Introduction
Methods
Dataset sources
Inclusion criteria
Data collection
Country | ISO code | Geographic region | Income group | Ischemic heart disease medicine coverage score | Cerebrovascular disease medicine coverage score | Hypertensive hear disease medicine coverage score | Health expenditure for 2015 (per capita in PPP intl$) | Population for 2016 (in thousands) | Life expectancy for 2016 (in years) | Year of NEML publication |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Afghanistan | AFG | Eastern Mediterranean | Low | 22 | 15 | 14 | 183.9 | 34,656 | 62.7 | 2014 |
Albania | ALB | Europe | Upper middle | 34 | 30 | 26 | 773.7 | 2926 | 76.4 | 2011 |
Algeria | DZA | Africa | Upper middle | 47 | 44 | 36 | 1031.2 | 40,606 | 76.4 | 2016 |
Angola | AGO | Africa | Lower middle | 5 | 3 | 2 | 195.5 | 28,813 | 62.6 | 2007 |
Antigua and Barbuda | ATG | The Americas | High | 28 | 21 | 17 | 1105.1 | 101 | 75 | 2008 |
Argentina | ARG | The Americas | High | 35 | 27 | 21 | 1389.8 | 43,847 | 76.9 | 2011 |
Armenia | ARM | Europe | Upper middle | 24 | 17 | 13 | 883.2 | 2925 | 74.8 | 2010 |
Bahrain (Kingdom of) | BHR | Eastern Mediterranean | High | 37 | 31 | 26 | 2453.2 | 1425 | 79.1 | 2015 |
Bangladesh | BGD | South-East Asia | Lower middle | 19 | 12 | 10 | 88 | 162,952 | 72.7 | 2008 |
Barbados | BRB | The Americas | High | 57 | 51 | 42 | 1233.6 | 285 | 75.6 | 2011 |
Belarus | BLR | Europe | Upper middle | 33 | 28 | 21 | 1084.6 | 9480 | 74.2 | 2012 |
Belize | BLZ | The Americas | Upper middle | 30 | 23 | 20 | 523.7 | 367 | 70.5 | 2008 |
Bhutan | BTN | South-East Asia | Lower middle | 30 | 23 | 18 | 287.1 | 798 | 70.6 | 2016 |
Bolivia | BOL | The Americas | Lower middle | 28 | 20 | 16 | 445.8 | 10,888 | 71.5 | 2011 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | BIH | Europe | Upper middle | 28 | 24 | 19 | 1101.8 | 3517 | 77.3 | 2009 |
Botswana | BWA | Africa | Upper middle | 28 | 22 | 17 | 970 | 2250 | 66.1 | 2012 |
Brazil | BRA | The Americas | Upper middle | 31 | 24 | 18 | 1391.5 | 207,653 | 75.1 | 2014 |
Bulgaria | BGR | Europe | Upper middle | 55 | 53 | 45 | 1491.9 | 7131 | 74.8 | 2011 |
Burkina Faso | BFA | Africa | Low | 24 | 17 | 13 | 96.1 | 18,646 | 60.3 | 2014 |
Burundi | BDI | Africa | Low | 24 | 18 | 13 | 63.7 | 10,524 | 60.1 | 2012 |
Cabo (Cape) Verde | CPV | Africa | Lower middle | 42 | 35 | 28 | 310.4 | 540 | 73.2 | 2009 |
Cambodia | KHM | South-East Asia | Lower middle | 2 | 1 | 0 | 209.6 | 15,762 | 69.4 | 2003 |
Cameroon | CMR | Africa | Lower middle | 27 | 20 | 14 | 162.8 | 23,439 | 58.1 | 2010 |
Central African Republic | CAF | Africa | Low | 25 | 19 | 14 | 31.9 | 4595 | 53 | 2009 |
Chad | TCD | Africa | Low | 17 | 12 | 9 | 99.8 | 14,453 | 54.3 | 2007 |
Chile | CHL | The Americas | High | 28 | 21 | 18 | 1903.1 | 17,910 | 79.5 | 2005 |
