Background
Methods
Ethics statement
Study design and participant selection
Measurements
Statistical analysis
Results
Response
Study population characteristics
IMS | APCAPS | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males | Females | Total | Males | Females | Total | |
N
| 447 | 382 | 829 | 964 | 415 | 1379 |
Age
| 50.5( 8.6) | 47.2( 7.9) | 49.0 (8.4) | 20.8( 1.1) | 21.0( 1.2) | 20.8 (1.2) |
Weight (kg)
| 67.3 (11.4) | 62.4 (11.8) | 65.1 (11.9) | 54.8 (8.7) | 44.4 (7.6) | 51.6 (9.7) |
BMI†
| 24.7( 3.7) | 26.9( 4.7) | 25.7 (4.3) | 19.7( 2.8) | 19.0( 2.9) | 19.5 (2.8) |
WHR†
| 0.94(0.06) | 0.84(0.06) | 0.89 (0.08) | 0.82(0.04) | 0.76(0.05) | 0.80 (0.05) |
Total body fat (g)
| 16724(5570) | 23845(6881) | 20006 (7149) | 8025(7819,8237) † | 12141(11770,12523) † | 9090 (8885, 9299) † |
Body fat (% of body weight)
| 24.3 (4.9) | 37.7 (5.0) | 30.5 (8.3) | 15.7 (5.0) | 28.3 (5.3) | 19.5 (7.7) |
Fat in L1L4 region (g)
| 2480(1016) | 2831(1098) | 2642 (1069) | 732( 708, 757) † | 895( 854, 937) † | 777 (756, 799) † |
Percentage fat of L1L4 region (%)
| 27.4( 6.7) | 34.2( 6.8) | 30.6 (7.6) | 13.0(12.6,13.3) † | 19.8(19.1,20.4) † | 14.7 (14.4, 15.0) † |
Percentage of total body fat in L1L4 region (%)
| 14.5( 2.3) | 11.6( 2.2) | 13.1 (2.7) | 9.3( 1.8) | 7.5( 1.7) | 8.8 (1.9) |
Height (cm)
| 165.1( 6.2) | 152.2( 5.7) | 159.2 (8.8) | 166.6( 6.3) | 152.7( 5.2) | 162.4 (8.8) |
Daily energy intake (kcal)
| 2692( 824) | 2023( 567) | 2384 (791) | 3288(1129) | 2071( 632) | 2922 (1150) |
Energy density (kcal/g)
| 1.15(0.13) | 1.10(0.14) | 1.12 (0.14) | 1.18(0.12) | 1.19(0.18) | 1.18 (0.14) |
Percentage of calories from fat (%)
| 24.7( 5.5) | 25.6( 5.5) | 25.1 (5.5) | 19.9( 5.6) | 19.9( 6.1) | 19.9 (5.8) |
Percentage of calories from protein (%)
| 10.7( 1.1) | 10.8( 1.1) | 10.8 (1.1) | 9.7( 0.9) | 9.6( 0.9) | 9.7 (0.9) |
Percentage of calories from carbohydrates (%)
| 63.5( 6.5) | 63.7( 6.1) | 63.6 (6.3) | 70.2( 6.1) | 70.6( 6.5) | 70.4 (6.2) |
Total METS (hrs/day)
| 38.2( 5.7) | 35.2( 5.2) | 36.8 (5.6) | 40.1( 6.5) | 36.6( 5.3) | 39.1 (6.4) |
Sedentary activity time (mins per day)
| 380(169) | 548(191) | 457 (198) | 367(203) | 438 (188) | 388 (201) |
MVPA time (mins per day)*
| 160 (100, 254) | 50 (26,93) | 102 (47, 193) | 196(116, 295) | 70(35,135) | 155 (77, 263) |
Standard of living index
| 24.6 (6.1) | 24.4 (6.7) | 24.5 (6.4) | 18.7(4.2) | 17.7(4.5) | 18.4 (4.3) |
Body fat and diet associations
IMS (N = 829) | APCAPS (N = 1379) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exposure variable | Age & sex adjusted | p-value | Final model | p-value | Age & sex adjusted | p-value | Final model | p-value |
Daily energy intake (per 100 kcal)
| 49.8 (−12.4,112.0) | 0.12 | 16.8 (−39.5,73.1) | 0.56 | 54.3 (31.8,76.7) | <0.001 | 44.9 (21.5,68.3) | <0.001 |
