Background
Methods
Study design
Measures
Source | Variable | # Items | Response options | Cronbach’s α | Pearson’s r | Potential Range | Actual Range | Mean (SD) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Social Support for Healthy Eating | ||||||||
Child | Family Food Culture | 4 | 0 (Never or almost never) to 2 (almost always or always) | .64 | NA | 0–8 | 0–8 | 5.36 (1.80) |
Parent | Instrumental support for healthy eating | 7 | 0 (No) to 1 (Yes) | .76 | NA | 0–7 | 0–7 | 4.38 (2.04) |
Parent | Home availability and accessibility of FV | 6 | 0 (Never) to 3 (All of the time) | .72 | NA | 0–18 | 1–18 | 10.75 (3.57) |
Parent | Home availability of SSB | 1 | 0 (Never) to 3 (All of the time) | NA | NA | 0–3 | 0–3 | 1.59 (.87) |
Parent | Emotional support for healthy eating | 6 | 0 (Strongly disagree) to 4 (Strongly agree) | .71 | NA | 0–24 | 0–24 | 17.66 (3.82) |
Parent | Rules for healthy eating | 3 | 0 (Strongly disagree) to 4 (Strongly agree) | .77 | NA | 0–12 | 0–12 | 8.96 (2.46) |
Parent | Modeling vegetable intake | 1 | 0 (Never) to 4 (About once a day) | NA | NA | 0–4 | 0–4 | 3.48 (.84) |
Parent | Modeling SSB | 1 | 0 (Never) to 4 (About once a day) | NA | NA | 0–4 | 0–4 | 2.79 (1.18) |
Social Support for Physical Activity | ||||||||
Parent | Instrumental support for PA | 2 | 0 (Never) to 7 (7 days) | NA | .46 | 0–14 | 0–14 | 3.96 (3.38) |
Parent | Emotional support for PA | 4 | 0 (Strongly disagree) to 4 (Strongly agree) | .74 | NA | 0–16 | 0–16 | 12.73 (2.52) |
Parent | Modeling PA | 1 | 0 (Never) to 4 (About once a day) | NA | NA | 0–4 | 0–4 | 3.55 (.82) |
Social support for healthy eating
Social support for physical activity
Fruit and vegetable intake
Sugar-sweetened beverage intake
Physical activity
Demographics
Anthropometric measures
Data analysis
Results
Sample characteristics
Number | Percent | |
---|---|---|
Child demographics | 1169 | 100 |
Gender | ||
Male | 495 | 42.3 |
Female | 492 | 42.1 |
Missing | 182 | 15.6 |
Age | ||
7 years old | 6 | .5 |
8 years old | 672 | 57.5 |
9 years old | 269 | 23.0 |
10 years old | 24 | 2.0 |
11 years old | 3 | .3 |
Missing | 195 | 16.7 |
Race/Ethnicity | ||
White | 209 | 17.9 |
Black | 179 | 15.3 |
Hispanic | 385 | 32.9 |
Other | 204 | 17.5 |
Missing | 192 | 16.4 |
Weight status | ||
Underweight | 27 | 2.3 |
Normal Weight | 466 | 39.9 |
Overweight | 171 | 14.6 |
Obese | 270 | 23.1 |
Missing | 235 | 20.1 |
Parent demographics | 1169 | 100 |
Gender | ||
Male | 132 | 11.3 |
Female | 970 | 83.0 |
Missing | 67 | 5.7 |
Age | ||
Less than 30 | 219 | 18.8 |
30 to 34 | 336 | 28.7 |
35 to 39 | 211 | 18.0 |
40 and above | 246 | 21.1 |
Missing | 157 | 13.4 |
Employment status | ||
Full-time | 557 | 47.7 |
Part-time | 157 | 13.4 |
No work outside the home | 372 | 31.8 |
