Background
Methods
Study design and participants
Data collection
Measurements
Statistical analysis
Results
Sociodemographic, clinical and behavioral factors of study participants
Characteristics | Total (n = 8090) | Car or Taxi (n = 2325) | Walking (n = 957) | Cycling (n = 933) | Bus (n = 1937) | Subway (n = 1938) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender (male), n (%) | 4541 (56.13) | 1452 (31.98) | 512 (11.28) | 610 (13.43) | 1003 (22.09) | 964 (21.23) | < 0.0001 |
Age (years) | 37 (31–46) | 39.00 (33.00–47.00) | 36.00 (28.00–47.00) | 40.00 (33.00–48.00) | 37.00 (30.00–47.00) | 34.00 (29.00–40.00) | < 0.0001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.9 (21.40–26.40) | 24.40 (22.00–27.10) | 23.50 (21.20–26.00) | 24.50 (22.00–26.80) | 23.60 (21.20–26.00) | 23.40 (21.10–26.00) | < 0.0001 |
MAP (mmHg) | 93.33 (83.33–100.00) | 93.33 (86.67–100.67) | 93.33 (83.33–100.00) | 93.33 (90.00–103.33) | 93.33 (84.00–100.00) | 90.00 (83.33–96.67) | < 0.0001 |
FPG (mmol/L) | 5.13 (4.83–5.49) | 5.18 (4.87–5.54) | 5.11 (4.81–5.49) | 5.18 (4.89–5.55) | 5.12 (4.81–5.49) | 5.07 (4.79–5.39) | < 0.0001 |
TC (mmol/L) | 4.63 (4.09–5.23) | 4.76 (4.21–5.34) | 4.59 (4.00–5.24) | 4.60 (4.06–5.21) | 4.61 (4.09–5.22) | 4.53 (4.03–5.14) | < 0.0001 |
TGs (mmol/L) | 1.10 (0.74–1.71) | 1.28 (0.82–1.96) | 1.00 (0.71–1.54) | 1.12 (0.77–1.78) | 1.04 (0.73–1.64) | 1.02 (0.70–1.52) | < 0.0001 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.24 (1.06–1.46) | 1.21 (1.03–1.42) | 1.28 (1.10–1.49) | 1.23 (1.04–1.44) | 1.26 (1.09–1.47) | 1.26 (1.07–1.48) | < 0.0001 |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.77 (2.31–3.31) | 2.85 (2.38–3.41) | 2.77 (2.29–3.33) | 2.73 (2.27–3.28) | 2.77 (2.29–3.31) | 2.71 (2.27–3.18) | < 0.0001 |
Non-HDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.35 (2.80–3.98) | 3.52 (2.93–4.14) | 3.27 (2.74–3.90) | 3.33 (2.77–3.99) | 3.32 (2.78–3.95) | 3.25 (2.74–3.83) | < 0.0001 |
Commuting time (hours) | 1.00 (0.50–1.00) | 1.00 (0.50–1.00) | 0.50 (0.20–0.50) | 0.50 (0.50–1.00) | 1.00 (1.00–1.50) | 1.00 (1.00–1.50) | < 0.0001 |
Dyslipidemia (n, %) | 2419 (29.90) | 836 (35.96) | 272 (28.42) | 275 (29.47) | 520 (26.85) | 516 (26.63) | < 0.0001 |
Elevated TC (n, %) | 426 (5.27) | 148 (6.37) | 59 (6.17) | 42 (4.50) | 93 (4.80) | 84 (4.33) | 0.0141 |
Elevated TGs (n, %) | 1120 (13.84) | 432 (18.58) | 102 (10.66) | 126 (13.50) | 250 (12.91) | 210 (10.84) | < 0.0001 |
Elevated LDL-C (n, %) | 595 (7.35) | 220 (9.46) | 74 (7.73) | 62 (6.65) | 126 (6.50) | 113 (5.83) | 0.0001 |
Reduced HDL-C (n, %) | 1481 (18.31) | 528 (22.71) | 158 (16.51) | 172 (18.44) | 301 (15.54) | 322 (16.62) | 0.0001 |
Elevated non-HDL-C (n, %) | 441 (5.45) | 166 (7.14) | 53 (5.54) | 41 (4.39) | 97 (5.01) | 84 (4.33) | 0.0004 |
Age group (n, %) | < 0.0001 | ||||||
< 45 years old | 5812 (71.84) | 1577 (67.83) | 665 (69.49) | 623 (66.77) | 1297 (66.96) | 1650 (85.14) | |
≥ 45 years old | 2278 (28.16) | 748 (32.17) | 292 (30.51) | 310 (33.23) | 640 (33.04) | 288 (14.86) | |
BMI group | < 0.0001 | ||||||
< 28 kg/m2 | 6997 (86.49) | 1948 (83.78) | 840 (87.77) | 790 (84.67) | 1702 (87.87) | 1717 (88.60) | |
≥ 28 kg/m2 | 1093 (13.51) | 377 (16.22) | 117 (12.23) | 143 (15.33) | 235 (12.13) | 221 (11.40) | |