Energy density (kcal/g)
| 2219.7 (−1397.4,5836.7) | 0.23 | 1281.2 (−1978.4,4540.7) | 0.44 | 810.3 (−569.8,2190.4) | 0.25 | 614.9 (−761.7,1991.4) | 0.38 |
Percentage of calories from protein (%)
| 966.7 (605.4,1328.0) | <0.001 | 508.8 (136.6,880.9) | 0.01 | 303.9 (56.6,551.3) | 0.02 | 227.4 (−11.4,466.3) | 0.06 |
Percentage of calories from fat (%)
| 168.3 (88.0,248.5) | <0.001 | 59.6 (−16.1,135.4) | 0.12 | 27.8 (−9.9,65.5) | 0.15 | 15.6 (−20.4,51.5) | 0.40 |
Percentage of calories from carbohydrates (%)
| −150.9 (−221.1,-80.7) | <0.001 | −62.4 (−127.1,2.3) | 0.06 | −32.2 (−67.1,2.7) | 0.07 | −21.0 (−54.3,12.3) | 0.22 |
Total METS (hrs/day)
| −236.9 (−314.0,-159.9.1) | <0.001 | −145.3 (−217.8,-72.8) | <0.001 | −46.9 (−80.5,-13.2) | 0.01 | −46.3 (−80.8,-11.8) | 0.01 |
Time spent sedentary (per 10 mins/day)
| 29.3(2.3,56.3) | 0.03 | 25.5 (0.1,51.0) | 0.05 | 3.0 (−7.5,13.5) | 0.57 | 4.3 (−6.4,15.0) | 0.43 |
MVPA time (per 10 mins/day)
| −114.2 (−145.8,-82.5) | <0.001 | −63.2 (−95.1,-31.3) | <0.001 | −29.3 (−43.7,-14.9) | <0.001 | −28.2 (−43.2,-13.3) | <0.001 |
IMS (N = 829) | APCAPS (N = 1379) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exposure variable | Age, sex adjusted | p-value | Final model | p-value | Age, sex adjusted | p-value | Final model | p-value |
Daily energy intake (per 100 kcal)
| 4.7 (−5.6,14.9) | 0.37 | 1.4 (−8.1,10.8) | 0.78 | 7.1 (4.1,10.0) | <0.001 | 6.2 (3.1,9.3) | <0.001 |
Energy density (kcal/g)
| 297.5 (−255.7,850.6) | 0.29 | 170.4 (−333.1,673.8) | 0.51 | 105.5 (−65.2,276.2) | 0.23 | 73.9 (−97.0,244.7) | 0.40 |
Percentage of calories from protein (%)
| 169.7 (108.9,230.5) | <0.001 | 99.1 (35.9,162.3) | <0.001 | 38.3 (6.3,70.4) | 0.02 | 30.1 (−1.5,61.7) | 0.06 |
Percentage of calories from fat (%)
| 30.7 (17.3,44.2) | <0.001 | 13.8 (0.6,27.0) | 0.04 | 2.6 (−2.2,7.5) | 0.29 | 1.1 (−3.6,5.8) | 0.65 |
Percentage of calories from carbohydrates (%)
| −28.3 (−39.8,-16.8) | <0.001 | −14.8 (−26.0,-3.7) | 0.01 | −3.2 (−7.7,1.3) | 0.16 | −1.8 (−6.2,2.6) | 0.42 |
Total METS (hrs/day)
| −40.7 (−53.4,-27.9) | <0.001 | −26.9 (−39.6,-14.1) | <0.001 | −3.5 (−8.0,1.0) | 0.12 | −3.6 (−8.2,1.0) | 0.13 |
Time spent sedentary (per 10 mins)
| 4.8 (0.3,9.4) | 0.04 | 4.2 (−0.2,8.6) | 0.06 | −0.3 (−1.6,1.1) | 0.68 | 0.0 (−1.4,1.4) | 0.96 |
MVPA time (per 10 mins)
| −18.6 (−24.0,-13.2) | <0.001 | −10.9 (−16.7,-5.2) | <0.001 | −2.8 (−4.7,-0.9) | 0.004 | −2.8 (−4.8,-0.8) | 0.01 |
IMS (N = 829) | APCAPS (N = 1379) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exposure variable | Age & sex adjusted | p-value | Final model | p-value | Age & sex adjusted | p-value | Final model | p-value |
Daily energy intake (per 100 kcal)
