Background
Methods
Data source and study design
Patients
Outcomes
Statistical analyses
Results
Demographics and baseline clinical characteristics
Categorisation 1
Characteristics | Non-high FeNO and non-high blood eosinophils (n = 27) | High FeNO and high blood eosinophils (n = 27) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||
n (% non-missing) | 27 (100.0) | 27 (100.0) | 1.0000 |
Male | 10 (37.0) | 10 (37.0) | |
Age | |||
n (% non-missing) | 27 (100.0) | 27 (100.0) | 0.9379 |
Mean (SD) | 43.5 (18.8) | 43.3 (19.0) | |
Median (IQR) | 41.0 (37.0) | 41.0 (37.0) | |
Age group | |||
n (% non-missing) | 27 (100.0) | 27 (100.0) | 1.0000 |
Under 35 | 12 (44.4) | 12 (44.4) | |
35–65 | 9 (33.3) | 9 (33.3) | |
66–80 | 6 (22.2) | 6 (22.2) | |
Smoking status | |||
n (% non-missing) | 27 (100.0) | 27 (100.0) | 0.7645 |
Non-smoker | 13 (48.1) | 14 (51.9) | |
Ex-smoker | 1 (3.7) | 2 (7.4) | |
Current smoker | 13 (48.1) | 11 (40.7) | |
BMI | |||
n (% non-missing) | 23 (85.2) | 26 (96.3) | 0.4346 |
Mean (SD) | 27.7 (7.2) | 26.9 (6.4) | |
Median (IQR) | 26.8 (5.5) | 25.5 (8.4) | |
Active eczema diagnosisa | |||
n (% non-missing) | 27 (100.0) | 27 (100.0) | 0.6387 |
Yes | 3 (11.1) | 2 (7.4) | |
Active rhinitis diagnosisa | |||
n (% non-missing) | 27 (100.0) | 27 (100.0) | 0.2482 |
Yes | 7 (25.9) | 11 (40.7) | |
Eczema diagnosis | |||
n (% non-missing) | 27 (100.0) | 27 (100.0) | 0.7801 |
Yes | 10 (37.0) | 11 (40.7) | |
Rhinitis diagnosis | |||
n (% non-missing) | 27 (100.0) | 27 (100.0) | 0.1628 |
Yes | 8 (29.6) | 13 (48.1) | |
IHD diagnosis | |||
n (% non-missing) | 27 (100.0) | 27 (100.0) | 0.5525 |
Yes | 2 (7.4) | 1 (3.7) | |
Heart failure diagnosis | |||
n (% non-missing) | 27 (100.0) | 27 (100.0) | |
Yes | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Hypertension diagnosis | |||
n (% non-missing) | 27 (100.0) | 27 (100.0) | 0.4436 |
Yes | 5 (18.5) | 3 (11.1) | |
Diabetes diagnosis | |||
n (% non-missing) | 27 (100.0) | 27 (100.0) | |
Yes | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
GERD active diagnosis | |||
n (% non-missing) | 27 (100.0) | 27 (100.0) | 0.3128 |
Yes | 1 (3.7) | 0 (0.0) | |
Predicted peak flow | |||
n (% non-missing) | 14 (51.9) | 20 (74.1) | 0.9721 |
Mean (SD) | 488.9 (53.4) | 505.8 (74.9) | |
Median (IQR) | 482.7 (47.2) | 478.3 (127.7) | |
ICS/LABA prescriptions per patient | |||
n (% non-missing) | 27 (100.0) | 27 (100.0) | 0.6546 |
Mean (SD) | 3.6 (4.3) | 3.2 (2.5) | |
Median (IQR) | 1.0 (7.0) | 3.0 (5.0) | |
Mono ICS prescriptions per patient | |||
n (% non-missing) | 27 (100.0) | 27 (100.0) | 0.4898 |