Education level (n, %) | < 0.0001 | ||||||
High school or lower | 963 (11.90) | 177 (7.61) | 185 (19.33) | 212 (22.72) | 271 (13.99) | 118 (6.09) | |
College | 5228 (64.62) | 1652 (71.05) | 572 (59.77) | 537 (57.56) | 1232 (63.60) | 1235 (63.73) | |
Graduate degree or above | 1899 (23.47) | 496 (21.33) | 200 (20.90) | 184 (19.72) | 434 (22.41) | 585 (30.19) |
Characteristics | Total (n = 8090) | Car or Taxi (n = 2325) | Walking (n = 957) | Cycling (n = 933) | Bus (n = 1937) | Subway (n = 1938) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Self–reported work stress (n, %) | < 0.0001 | ||||||
Low | 1155 (14.28) | 292 (12.56) | 154 (16.09) | 155 (16.61) | 323 (16.68) | 231 (11.92) | |
Moderate | 3580 (44.25) | 989 (42.54) | 445 (46.50) | 398 (42.66) | 840 (43.37) | 908 (46.85) | |
High | 3355 (41.47) | 1044 (44.90) | 358 (37.41) | 380 (40.73) | 774 (39.96) | 799 (41.23) | |
Physical activity frequency (n, %) | < 0.0001 | ||||||
Less than once every week | 4078 (50.41) | 1158 (49.81) | 346 (36.15) | 417 (44.69) | 1065 (54.98) | 1092 (56.35) | |
More than once every week | 2545 (31.46) | 793 (34.11) | 301 (31.45) | 285 (30.55) | 558 (28.81) | 608 (31.37) | |
More than once every day | 1467 (18.13) | 374 (16.09) | 310 (32.39) | 231 (24.76) | 314 (16.21) | 238 (12.28) | |
Physical activity intensity (n, %) | < 0.0001 | ||||||
Mild (walking, Tai Chi, dancing) | 5525 (68.29) | 1579 (67.91) | 596 (62.28) | 549 (58.84) | 1408 (72.69) | 1393 (71.88) | |
Moderate (jogging, cycling, climbing) | 1869 (23.10) | 500 (21.51) | 252 (26.33) | 300 (32.15) | 413 (21.32) | 404 (20.85) | |
Vigorous (swimming, playing ball games, rope skipping) | 696 (8.60) | 246 (10.58) | 109 (11.39) | 84 (9.00) | 116 (5.99) | 141 (7.28) | |
Sleep duration (n, %) | < 0.0001 | ||||||
< 6 h/day | 7212 (89.15) | 2036 (87.57) | 843 (88.09) | 842 (90.25) | 1708 (88.18) | 1783 (92.00) | |
≥ 6 h/day | 878 (10.85) | 289 (12.43) | 114 (11.91) | 91 (9.75) | 229 (11.82) | 155 (8.00) | |
Current or previous smoker (n, %) | 1957 (24.19) | 766 (32.95) | 211 (22.05) | 254 (27.22) | 381 (19.67) | 345 (17.80) | < 0.0001 |
Current or previous alcohol consumption (n, %) | 3240 (40.05) | 1076 (46.28) | 371 (38.77) | 404 (43.30) | 706 (36.45) | 683 (35.24) | < 0.0001 |
High vegetable intake (n, %) | 1014 (12.53) | 265 (11.40) | 127 (13.27) | 108 (11.58) | 249 (12.85) | 265 (13.67) | 0.1666 |
Excessive meat intake (n, %) | 1086 (13.42) | 389 (16.73) | 102 (10.66) | 118 (12.65) | 220 (11.36) | 257 (13.26) | < 0.0001 |
Excessive fat intake (n, %) | 387 (4.78) | 91 (3.91) | 52 (5.43) | 38 (4.07) | 89 (4.59) | 117 (6.04) | 0.0133 |
Excessive salt intake (n, %) | 1746 (21.58) | 522 (22.45) | 202 (21.11) | 218 (23.37) | 430 (22.20) | 374 (19.30) | 0.0534 |
Excessive sugar intake (n, %) | 722 (8.92) | 209 (8.99) | 72 (7.52) | 79 (8.47) | 186 (9.60) | 176 (9.08) | 0.4456 |
Medication history for hypertension (n, %) | 593 (7.33) | 206 (8.86) | 57 (5.96) | 86 (9.22) | 160 (8.26) | 84 (4.33) | < 0.0001 |
Medication history for diabetes (n, %) | 199 (2.46) | 69 (2.97) | 20 (2.09) | 40 (4.29) | 47 (2.43) | 23 (1.19) | < 0.0001 |
Medication history for dyslipidemia (n, %) | 168 (2.08) | 56 (2.41) | 17 (1.78) | 26 (2.79) | 39 (2.01) | 30 (1.55) | < 0.0001 |