| −0.007 (−0.028,0.014) | 0.51 | −0.003 (−0.023,0.018) | 0.81 | 0.018 (0.009,0.028) | <0.001 | 0.019 (0.010,0.028) | <0.001 |
Energy density (kcal/g)
| −0.082 (−1.123,0.959) | 0.88 | −0.120 (−1.107,0.867) | 0.81 | 0.441 (−0.091,0.972) | 0.10 | 0.350 (−0.188,0.888) | 0.20 |
Percentage of calories from protein (%)
| 0.292 (0.162,0.421) | <0.001 | 0.180 (0.045,0.315) | 0.01 | 0.047 (−0.053,0.148) | 0.36 | 0.035 (−0.067,0.137) | 0.50 |
Percentage of calories from fat (%)
| 0.061 (0.034,0.089) | <0.001 | 0.034 (0.006,0.062) | 0.02 | 0.003 (−0.013,0.019) | 0.69 | −0.0004 (−0.017,0.016) | 0.96 |
Percentage of calories from carbohydrates (%)
| −0.059 (−0.082,-0.035) | <0.001 | −0.039 (−0.063,-0.015) | 0.002 | −0.004 (−0.019,0.011) | 0.61 | −0.0004 (−0.016,0.015) | 0.96 |
Total METS (hrs/day)
| −0.067 (−0.097,-0.038) | <0.001 | −0.048 (−0.078,-0.019) | 0.001 | 0.001 (−0.014,0.016) | 0.94 | −0.001 (−0.016,0.014) | 0.94 |
Time spent sedentary (per 10 mins)
| 0.008 (−0.001,0.017) | 0.08 | 0.007 (−0.002,0.016) | 0.12 | −0.003 (−0.008,0.001) | 0.15 | −0.002 (−0.007,0.003) | 0.37 |
MVPA time (per 10 mins)
| −0.030 (−0.043,-0.017) | <0.001 | −0.019 (−0.033,-0.006) | 0.01 | −0.004 (−0.010,0.003) | 0.29 | −0.004 (−0.011,0.002) | 0.22 |
Body fat and physical activity associations
BMI and diet/physical activity associations
IMS (N = 829) | APCAPS (N = 1379) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, sex adjusted | p-value | Final model | p-value | Age, sex adjusted | p-value | Final model | p-value | |
Daily energy intake (per 100 kcal)
| 0.033 (−0.008,0.075) | 0.11 | 0.025 (−0.013,0.063) | 0.20 | 0.050 (0.034,0.065) | <0.001 | 0.044 (0.028,0.060) | <0.001 |
Energy density (kcal/g)
| 1.756 (−0.802,4.313) | 0.18 | 1.45 (−0.89,3.79) | 0.23 | 0.561 (−0.456,1.578) | 0.28 | 0.269 (−0.783,1.321) | 0.62 |
Percentage of calories from protein (%)
| 0.712 (0.464,0.959) | <0.001 | 0.388 (0.128,0.648) | 0.004 | 0.151 (−0.014,0.316) | 0.07 | 0.115 (−0.048,0.278) | 0.17 |
Percentage of calories from fat (%)
| 0.130 (0.078,0.183) | <0.001 | 0.054 (0.002,0.106) | 0.04 | 0.005 (−0.021,0.031) | 0.72 | −0.003 (−0.029,0.022) | 0.80 |
Percentage of calories from carbohydrates (%)
| −0.119 (−0.165,-0.074) | <0.001 | −0.056 (−0.101,-0.012) | 0.01 | −0.008 (−0.032,0.016) | 0.50 | −0.001 (−0.025,0.023) | 0.94 |
Total METS (hrs/day)
| −0.135 (−0.186,-0.083) | <0.001 | −0.081 (−0.131,-0.032) | 0.001 | 0.010 (−0.013,0.033) | 0.39 | 0.007 (−0.016,0.030) | 0.55 |
Time spent sedentary (per 10 mins)
| 0.020 (0.002,0.038) | 0.03 | 0.019 (0.001,0.036) | 0.03 | −0.003 (−0.010,0.004) | 0.44 | −0.000 (−0.007,0.007) | 0.97 |
MVPA time (per 10 mins)
| −0.066 (−0.088,-0.045) | <0.001 | −0.036 (−0.057,-0.014) | 0.001 | −0.004 (−0.015,0.006) | 0.42 | −0.005 (−0.016,0.005) | 0.33 |