Mean (SD) | 1.2 (1.9) | 1.0 (2.2) | |
Median (IQR) | 0.0 (2.0) | 0.0 (1.0) | |
Mean daily SABA dosage (µg) | |||
n (% non-missing) | 27 (100.0) | 27 (100.0) | 0.5066 |
< 100 | 8 (29.6) | 6 (22.2) | |
100–200 | 11 (40.7) | 8 (29.6) | |
201–400 | 6 (22.2) | 8 (29.6) | |
> 400 | 2 (7.4) | 5 (18.5) | |
ICS adherenceb | |||
n (% non-missing) | 27 (100.0) | 27 (100.0) | 0.7158 |
Mean (SD) | 57.1 (39.3) | 52.3 (32.9) | |
Median (IQR) | 54.8 (54.8) | 49.3 (35.7) |
Characteristics | Non-high FeNO and non-high blood eosinophils (n = 200) | High FeNO or high blood eosinophils (n = 200) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||
n (% non-missing) | 200 (100.0) | 200 (100.0) | 1.0000 |
Male | 84 (42.0) | 84 (42.0) | |
Age | |||
n (% non-missing) | 200 (100.0) | 200 (100.0) | 0.9223 |
Mean (SD) | 51.7 (13.1) | 51.6 (13.2) | |
Median (IQR) | 54.0 (18.5) | 53.0 (19.5) | |
Age group | |||
n (% non-missing) | 200 (100.0) | 200 (100.0) | 0.4289 |
Under 35 | 24 (12.0) | 25 (12.5) | |
35–65 | 150 (75.0) | 140 (70.0) | |
66–80 | 26 (13.0) | 35 (17.5) | |
Smoking status | |||
n (% non-missing) | 200 (100.0) | 200 (100.0) | 1.0000 |
Non-smoker | 73 (36.5) | 73 (36.5) | |
Ex-smoker | 23 (11.5) | 23 (11.5) | |
Current smoker | 71 (35.5) | 71 (35.5) | |
BMI | |||
n (% non-missing) | 189 (94.5) | 191 (95.5) | 0.1025 |
Mean (SD) | 30.0 (6.9) | 29.1 (7.0) | |
Median (IQR) | 28.7 (8.1) | 27.8 (7.9) | |
Active eczema diagnosisa | |||
n (% non-missing) | 200 (100.0) | 200 (100.0) | 0.3347 |
Yes | 7 (3.5) | 11 (5.5) | |
Active rhinitis diagnosisa | |||
n (% non-missing) | 200 (100.0) | 200 (100.0) | 0.1056 |
Yes | 55 (27.5) | 70 (35.0) | |
Eczema diagnosis | |||
n (% non-missing) | 200 (100.0) | 200 (100.0) | 0.1284 |
Yes | 54 (27.0) | 68 (34.0) | |
Rhinitis diagnosis | |||
n (% non-missing) | 200 (100.0) | 200 (100.0) | 0.0858 |
Yes | 77 (38.5) | 94 (47.0) | |
IHD diagnosis | |||
n (% non-missing) | 200 (100.0) | 200 (100.0) | 1.0000 |
Yes | 9 (4.5) | 9 (4.5) | |
Heart failure diagnosis | |||
n (% non-missing) | 200 (100.0) | 200 (100.0) | 0.3167 |
Yes | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.5) | |
Hypertension diagnosis | |||
n (% non-missing) | 200 (100.0) | 200 (100.0) | 0.0592 |
Yes | 55 (27.5) | 39 (19.5) | |
Diabetes diagnosis | |||
n (% non-missing) | 200 (100.0) | 200 (100.0) | 0.8630 |
Yes | 19 (9.5) | 18 (9.0) | |
GERD active diagnosis | |||
n (% non-missing) | 200 (100.0) | 200 (100.0) | 0.0630 |
Yes | 35 (17.5) | 22 (11.0) | |
Predicted peak flow | |||
n (% non-missing) | 105 (52.5) | 110 (55.0) | 0.7422 |
Mean (SD) | 516.0 (73.2) | 519.4 (75.8) | |