China | CHN | Western Pacific | Upper middle | 30 | 25 | 19 | 762.2 | 1,411,415 | 76.4 | 2012 |
Colombia | COL | The Americas | Upper middle | 30 | 22 | 17 | 852.8 | 48,653 | 75.1 | 2011 |
Congo | COG | Africa | Lower middle | 22 | 16 | 13 | 202.7 | 5126 | 64.3 | 2013 |
Costa Rica | CRI | The Americas | Upper middle | 27 | 20 | 15 | 1286.5 | 4857 | 79.6 | 2014 |
Côte d’Ivoire | CIV | Africa | Lower middle | 39 | 32 | 25 | 189.6 | 23,696 | 54.6 | 2014 |
Croatia | HRV | Europe | High | 48 | 41 | 31 | 1656.4 | 4213 | 78.3 | 2010 |
Cuba | CUB | The Americas | Upper middle | 31 | 26 | 20 | 2478.8 | 11,476 | 79 | 2012 |
Czech Republic | CZE | Europe | High | 65 | 60 | 49 | 2469.9 | 10,611 | 79.2 | 2012 |
Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea | PRK | South-East Asia | Low | 20 | 13 | 11 | 25,369 | 71.9 | 2012 | |
Democratic Republic of Congo | COD | Africa | Low | 22 | 16 | 13 | 34 | 78,736 | 60.5 | 2010 |
Djibouti | DJI | Eastern Mediterranean | Lower middle | 19 | 13 | 10 | 146.7 | 942 | 63.8 | 2007 |
Dominica | DMA | The Americas | Upper middle | 27 | 20 | 16 | 585.7 | 74 | 2007 | |
Dominican Republic | DOM | The Americas | Upper middle | 31 | 24 | 19 | 873.1 | 10,649 | 73.5 | 2015 |
Ecuador | ECU | The Americas | Upper middle | 28 | 19 | 15 | 980.2 | 16,385 | 76.5 | 2013 |
Egypt | EGY | Eastern Mediterranean | Lower middle | 27 | 19 | 15 | 495.2 | 95,689 | 70.5 | 2012 |
El Salvador | SLV | The Americas | Lower middle | 32 | 25 | 19 | 578.5 | 6345 | 73.7 | 2009 |
Eritrea | ERI | Africa | Low | 23 | 16 | 15 | 56.2 | 4955 | 65 | 2010 |
Estonia | EST | Europe | High | 48 | 45 | 36 | 1886.8 | 1312 | 77.8 | 2012 |
Ethiopia | ETH | Africa | Low | 50 | 40 | 32 | 65.6 | 102,403 | 65.5 | 2014 |
Fiji | FJI | Western Pacific | Upper middle | 21 | 15 | 12 | 331.4 | 899 | 69.9 | 2015 |
Gambia | GMB | Africa | Low | 15 | 9 | 9 | 114.1 | 2039 | 61.9 | 2001 |
Georgia | GEO | Europe | Lower middle | 21 | 14 | 10 | 717.7 | 3925 | 72.6 | 2007 |
Ghana | GHA | Africa | Lower middle | 26 | 20 | 18 | 249.3 | 28,207 | 63.4 | 2010 |
Grenada | GRD | The Americas | Upper middle | 28 | 21 | 17 | 677.5 | 107 | 73.4 | 2007 |
Guinea | GIN | Africa | Low | 33 | 26 | 23 | 57.2 | 12,396 | 59.8 | 2012 |
Guyana | GUY | The Americas | Upper middle | 25 | 19 | 16 | 336.1 | 773 | 66.2 | 2010 |
Haiti | HTI | The Americas | Low | 24 | 17 | 13 | 120.1 | 10,847 | 63.5 | 2012 |
Honduras | HND | The Americas | Lower middle | 29 | 23 | 18 | 353.4 | 9113 | 75.2 | 2009 |
India | IND | South-East Asia | Lower middle | 30 | 22 | 17 | 237.7 | 1,324,171 | 68.8 | 2015 |
Indonesia | IDN | South-East Asia | Lower middle | 23 | 16 | 12 | 369.3 | 261,115 | 69.3 | 2011 |
Iran (Islamic Republic of) | IRN | Eastern Mediterranean | Upper middle | 47 | 41 | 29 | 1261.7 | 80,277 | 75.7 | 2014 |
