic subjects. Silent MI may not independently influence ventricular mass and function and diabetes mellitus may contribute to the development of SMI.