Median (IQR) | 485.8 (134.7) | 487.6 (137.8) | |
ICS/LABA prescriptions per patient | |||
n (% non-missing) | 200 (100.0) | 200 (100.0) | 0.4736 |
Mean (SD) | 4.1 (4.0) | 4.1 (3.7) | |
Median (IQR) | 3.0 (5.0) | 3.5 (5.0) | |
Mono ICS prescriptions per patient | |||
n (% non-missing) | 200 (100.0) | 200 (100.0) | 0.0112 |
Mean (SD) | 1.4 (2.7) | 0.6 (1.6) | |
Median (IQR) | 0.0 (1.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | |
Mean daily SABA dosage (µg) | |||
n (% non-missing) | 200 (100.0) | 200 (100.0) | 0.2808 |
< 100 | 67 (33.5) | 83 (41.5) | |
100–200 | 58 (29.0) | 47 (23.5) | |
201–400 | 45 (22.5) | 47 (23.5) | |
> 400 | 30 (15.0) | 23 (11.5) | |
ICS adherenceb | |||
n (% non-missing) | 200 (100.0) | 200 (100.0) | 0.1931 |
Mean (SD) | 72.2 (72.7) | 63.3 (53.3) | |
Median (IQR) | 61.7 (64.4) | 52.0 (61.7) |
Categorisation 2
Characteristics | Non-high FeNO and non-high blood eosinophils (n = 186) | Non-high FeNO and high blood eosinophils (n = 186) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||
n (% non-missing) | 186 (100.0) | 186 (100.0) | 1.0000 |
Male | 77 (41.4) | 77 (41.4) | |
Age | |||
n (% non-missing) | 186 (100.0) | 186 (100.0) | 0.9834 |
Mean (SD) | 51.9 (13.1) | 51.8 (13.7) | |
Median (IQR) | 55.0 (20.0) | 53.5 (20.0) | |
Age group | |||
n (% non-missing) | 186 (100.0) | 186 (100.0) | 0.1919 |
Under 35 | 22 (11.8) | 24 (12.9) | |
35–65 | 141 (75.8) | 127 (68.3) | |
44–80 | 23 (12.4) | 35 (18.8) | |
Smoking status | |||
n (% non-missing) | 186 (100.0) | 186 (100.0) | 1.0000 |
Non-smoker | 67 (36.0) | 67 (36.0) | |
Ex-smoker | 22 (11.8) | 22 (11.8) | |
Current smoker | 67 (36.0) | 67 (36.0) | |
BMI | |||
n (% non-missing) | 184 (98.4) | 184 (98.4) | 0.0492 |
Mean (SD) | 30.1 (6.3) | 29.0 (6.7) | |
FeNO | |||
n (% non-missing) | 186 (100.0) | 186 (100.0) | <0.0001 |
Mean (SD) | 16.5 (7.8) | 28.9 (23.8) | |
Median (IQR) | 16.0 (12.0) | 23.0 (22.0) | |
Blood eosinophil count | |||
n (% non-missing) | 186 (100.0) | 184 (98.9) | <0.0001 |
Mean (SD) | 0.2 (0.1) | 0.4 (0.2) | |
Median (IQR) | 0.2 (0.1) | 0.4 (0.2) | |
Active eczema diagnosisa | |||
n (% non-missing) | 186 (100.0) | 186 (100.0) | 0.1876 |
Yes | 5 (2.7) | 10 (5.4) | |
Active rhinitis diagnosisa | |||
n (% non-missing) | 186 (100.0) | 186 (100.0) | 0.0720 |
Yes | 49 (26.3) | 65 (34.9) | |
Eczema diagnosis | |||
n (% non-missing) | 186 (100.0) | 186 (100.0) | 0.2273 |
Yes | 57 (30.6) | 68 (36.6) | |
Rhinitis diagnosis | |||
n (% non-missing) | 186 (100.0) | 186 (100.0) | 0.0272 |
Yes | 67 (36.0) | 88 (47.3) | |
IHD diagnosis | |||
n (% non-missing) | 186 (100.0) | 186 (100.0) | 0.4564 |