Iraq | IRQ | Eastern Mediterranean | Upper middle | 46 | 40 | 33 | 481 | 37,203 | 69.8 | 2010 |
Jamaica | JAM | The Americas | Upper middle | 40 | 34 | 26 | 511.4 | 2881 | 76 | 2012 |
Jordan | JOR | Eastern Mediterranean | Upper middle | 51 | 46 | 37 | 568.1 | 9456 | 74.3 | 2011 |
Kenya | KEN | Africa | Lower middle | 26 | 21 | 15 | 157.2 | 48,462 | 66.7 | 2016 |
Kiribati | KIR | Western Pacific | Lower middle | 22 | 15 | 13 | 151.8 | 114 | 66.1 | 2009 |
Kyrgyzstan | KGZ | Europe | Lower middle | 36 | 29 | 21 | 286.6 | 5956 | 71.4 | 2009 |
Latvia | LVA | Europe | High | 46 | 43 | 36 | 1429.3 | 1971 | 75 | 2012 |
Lebanon | LBN | Eastern Mediterranean | Upper middle | 30 | 24 | 18 | 1117.3 | 6007 | 76.3 | 2014 |
Lesotho | LSO | Africa | Lower middle | 20 | 13 | 11 | 251.1 | 2204 | 52.9 | 2005 |
Liberia | LBR | Africa | Low | 16 | 11 | 9 | 127.8 | 4614 | 62.9 | 2011 |
Lithuania | LTU | Europe | High | 49 | 46 | 40 | 1874.6 | 2908 | 75 | 2012 |
Madagascar | MDG | Africa | Low | 16 | 10 | 10 | 76.7 | 24,895 | 66.1 | 2008 |
Malawi | MWI | Africa | Low | 25 | 18 | 16 | 108.2 | 18,092 | 64.2 | 2015 |
Malaysia | MYS | Western Pacific | Upper middle | 25 | 18 | 15 | 1063.9 | 31,187 | 75.3 | 2014 |
Maldives | MDV | South-East Asia | Upper middle | 43 | 36 | 27 | 1513.9 | 428 | 78.4 | 2011 |
Mali | MLI | Africa | Low | 24 | 17 | 12 | 118.5 | 17,995 | 58 | 2012 |
Malta | MLT | Europe | High | 51 | 44 | 38 | 3470.9 | 429 | 81.5 | 2008 |
Marshall Islands | MHL | Western Pacific | Upper middle | 21 | 16 | 13 | 862.8 | 53 | 2007 | |
Mauritania | MRT | Africa | Lower middle | 19 | 13 | 11 | 177.1 | 4301 | 63.9 | 2008 |
Mexico | MEX | The Americas | Upper middle | 50 | 44 | 31 | 1008.7 | 127,540 | 76.6 | 2011 |
Mongolia | MNG | South-East Asia | Lower middle | 24 | 17 | 14 | 469.6 | 3027 | 69.8 | 2009 |
Montenegro | MNE | Europe | Upper middle | 41 | 36 | 25 | 957 | 629 | 76.8 | 2011 |
Morocco | MAR | Eastern Mediterranean | Lower middle | 31 | 24 | 18 | 435.3 | 35,277 | 76 | 2012 |
Mozambique | MOZ | Africa | Low | 21 | 15 | 12 | 63.7 | 28,829 | 60.1 | 2016 |
Myanmar (Burma) | MMR | South-East Asia | Lower middle | 30 | 22 | 18 | 267.2 | 52,885 | 66.8 | 2010 |
Namibia | NAM | Africa | Upper middle | 27 | 20 | 16 | 942.5 | 2480 | 63.7 | 2016 |
Nepal | NPL | South-East Asia | Low | 22 | 15 | 11 | 150.6 | 28,983 | 70.2 | 2011 |
Nicaragua | NIC | The Americas | Lower middle | 26 | 19 | 16 | 406 | 6150 | 75.5 | 2011 |
Nigeria | NGA | Africa | Lower middle | 21 | 15 | 13 | 215.2 | 185,990 | 55.2 | 2010 |
Oman | OMN | Eastern Mediterranean | High | 38 | 32 | 23 | 1635.9 | 4425 | 77 | 2009 |
Pakistan | PAK | Eastern Mediterranean | Lower middle | 26 | 19 | 14 | 134.4 | 193,203 | 66.5 | 2016 |
Papua New Guinea | PNG | Western Pacific | Lower middle | 20 | 13 | 11 | 98.6 | 8085 | 65.9 | 2012 |
Paraguay | PRY | The Americas | Upper middle | 28 | 21 | 16 | 724.3 | 6725 | 74.2 | 2009 |
