Background
Methods
Trial design
Study population
Data collection
Physical performance parameters
Ascertainment of cardiovascular events
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics | Total | Normal gait speed | Handgrip strength | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 (n=43) | Q2 (n=42) | Q3 (n=45) | Q4 (n=43) | p value | Q1 (n=43) | Q2 (n=43) | Q3 (n=39) | Q4 (n=48) | p value | ||
Sex (men/women) | 124/49 | 31/12 | 31/12 | 31/14 | 31/12 | 0.87 | 31/12 | 31/12 | 30/9 | 32/16 | 0.66 |
Age (year) | 69.0 (62.5-76.0) | 72.5±9.7 | 70.8±10.1 | 64.4±11.1 | 63.9±12.3 | <0.01 | 72.5±9.7 | 70.0 (66.0-76.0) | 67.0 (63.0-73.0) | 65.5 (52.0-69.8) | <0.01 |
Duration of dialysis (year) | 5.5 (2.4-9.9) | 6.9±6.8 | 6.7±5.9 | 5.4±3.9 | 9.7±7.9 | 0.06 | 6.9±6.8 | 4.5 (1.7-11.1) | 3.6 (1.6-6.7) | 6.0 (2.9-10.6) | 0.02 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 21.7 (19.4-24.7) | 22.0±4.1 | 23.0±3.3 | 23.1±4.7 | 21.0±3.6 | 0.03 | 22.0±4.1 | 22.1 (19.3-25.3) | 22.4 (20.6-26.0) | 21.8 (19.6-24.8) | <0.01 |
Albumin (g/dl) | 3.8 (3.6-3.9) | 3.7 (3.5-3.8) | 3.8 (3.5-4.0) | 3.8 (3.6-3.9) | 3.8 (3.6-4.0) | 0.19 | 3.7 (3.5-3.8) | 3.7 (3.6-3.9) | 3.7 (3.6-3.9) | 3.8 (3.7-4.0) | <0.01 |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) | 41.0 (33.5-51.0) | 41.0 (33.5-50.0) | 41.0 (32.0-53.3) | 39.0 (31.0-46.0) | 49.0 (39.0-54.0) | 0.19 | 41.0 (33.0-49.0) | 43.0 (33.0-55.0) | 39.0 (31.0-48.0) | 41.0 (33-49) | 0.48 |
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) | 77.0 (62.5-98) | 71.1±23.7 | 81.4±24.5 | 81.8±26.9 | 83.0±27.7 | 0.07 | 78.8±19.3 | 79.7±28.0 | 80.6±29.9 | 81.5±26.6 | 0.96 |
C-reactive protein (mg/dl) | 0.1 (0.05-0.3) | 0.1 (0.06-0.3) | 0.1 (0.05-0.5) | 0.2 (0.05-0.3) | 0.06 (0.05-0.3) | 0.28 | 0.1 (0.05-0.5) | 0.2 (0.05-0.3) | 0.1 (0.05-0.6) | 0.06 (0.05-0.2) | 0.24 |
Creatinine (mg/dl) | 10.8±2.5 | 9.5±2.5 | 11.0±2.7 | 11.2±2.4 | 11.42.0 | <0.01 | 9.8±1.5 | 10.2±2.6 | 11.4±2.9 | 11.7±2.5 | <0.01 |
Caa (mg/dl) | 9.0±0.6 | 9.0±0.7 | 9.2±0.7 | 8.9±0.5 | 8.90.7 | 0.11 | 9.1±0.6 | 8.8±0.6 | 9.2±0.8 | 8.9±0.6 | 0.03 |
P (mg/dl) | 5.4±1.2 | 4.9±1.3 | 5.4±1.3 | 5.4±1.1 | 5.7±1.1 | 0.05 | 5.1±1.2 | 5.2±1.2 | 5.6±1.1 | 5.6±1.2 | 0.25 |
intact PTH (pg/ml) | 133.0 (75.0-190.5) | 108.0 (52.0-141.0) | 124.0 (68.8-186.3) | 154.0 (89.5-263.0) | 151.0 (107.0-225.0) | 10 | 127.0 (54.0-169.0) | 122.0 (76-176) | 137.0 (93-187) | 152.5 (88.0-227.0) | 0.33 |
β2MG (mg/L) | 26.4±5.6 | 26.2±6.7 | 26.5±5.0 | 26.0±5.5 | 26.9±4.9 | 0.9 | 27.1±5.1 | 26.7±7.0 | 26.3±4.8 | 25.6±5.1 | 0.38 |
%CGR | 92.0±22.4 | 88.6±18.3 | 84.7±18.3 | 88.0±24.0 | 95.4±18.8 | 0.06 | 88.6±18.3 | 88.0±24.0 | 95.8±27.7 | 95.4±18.8 | 0.14 |
Single-pool Kt/V | 1.4 (1.3-1.6) | 1.5±0.3 | 1.4±0.2 | 1.5±0.2 | 1.60±.2 | 0.01 | 1.5±0.2 | 1.5±0.2 | 1.4±0.2 | 1.5±0.3 | 0.35 |
Comorbid condition | |||||||||||
Diabetes (n, (%)) | 86 (50.0) | 27(62.8) | 25(60.0) | 22(48.9) | 12(27.9) | <0.01 | 24 (55.8) | 24 (55.8) | 20 (51.3) | 17(35.4) | 0.07 |
History of CVDb (n, (%)) | 74 (42.8) | 21(48.8) | 21 (48.8) | 20 (46.5) | 17 (35.4) | <0.01 | 21(48.8) | 20 (45.6) | 17 (43.6) | 17 (35.4) | 0.18 |
Heart failurec (n, (%)) | 6 (3.5) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.4) | 2 (4.4) | 3 (7.0) | 0.07 | 1 (2.3) | 2 (4.7) | 1 (2.6) | 2 (4.2) | 0.77 |