Retried | 13 | 1.1 |
Missing | 70 | 6.0 |
Education | ||
Less than 12 years | 231 | 19.8 |
High school or GED | 360 | 30.8 |
Trade/Tech college | 100 | 8.5 |
Some college | 206 | 17.6 |
College or advanced degree | 173 | 14.8 |
Missing | 99 | 8.5 |
Marital status | ||
Married | 634 | 54.2 |
Separated or Divorced | 178 | 15.2 |
Single, never married | 264 | 22.6 |
Widowed | 25 | 2.2 |
Missing | 68 | 5.8 |
Family demographics | 1169 | 100 |
Language spoken at home | ||
English | 786 | 67.2 |
Spanish | 295 | 25.2 |
Other | 16 | 1.4 |
Missing | 72 | 6.2 |
Food insecurity | ||
Almost never or never | 625 | 53.5 |
Sometimes | 331 | 28.3 |
Almost always | 152 | 13.0 |
Missing | 61 | 5.2 |
Child receives free or reduced lunch | ||
Yes | 861 | 73.7 |
No | 240 | 20.5 |
Missing | 68 | 5.8 |
SNAP recipients | ||
Yes | 494 | 42.3 |
No | 591 | 50.5 |
Missing | 84 | 7.2 |
WIC recipients | ||
Yes | 140 | 12.0 |
No | 945 | 80.8 |
Missing | 84 | 7.2 |
Level of parental support by sex, race/ethnicity, and weight status
Family Food Culture | Instrumental support for healthy eating | Home availability/accessibility of FV | Home availability of SSB | Emotional support for healthy eating | Rules for eating | Modeling vegetable intake | Modeling SSB intake | Instrumental support for PA | Emotional support for PA | Modeling of PA | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 977 | N = 1148 | N = 1164 | N = 1151 | N = 1146 | N = 1145 | N = 1143 | N = 1139 | N = 1139 | N = 1127 | N = 1144 | |
Boys, Mean (SD) | 5.23 (1.86) | 4.13 (2.03) | 10.56 (3.63) | 1.58 (.86) | 17.46 (3.88) | 8.91 (2.42) | 3.47 (.82) | 2.80 (1.17) | 3.86 (3.26) | 12.84 (2.50) | 3.54 (.81) |
Girls, Mean (SD) | 5.48 (1.73) | 4.60 (1.99) | 10.81 (3.56) | 1.59 (.88) | 17.68 (3.77) | 8.95 (2.48) | 3.49 (.80) | 2.75 (1.23) | 4.02 (3.32) | 12.63 (2.52) | 3.55 (.81) |
t
a
| −2.18* | . − 3.59*** | −1.09 | −.24 | −.91 | −.24 | −.28 | .71 | −.743 | 1.27 | −.17 |
White, Mean (SD) | 5.12 (1.79) | 4.30 (1.94) | 10.90 (3.26) | 1.64 (.90) | 18.24 (3.13) | 8.68 (2.33) | 3.65 (.69) | 2.73 (1.28) | 3.53 (3.07) | 12.98 (2.35) | 3.60 (.66) |
Black, Mean (SD) | 5.53 (2.00) | 4.44 (1.89) | 11.57 (3.70) | 1.62 (.86) | 17.96 (3.70) | 9.30 (2.49) | 3.61 (.66) | 2.66 (1.14) | 4.14 (3.58) | 13.02 (2.49) | 3.51 (.87) |
Hispanic, Mean (SD) | 5.46 (1.74) | 4.42 (2.12) | 10.29 (3.69) | 1.54 (.82) | 16.99 (4.15) | 8.79 (2.43) | 3.36 (.86) | 2.92 (1.12) | 4.14 (3.24) | 12.51 (2.51) | 3.55 (.86) |
Other, Mean (SD) | 5.26 (1.68) | 4.30 (2.04) | 10.43 (3.47) | 1.58 (.95) | 17.65 (3.79) | 9.12 (2.55) | 3.42 (.91) | 2.62 (1.28) | 3.92 (3.33) | 12.69 (2.65) | 3.50 (.81) |
F
b
| 2.40 | .31 | 5.84** | .77 | 5.72** | 2.88* | 7.78*** | 3.77* | 1.71 | 2.46 | .73 |