Peru | PER | The Americas | Upper middle | 33 | 25 | 18 | 671 | 31,774 | 75.9 | 2012 |
Philippines | PHL | Western Pacific | Lower middle | 46 | 39 | 31 | 322.8 | 103,320 | 69.3 | 2008 |
Poland | POL | Europe | High | 47 | 45 | 34 | 1704.2 | 38,224 | 77.8 | 2017 |
Portugal | PRT | Europe | High | 71 | 67 | 50 | 2661.4 | 10,372 | 81.5 | 2011 |
Republic of Moldova | MDA | Europe | Lower middle | 37 | 31 | 24 | 515.3 | 4060 | 71.5 | 2011 |
Romania | ROU | Europe | Upper middle | 55 | 49 | 41 | 1090.4 | 19,778 | 75.2 | 2012 |
Russian Federation | RUS | Europe | Upper middle | 36 | 31 | 21 | 1414 | 143,965 | 71.9 | 2014 |
Rwanda | RWA | Africa | Low | 21 | 14 | 12 | 143.2 | 11,918 | 68 | 2010 |
Saint Lucia | LCA | The Americas | Upper middle | 28 | 21 | 17 | 681.4 | 178 | 75.6 | 2007 |
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | VCT | The Americas | Upper middle | 26 | 18 | 14 | 469.5 | 110 | 72 | 2010 |
Senegal | SEN | Africa | Low | 24 | 17 | 13 | 97.1 | 195 | 75.1 | 2013 |
Serbia | SRB | Europe | Upper middle | 50 | 42 | 31 | 1323.7 | 8820 | 76.3 | 2010 |
Seychelles | SYC | Africa | High | 24 | 18 | 13 | 867.3 | 94 | 73.3 | 2010 |
Slovakia | SVK | Europe | High | 73 | 65 | 54 | 2062 | 5444 | 77.4 | 2012 |
Slovenia | SVN | Europe | High | 56 | 54 | 41 | 2733.8 | 2078 | 80.9 | 2017 |
Solomon Islands | SLB | Western Pacific | Lower middle | 23 | 17 | 13 | 173 | 599 | 71.1 | 2017 |
Somalia | SOM | Africa | Low | 8 | 6 | 7 | 14,318 | 55.4 | 2006 | |
South Africa | ZAF | Africa | Upper middle | 21 | 14 | 12 | 1086.4 | 56,015 | 63.6 | 2014 |
Sri Lanka | LKA | South-East Asia | Lower middle | 22 | 18 | 11 | 353.1 | 20,798 | 75.3 | 2013 |
Sudan | SDN | Africa | Lower middle | 35 | 28 | 22 | 277 | 39,579 | 65.1 | 2014 |
Suriname | SUR | The Americas | Upper middle | 25 | 18 | 14 | 1016.9 | 558 | 71.8 | 2014 |
Sweden | SWE | Europe | High | 31 | 29 | 16 | 5298.6 | 9838 | 82.4 | 2016 |
Syrian Arab Republic | SYR | Eastern Mediterranean | Low | 64 | 57 | 46 | 18,430 | 63.8 | 2008 | |
Tajikistan | TJK | Europe | Low | 26 | 19 | 15 | 192.7 | 8735 | 70.8 | 2009 |
Thailand | THA | South-East Asia | Upper middle | 34 | 28 | 21 | 610.2 | 68,864 | 75.5 | 2013 |
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia | MKD | Europe | Upper middle | 35 | 28 | 17 | 857.1 | 2081 | 75.9 | 2008 |
Timor-Leste | TLS | South-East Asia | Lower middle | 24 | 17 | 13 | 141.3 | 1269 | 68.6 | 2015 |
Togo | TGO | Africa | Low | 28 | 21 | 15 | 95.6 | 7606 | 60.6 | 2012 |
Tonga | TON | Western Pacific | Upper middle | 23 | 16 | 12 | 323.8 | 107 | 73.4 | 2007 |
Trinidad & Tobago | TTO | The Americas | High | 44 | 39 | 32 | 2204.1 | 1365 | 71.8 | 2010 |
Tunisia | TUN | Eastern Mediterranean | Lower middle | 58 | 52 | 43 | 774.1 | 11,403 | 76 | 2012 |