Yes | 7 (3.8) | 10 (5.4) | |
Heart failure diagnosis | |||
n (% non-missing) | 186 (100.0) | 186 (100.0) | 0.3167 |
Yes | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.5) | |
Hypertension diagnosis | |||
n (% non-missing) | 186 (100.0) | 186 (100.0) | 0.3212 |
Yes | 46 (24.7) | 38 (20.4) | |
Diabetes diagnosis | |||
n (% non-missing) | 186 (100.0) | 186 (100.0) | 0.5736 |
Yes | 14 (7.5) | 17 (9.1) | |
GERD active diagnosis | |||
N (% non-missing) | 186 (100.0) | 186 (100.0) | 0.4352 |
Yes | 26 (14.0) | 21 (11.3) | |
Predicted peak flow | |||
n (% non-missing) | 98 (52.7) | 101 (54.3) | 0.8525 |
Mean (SD) | 515.7 (75.3) | 517.3 (76.2) | |
ICS/LABA prescriptions per patient | |||
n (% non-missing) | 186 (100.0) | 186 (100.0) | 0.0404 |
Mean (SD) | 3.8 (3.9) | 4.4 (3.8) | |
Median (IQR) | 3.0 (6.0) | 4.0 (5.0) | |
Mono ICS prescriptions per patient | |||
n (% non-missing) | 186 (100.0) | 186 (100.0) | 0.0362 |
Mean (SD) | 1.3 (2.5) | 0.7 (1.6) | |
Median (IQR) | 0.0 (1.0) | 0.0 (1.0) | |
Mean daily SABA dosage (µg) | |||
n (% non-missing) | 186 (100.0) | 186 (100.0) | 0.2585 |
<100 | 63 (33.9) | 71 (38.2) | |
100–200 | 57 (30.6) | 48 (25.8) | |
201–400 | 35 (18.8) | 45 (24.2) | |
>400 | 31 (16.7) | 22 (11.8) | |
ICS adherenceb | |||
n (% non-missing) | 186 (100.0) | 186 (100.0) | 0.8806 |
Mean (SD) | 69.2 (55.2) | 66.2 (53.3) | |
Median (IQR) | 54.8 (71.2) | 56.1 (57.5) |
Characteristics | Non-high FeNO and non-high blood eosinophils (n = 98) | High FeNO and non-high blood eosinophils (n = 98) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||
n (% non-missing) | 98 (100.0) | 98 (100.0) | 1.0000 |
Male | 41 (41.8) | 41 (41.8) | |
Age | |||
n (% non-missing) | 98 (100.0) | 98 (100.0) | 1.0000 |
Mean (SD) | 48.8 (15.3) | 48.6 (15.6) | |
Median (IQR) | 53.0 (27.0) | 53.0 (27.0) | |
Age group | |||
n (% non-missing) | 98 (100.0) | 98 (100.0) | 0.3072 |
Under 35 | 23 (23.5) | 24 (24.5) | |
35–65 | 65 (66.3) | 57 (58.2) | |
66–80 | 10 (10.2) | 17 (17.3) | |
Smoking status | |||
n (% non-missing) | 98 (100.0) | 98 (100.0) | 1.0000 |
Non-smoker | 53 (54.1) | 53 (54.1) | |
Ex-smoker | 8 (8.2) | 8 (8.2) | |
Current smoker | 23 (23.5) | 23 (23.5) | |
BMI | |||
n (% non-missing) | 96 (98.0) | 94 (95.9) | 0.0063 |
Mean (SD) | 29.3 (6.2) | 26.9 (5.8) | |
Median (IQR) | 27.9 (8.6) | 25.7 (7.6) | |
FeNO | |||
n (% non-missing) | 98 (100.0) | 98 (100.0) | < 0.0001 |
Mean (SD) | 17.7 (7.9) | 60.0 (31.8) | |
Median (IQR) | 17.0 (10.0) | 50.0 (25.0) | |
Blood eosinophil count | |||
n (% non-missing) | 98 (100.0) | 97 (99.0) | < 0.0001 |