Under weight, Mean (SD) | 5.30 (1.66) | 4.33 (2.00) | 11.31 (3.81) | 1.59 (1.05) | 17.98 (3.08) | 9.46 (2.48) | 3.42 (.95) | 2.67 (1.21) | 4.15 (3.76) | 12.87 (2.45) | 3.44 (.85) |
Normal weight, Mean (SD) | 5.49 (1.82) | 4.51 (2.03) | 10.77 (3.54) | 1.55 (.88) | 17.79 (3.76) | 9.06 (2.43) | 3.56 (.74) | 2.81 (1.18) | 4.13 (3.37) | 12.73 (2.52) | 3.59 (.78) |
Overweight, Mean (SD) | 5.32 (1.83) | 4.40 (1.94) | 10.89 (3.54) | 1.69 (.87) | 18.02 (3.88) | 8.82 (2.64) | 3.47 (.80) | 2.78 (1.18) | 3.77 (3.46) | 13.13 (2.47) | 3.56 (.81) |
Obese, Mean (SD) | 5.36 (1.78) | 4.08 (2.07) | 10.34 (3.75) | 1.55 (.81) | 16.82 (3.85) | 8.82 (2.36) | 3.38 (.92) | 2.73 (1.24) | 3.79 (3.01) | 12.52 (2.52) | 3.47 (.88) |
F
b
| .13 | 2.48 | 1.38 | 1.23 | 4.77** | 1.08 | 2.82* | .29 | .88 | 1.95 | 1.36 |
Associations between parental social support and healthy eating
B
|
SE B
|
β
|
R
2
|
R
2
change
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Step 1 | .055*** | .055*** | |||
Gender | −.413 | .265 | −.054 | ||
BMI z-score | .306 | .109 | .097** | ||
Receive free or reduced lunch | .949 | .38 | .104* | ||
Parent’s education | −.184 | .101 | −.072 | ||
Black | .779 | .435 | .078 | ||
Hispanic | .167 | .385 | .021 | ||
Other | .723 | .411 | .077 | ||
Step 2 | .055*** | .000 | |||
Food insecurity | .158 | .287 | .021 | ||
Step 3 | .128*** | .073*** | |||
Family food culture | .5597 | .074 | .259*** | ||
Instrumental support for healthy eating | .037 | .073 | .020 | ||
Home availability/accessibility of FV | .057 | .044 | .053 | ||
Home availability of SSB | −.165 | .171 | −.038 | ||
Emotional support for healthy eating | −.036 | .039 | −.036 | ||
Rules for eating | −.076 | .062 | −.050 | ||
Modeling of vegetable intake | −.068 | .176 | −.014 | ||
Modeling of SSB intake | −.040 | .124 | −.012 |
B
|
SE B
|
β
|
R
2
|
R
2
change
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Step 1 | .053*** | .053*** | |||
Male | −.457 | .124 | −.130*** | ||
BMI z-score | −.003 | .051 | −.002 | ||
Receive free or reduced lunch | .367 | .180 | .088* | ||
Parent’s education | −.074 | .047 | −.063 | ||
Black | .405 | .205 | .087* | ||
Hispanic | .091 | .180 | .025 | ||
Other | .050 | .191 | .012 | ||
Step 2 | .056*** | .003 | |||
Food insecurity | .171 | .135 | .048 | ||
Step 3 | .086*** | .030** | |||
Family food culture | .098 | .035 | .098** | ||
Instrumental support for healthy eating | .052 | .034 | .061 | ||
Home availability/accessibility of FV | −.002 | .021 | −.004 | ||
Home availability of SSB | .187 | .080 | .093** | ||
Emotional support for healthy eating | .012 | .018 | .025 | ||
Rules for eating | −.035 | .029 | −.049 | ||
Modeling of vegetable intake | −.114 | .082 | −.053 | ||
Modeling of SSB intake | .028 | .058 | .019 |
Associations between parental social support and physical activity
B
|
SE B
|