Myocardial infarction and angina (n, (%)) | 31 (17.9) | 10 (23.3) | 9 (21.4) | 7 (15.6) | 5 (11.6) | 0.11 | 9 (21.0) | 8 (18.6) | 8 (20.5) | 6 (17.9) | 0.34 |
Peripheral arterial disease, (n, (%)) | 18 (10.4) | 11(25.6) | 4 (9.5) | 2 (4.4) | 1 (2.3) | <0.01 | 9 (20.9) | 4 (9.3) | 5 (12.8) | 0 (0.0) | <0.01 |
Stroke (n, (%)) | 36 (20.8) | 14 (32.6) | 11(26.2) | 7 (15.6) | 4 (9.3) | < 0.01 | 12 (27.9) | 10 (23.3) | 7 (18.0) | 7 (14.6) | 0.09 |
Dementia (n, (%)) | 9 (5.2) | 6 (14.0) | 1 (2.4) | 1 (2.2) | 1 (2.3) | 0.02 | 5 (11.6) | 3 (7.0) | 0 (2.1) | 1 (5.2) | 0.02 |
Hemiplegia (n, (%)) | 17 (9.8) | 8 (18.6) | 6 (14.3) | 2 (4.4) | 1 (2.3) | <0.01 | 5 (11.6) | 3 (7.0) | 6 (15.4) | 3 (6.3) | 0.64 |
Presence of malignancyd (n,(%)) | 7 (4.0) | 3 (7.0) | 1 (2.4) | 2 (4.4) | 1 (2.3) | 0.7 | 2 (4.7) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (5.1) | 3 (6.3) | 0.77 |
Charlson comorbidity index | 4.0 (2.0-5.0) | 4.0 (3.0-6.0) | 4.0 (2.8-5.0) | 4.0 (2.0-4.0) | 2.0 (2.0-4.0) | <0.01 | 4.0 (3.0-5.0) | 4.0 (2.0-4.0) | 4.0(2.0-5.0) | 3.0 (2.0-4.0) | 0.02 |
Frailty componets | |||||||||||
Weight loss (n, (%)) | 5 (2.9) | 2 (4.7) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.2) | 2 (4.7) | 0.85 | 2 (4.7) | 1 (2.3) | 1 (2.6) | 1 (2.1) | 0.51 |
Exhaustion (n, (%)) | 28 (16.2) | 10 (23.3) | 5 (11.9) | 7 (15.6) | 6 (14.0) | 0.33 | 12 (27.9) | 7 (16.3) | 3 (7.7) | 6 (12.5) | 0.03 |
Low physical activity (n, (%)) | 23 (13.3) | 7 (16.3) | 5 (11.9) | 5 (11.1) | 6 (14.0) | 0.73 | 6 (14.0) | 4 (9.3) | 7 (17.9) | 6 (12.5) | 0.88 |
Gait speed, men (m/s) | 1.0±0.3 | 0.72 (0.55-0.78) | 0.89 (0.87- 0.93) | 1.06 (1.02-1.10) | 1.23 (1.19-1.31) | <0.01 | 0.85 (0.70-0.93) | 0.97 (0.80-1.07) | 0.94 (0.86-1.11) | 1.18 (1.02-1.25) | <0.01 |
Gait speed, women (m/s) | 0.9±0.2 | 0.63 (0.53-0.71) | 0.89 (0.85-0.90) | 1.00 (0.94-1.07) | 1.24 (1.15-1.29) | <0.01 | 0.87 (0.62-1.02) | 0.87 (0.62-1.16) | 0.92 (0.88-1.10) | 1.03 (0.93-1.23) | 0.11 |
Handgrip strength, men (kg) | 27.2±7.1 | 22.6 (20.1- 26.3) | 23.9 (21.0-29.9) | 28.9 (23.9-28.9) | 32.9 (24.9-35.9) | <0.01 | 20.1 (17.4-20.7) | 23.9 (23.1-24.9) | 28.8 (26.9-30.9) | 35.5 (33.3-38.0) | <0.01 |
Handgrip strength, women (kg) | 17.7±4.6 | 15.6 (10.9-18.6) | 17.2 (15.1-20.4) | 20.0 (13.4-20.0) | 18.9 (16.2-21.9) | 0.15 | 12.7(10.6-14.5) | 16.1 (15.2-16.3) | 19.2 (17.2-19.9) | 21.9 (21.5-23.1) | <0.01 |
Factors | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | p value |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | 1.04 (1.01–1.07) | 0.01 |
Gender (M) | 0.89 (0.48–1.71) | 0.71 |
Dialysis duration (years) | 0.98 (0.93–1.02) | 0.39 |
Diabetes | 1.87 (1.04–3.47) | 0.04 |
History of CVD | 2.34 (1.31–4.31) | < 0.01 |
Charlson comorbidity index | 1.24 (1.04–1.46) | 0.02 |
%CGR | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | 0.04 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 1.02 (0.95–1.10) | 0.55 |
GNRIa | 1.06 (0.51–2.01) | 0.87 |
Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 1.27 (0.92–1.73) | 0.14 |
Albumin (g/dL) | 0.47 (0.16–1.31) | 0.15 |
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) | 0.36 |
intact PTH (pg/mL) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 0.63 |
C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | 1.24 (0.85–1.60) | 0.22 |
Gait speed (m/s) | 0.16 (0.05–0.54) | < 0.01 |
Handgrip strength (kg) | 0.96 (0.92–0.99) | 0.04 |