Mean (SD) | 0.2 (0.1) | 0.3 (0.3) | |
Median (IQR) | 0.2 (0.1) | 0.3 (0.3) | |
Active eczema diagnosisa | |||
n (% non-missing) | 98 (100.0) | 98 (100.0) | 1.0000 |
Yes | 4 (4.1) | 4 (4.1) | |
Active rhinitis diagnosisa | |||
n (% non-missing) | 98 (100.0) | 98 (100.0) | 0.7492 |
Yes | 26 (26.5) | 28 (28.6) | |
Eczema diagnosis | |||
n (% non-missing) | 98 (100.0) | 98 (100.0) | 0.8763 |
Yes | 29 (29.6) | 30 (30.6) | |
Rhinitis diagnosis | |||
n (% non-missing) | 98 (100.0) | 98 (100.0) | 0.4546 |
Yes | 32 (32.7) | 37 (37.8) | |
IHD diagnosis | |||
n (% non-missing) | 98 (100.0) | 98 (100.0) | 0.7003 |
Yes | 4 (4.1) | 3 (3.1) | |
Heart failure diagnosis | |||
n (% non-missing) | 98 (100.0) | 98 (100.0) | |
Yes | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Hypertension diagnosis | |||
n (% non-missing) | 98 (100.0) | 98 (100.0) | 0.0967 |
Yes | 29 (29.6) | 19 (19.4) | |
Diabetes diagnosis | |||
n (% non-missing) | 98 (100.0) | 98 (100.0) | 0.5513 |
Yes | 7 (7.1) | 5 (5.1) | |
GERD active diagnosis | |||
n (% non-missing) | 98 (100.0) | 98 (100.0) | 0.6018 |
Yes | 9 (9.2) | 7 (7.1) | |
Predicted peak flow | |||
n (% non-missing) | 55 (56.1) | 71 (72.4) | 0.6615 |
Mean (SD) | 520.7 (67.4) | 515.9 (68.6) | |
Median (IQR) | 490.8 (137.4) | 493.7 (125.0) | |
ICS/LABA prescriptions per patient | |||
n (% non-missing) | 98 (100.0) | 98 (100.0) | 0.1318 |
Mean (SD) | 2.6 (3.1) | 3.4 (3.7) | |
Median (IQR) | 1.0 (4.0) | 2.0 (5.0) | |
Mono ICS prescriptions per patient | |||
n (% non-missing) | 98 (100.0) | 98 (100.0) | 0.0295 |
Mean (SD) | 1.6 (2.8) | 0.9 (1.9) | |
Median (IQR) | 0.0 (2.0) | 0.0 (1.0) | |
Mean daily SABA dosage (µg) | |||
n (% non-missing) | 98 (100.0) | 98 (100.0) | 0.3731 |
< 100 | 31 (31.6) | 40 (40.8) | |
100–200 | 32 (32.7) | 22 (22.4) | |
201–400 | 20 (20.4) | 22 (22.4) | |
> 400 | 15 (15.3) | 14 (14.3) | |
ICS adherenceb | |||
n (% non-missing) | 98 (100.0) | 98 (100.0) | 0.4778 |
Mean (SD) | 58.1 (43.5) | 65.7 (67.6) | |
Median (IQR) | 49.3 (57.5) | 49.3 (54.8) |
Characteristics | Non-high FeNO and non-high blood eosinophils (n = 53) | High FeNO and high blood eosinophils (n = 53) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||
n (% non-missing) | 53 (100.0) | 53 (100.0) | 1.0000 |
Male | 48.4 (16.7) | 48.2 (16.9) | |
Age | |||
n (% non-missing) | 53.0 (100.0) | 53.0 (100.0) | 0.9647 |
Mean (SD) | 48.4 (16.7) | 48.2 (16.9) | |
Median (IQR) | 53.0 (32.0) | 53.0 (31.0) | |
Age group | |||
n (% non-missing) | 53 (100.0) | 53 (100.0) | 0.8655 |
Under 35 | 14 (26.4) | 14 (26.4) | |
35–65 | 31 (58.5) | 29 (54.7) | |
66–80 | 8 (15.1) | 10 (18.9) | |