Uganda | UGA | Africa | Low | 26 | 19 | 16 | 138.5 | 41,488 | 62.5 | 2012 |
Ukraine | UKR | Europe | Lower middle | 20 | 13 | 10 | 469.4 | 44,439 | 72.5 | 2009 |
United Republic of Tanzania | TZA | Africa | Low | 36 | 28 | 21 | 96.5 | 55,572 | 63.9 | 2013 |
Uruguay | URY | The Americas | High | 41 | 35 | 28 | 1747.8 | 3444 | 77.1 | 2011 |
Vanuatu | VUT | Western Pacific | Lower middle | 18 | 12 | 9 | 106.1 | 270 | 72 | 2006 |
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) | VEN | The Americas | Upper middle | 25 | 19 | 14 | 579.4 | 31,568 | 74.1 | 2004 |
Viet Nam | VNM | Western Pacific | Lower middle | 60 | 53 | 43 | 334.3 | 94,569 | 76.3 | 2008 |
Yemen | YEM | Eastern Mediterranean | Low | 21 | 14 | 11 | 144.5 | 27,584 | 65.3 | 2009 |
Zambia | ZMB | Africa | Lower middle | 26 | 19 | 17 | 203 | 16,591 | 62.3 | 2013 |
Zimbabwe | ZWE | Africa | Low | 26 | 18 | 14 | 182.3 | 16,150 | 61.4 | 2011 |
Data extraction
Data analysis
Results
Ischemic heart disease
Variable | B | 95% CI lower bound | 95% CI upper bound | Beta | P value | Pearson correlation | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted | Medicine coverage score | 0.109 | − 0.164 | 0.382 | 0.69 | 0.43 | 0.069 |
Adjusted | Medicine coverage score | 0.194 | − 0.14 | 0.528 | 0.123 | 0.252 | 0.108 |
Health expenditure | 0.011 | 0.005 | 0.017 | 0.467 | < 0.001 | 0.232 | |
Population | − 1.056E−7 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0.991 | − 0.008 | |
Life expectancy | 0.058 | − 0.636 | 0.752 | 0.02 | 0.869 | 0.093 | |
Prevalence | − 0.007 | − 0.01 | − 0.004 | − 0.49 | < 0.001 | − 0.108 |
Cerebrovascular disease
Variable | B | 95% CI lower bound | 95% CI upper bound | Beta | P-value | Pearson correlation | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted | Medicine coverage score | 0.565 | 0.333 | 0.796 | 0.391 | < 0.001 | 0.391 |
Adjusted | Medicine coverage score | 0.173 | − 0.089 | 0.435 | 0.117 | 0.194 | 0.393 |
Health expenditure | 0.014 | 0.009 | 0.018 | 0.587 | < 0.001 | 0.609 | |
Population | − 3.977E−06 | 0 | 0 | − 0.037 | 0.596 | − 0.092 | |
Life expectancy | 0.557 | 0.02 | 1.095 | 0.2 | 0.042 | 0.476 | |
Prevalence | − 0.008 | − 0.013 | − 0.004 | − 0.319 | 0.001 | 0.185 |
Hypertensive heart disease
Variable | B | 95% CI lower bound | 95% CI upper bound | Beta | P-value | Pearson correlation | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted | Medicine coverage score | 0.621 | 0.312 | 0.929 | 0.331 | < 0.001 | 0.331 |
Adjusted | Medicine coverage score | 0.204 | − 0.116 | 0.524 | 0.11 | 0.209 | 0.324 |
Health expenditure | 0.008 | 0.004 | 0.013 | 0.346 | < 0.001 | 0.533 | |
Population | 2.073E−06 | 0 | 0 | 0.019 | 0.782 | − 0.009 | |
Life expectancy | 1.371 | 0.829 | 1.913 | 0.484 | < 0.001 | 0.554 | |
Prevalence | − 0.044 | − 0.063 | − 0.026 | − 0.402 | < 0.001 | 0.084 |