β
|
R
2
|
R
2
change
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Step 1 | .006 | .006 | |||
Gender | −.112 | .077 | −.049 | ||
BMI z-score | .009 | .032 | .009 | ||
Receive free or reduced lunch | .002 | .111 | .001 | ||
Parent’s education | −.003 | .030 | −.004 | ||
Black | −.033 | .126 | −.011 | ||
Hispanic | −.143 | .111 | −.061 | ||
Other | −.010 | .118 | −.003 | ||
Step 2 | .006 | .000 | |||
Food insecurity | .080 | .084 | .035 | ||
Step 3 | .130*** | .124*** | |||
Instrumental support for PA | .093 | .013 | .264*** | ||
Emotional support for PA | .062 | .016 | .137*** | ||
Modeling of PA | .086 | .050 | .062 |
Stratification by race and ethnicity
White | Black | Hispanic | Other | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R
2
|
B
|
SE
|
R
2
|
B
|
SE
|
R
2
|
B
|
SE
|
R
2
|
B
|
SE
| |
FV Intake
a
|
.112
|
.202**
|
.126***
|
.189**
| ||||||||
Family food culture |
.400*
| .154 |
.691***
| .181 |
.622***
| .125 |
.421*
| .176 | ||||
Instrumental support for healthy eating | −.126 | .150 | .125 | .209 | .058 | .115 | .227 | .166 | ||||
Home availability and accessibility of FV | −.007 | .096 | −.106 | .120 | .050 | .069 | .154 | .101 | ||||
Home availability of SSB | −.303 | .325 | .277 | .479 | −.232 | .286 | −.038 | .402 | ||||
Emotional support for healthy eating | −.027 | .097 |
−.212*
| .107 | −.027 | .058 | −.012 | .091 | ||||
Rules for eating | −.016 | .134 | .042 | .151 | −.064 | .101 | −.203 | .148 | ||||
Modeling of vegetable intake | −.116 | .424 | 1.150 | .637 | −.045 | .273 | −.462 | .336 | ||||
Modeling of SSB intake | .102 | .241 | −.528 | .352 | .123 | .210 | −.037 | .283 | ||||
SSB Intake
a
|
.143*
|
.116
|
.103**
|
.140*
| ||||||||
Family food culture |
.169*
| .073 | .188* | .086 | .087 | .059 | −.010 | .081 | ||||
Instrumental support for healthy eating | −.039 | .072 | .054 | .095 |
.113*
| .055 | .134 | .079 | ||||
Home availability and accessibility of FV | .033 | .045 | −.010 | .055 | −.021 | .033 | −.025 | .046 | ||||
Home availability of SSB | .115 | .153 | −.250 | .219 |
.311*
| .137 |
.374*
| .177 | ||||
Emotional support for healthy eating | .048 | .046 | .016 | .049 | .006 | .027 | −.026 | .040 | ||||
Rules for eating | −.044 | .062 | −.036 | .073 | −.064 | .048 | −.002 | .067 | ||||
Modeling of vegetable intake | −.015 | .200 | .247 | .296 | −.132 | .127 | −.272 | .156 | ||||
Modeling of SSB intake | −.066 | .113 | .071 | .169 | .023 | .099 | .075 | .124 | ||||
PA last week
a
|
.137**
|
.085
|
.173***
|
.188***
| ||||||||
Instrumental support PA | .008 | .031 | .085** | .030 |
.115***
| .020 |
.126***
| .029 | ||||
Emotional support PA |
.090*
| .038 | .050 | .044 |
.068**
| .025 | .045 | .035 | ||||
Modeling of PA |
.436**
| .142 | −.014 | .122 | .038 | .071 | .046 | .115 |