Smoking status | |||
n (% non-missing) | 46 (86.8) | 46 (86.8) | 1.0000 |
Non-smoker | 31 (58.5) | 31 (58.5) | |
Ex-smoker | 4 (7.5) | 4 (7.5) | |
Current smoker | 11 (20.8) | 11 (20.8) | |
BMI | |||
n (% non-missing) | 52 (98.1) | 51 (96.2) | 0.0386 |
Mean (SD) | 29.0 (5.9) | 26.8 (5.6) | |
Median (IQR) | 28.4 (8.3) | 25.6 (7.1) | |
FeNO | |||
n (% non-missing) | 53 (100.0) | 53 (100.0) | < 0.0001 |
Mean (SD) | 18.6 (7.7) | 57.8 (26.4) | |
Median (IQR) | 20.0 (10.0) | 49.0 (28.0) | |
Blood eosinophil count | |||
n (% non-missing) | 53 (100.0) | 52 (98.1) | < 0.0001 |
Mean (SD) | 0.1 (0.1) | 0.5 (0.3) | |
Median (IQR) | 0.1 (0.1) | 0.5 (0.2) | |
Active eczema diagnosisa | |||
n (% non-missing) | 53 (100.0) | 53 (100.0) | 1.0000 |
Yes | 2 (3.8) | 2 (3.8) | |
Active rhinitis diagnosisa | |||
n (% non-missing) | 53 (100.0) | 53 (100.0) | 0.4052 |
Yes | 15 (28.3) | 19 (35.8) | |
Eczema diagnosis | |||
n (% non-missing) | 53 (100.0) | 53 (100.0) | 0.5355 |
Yes | 16 (30.2) | 19 (35.8) | |
Rhinitis diagnosis | |||
n (% non-missing) | 53 (100.0) | 53 (100.0) | 0.0451 |
Yes | 15 (28.3) | 25 (47.2) | |
IHD diagnosis | |||
n (% non-missing) | 53 (100.0) | 53 (100.0) | 0.5581 |
Yes | 1 (1.9) | 2 (3.8) | |
Heart failure diagnosis | |||
n (% non-missing) | 53 (100.0) | 53 (100.0) | |
Yes | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Hypertension diagnosis | |||
n (% non-missing) | 53 (100.0) | 53 (100.0) | 0.0990 |
Yes | 15 (28.3) | 8 (15.1) | |
Diabetes diagnosis | |||
n (% non-missing) | 53 (100.0) | 53 (100.0) | 1.0000 |
Yes | 3 (5.7) | 3 (5.7) | |
GERD active diagnosis | |||
n (% non-missing) | 53 (100.0) | 53 (100.0) | 0.5063 |
Yes | 6 (11.3) | 4 (7.5) | |
Predicted peak flow | |||
n (% non-missing) | 35 (66.0) | 39 (73.6) | 0.8838 |
Mean (SD) | 513.0 (66.7) | 510.3 (69.9) | |
Median (IQR) | 487.5 (122.0) | 481.2 (128.0) | |
ICS/LABA prescriptions per patient | |||
n (% non-missing) | 53 (100.0) | 53 (100.0) | 0.2204 |
Mean (SD) | 3.3 (3.9) | 4.0 (4.0) | |
Median (IQR) | 2.0 (5.0) | 3.0 (5.0) | |
Mono ICS prescriptions per patient | |||
n (% non-missing) | 53 (100.0) | 53 (100.0) | 0.1944 |
Mean (SD) | 1.3 (2.3) | 0.8 (1.7) | |
Median (IQR) | 0.0 (1.0) | 0.0 (1.0) | |
Mean daily SABA dosage (µg) | |||
n (% non-missing) | 53 (100.0) | 53 (100.0) | 0.6923 |
< 100 | 15 (28.3) | 16 (30.2) | |
100–200 | 19 (35.8) | 14 (26.4) | |
201–400 | 10 (18.9) | 14 (26.4) | |
> 400 | 9 (17.0) | 9 (17.0) | |
ICS adherenceb | |||
n (% non-missing) | 53 (100.0) | 53 (100.0) | 0.8149 |
Mean (SD) | 64.1 (45.3) | 68.6 (72.5) | |
Median (IQR) | 54.8 (54.8) | 49.3 (49.3) |