Background
Methods
Study design and participants
Measures
Outcome variables
Independent variables
Covariates
Statistical analysis
Results
Sample demographic characteristics
N, % | Daily sleep hours (means, SD) | CSHQ score (means, SD) | |
---|---|---|---|
Total | 114311, 100.00% | 10.715±2.693 | 46.706±7.576 |
Very-preterm (<31W) | 2379, 2.08% | 10.409±3.135 | 48.380±8.787 |
Moderate-preterm (32–33W) | 1893, 1.66% | 10.433±2.951 | 47.940±8.556 |
Late-preterm (34–36W) | 10238, 8.96% | 10.505±2.885 | 47.340±8.137 |
Early-term (37–38W) | 29179, 25.53% | 10.689±2.699 | 46.664±7.582 |
Full-term (39–40W) | 58043, 50.78% | 10.780±2.616 | 46.464±7.355 |
Late-term (41–41W) | 7016, 6.14% | 10.852±2.529 | 46.539±7.124 |
Post-term (>41W) | 5563, 4.87% | 10.614±2.928 | 47.365±8.138 |
3 years old | 37823, 100.00% | 46.666±7.052 | 46.592±6.863 |
Very-preterm (<31W) | 726, 1.92% | 10.339±3.231 | 48.906±8.893 |
Moderate-preterm (32–33W) | 530, 1.40% | 10.432±2.97 | 48.502±8.75 |
Late-preterm (34–36W) | 3022, 7.99% | 10.623±2.826 | 47.254±7.500 |
Early-term (37–38W) | 9824, 25.97% | 10.802±2.639 | 46.846±7.293 |
Full-term (39–40W) | 19647, 51.94% | 10.879±2.552 | 46.666±7.052 |
Late-term (41–41W) | 2435, 6.44% | 10.851±2.499 | 47.689±7.942 |
Post-term (>41W) | 1639, 4.33% | 10.664±2.853 | 46.846±7.293 |
4 years old | 43847, 100.00% | 10.708±2.685 | 46.781±7.545 |
Very-preterm(<31W) | 938, 2.14% | 10.451±3.102 | 48.263±8.404 |
Moderate-preterm (32–33W) | 768, 1.75% | 10.530±2.918 | 47.965±8.281 |
Late-preterm (34–36W) | 3890, 8.87% | 10.530±2.857 | 47.511±8.096 |
Early-term (37–38W) | 10997, 25.08% | 10.654±2.711 | 46.748±7.544 |
Full-term (39–40W) | 22276, 50.80% | 10.766±2.609 | 46.493±7.303 |
Late-term (41–41W) | 2779, 6.34% | 10.654±2.711 | 46.800±7.283 |
Post-term (>41W) | 2199, 5.02% | 10.885±2.459 | 47.514±8.343 |
5 years old | 32641, 100.00% | 10.615±2.768 | 46.422±7.968 |
Very-preterm (<31W) | 715, 2.19% | 10.424±3.082 | 48.000±9.152 |
Moderate-preterm (32–33W) | 595, 1.82% | 10.308±2.975 | 47.398±8.711 |
Late-preterm (34–36W) | 3326, 10.19% | 10.368±2.965 | 47.222±8.720 |
Early-term (37–38W) | 8358, 25.61% | 10.604±2.748 | 46.339±7.948 |
Full-term (39–40W) | 16120, 49.39% | 10.678±2.699 | 46.177±7.770 |
Late-term (41–41W) | 1802, 5.52% | 10.802±2.673 | 46.065±7.203 |
Post-term (>41W) | 1725, 5.28% | 10.534±2.953 | 46.957±8.124 |
Characteristics | Total | Sex | p | Gestational age at birth | p | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 114,311) | Male | Female | Very-preterm | Moderate-preterm | Preterm | Early-term | Full-term | Late-term | Post-term | |||
(n = 59,694) | (n = 54,617) | <31W | 32–33W | 34–36W | 37–38W | 39–40W | 41–41W | >41W | ||||
(n = 2379) | (n = 1893) | (n = 10,238) | (n = 29,179) | (n = 58,043) | (n = 7016) | (n = 5563) | ||||||
Child characteristics | ||||||||||||
Children’s age (M, SD) | 4.408, 0.798 | 4.413, 0.797 | 4.403, 0.800 | 0.0423 | 4.446, 0.790 | 4.501, 0.781 | 4.490, 0.801 | 4.411, 0.804 | 4.389, 0.797 | 4.347, 0.782 | 4.472, 0.789 | <0.001 |
Gender (n%) | <0.001 | |||||||||||
Male | 59,694, 52.221 | 59,694, 100.000 | 0, 0.000 | 1268, 53.3 | 1014, 53.566 | 5568, 54.386 | 16,010, 54.868 | 29,670, 51.117 | 3373, 48.076 | 2791, 50.171 | ||
Female | 54,617, 47.779 | 0, 0.000 | 54,617, 100.000 | 1111, 46.7 | 879, 46.434 | 4670, 45.614 | 13,169, 45.132 | 28,373, 48.883 | 3643, 51.924 | 2772, 49.829 | ||
BMI (M, SD) | 15.602, 1.607 | 15.754, 1.622 | 15.435, 1.574 | <0.001 | 15.660, 1.709 | 15.661, 1.666 | 15.660, 1.702 | 15.609, 1.617 | 15.576, 1.576 | 15.582, 1.574 | 15.698, 1.669 | <0.001 |
Right-handedness (n%) | <0.001 | 0.007 | ||||||||||
No | 8187, 7.162 | 4763, 7.979 | 3424, 6.269 | 212, 8.911 | 148, 7.818 | 763, 7.453 | 2103, 7.207 | 4039, 6.959 | 520, 7.412 | 402, 7.226 | ||
Yes | 106,124, 92.838 | 54,931, 92.021 | 51,193, 93.731 | 2167, 91.089 | 1745, 92.182 | 9475, 92.547 | 27,076, 92.793 | 54,004, 93.041 | 6496, 92.588 | 5161, 92.774 | ||
Eyesight (n%) | 0.506 | 0.147 | ||||||||||
Normal | 103,199, 90.279 | 53,858, 90.223 | 49,341, 90.34 | 2133, 89.66 | 1691, 89.329 | 9202, 89.881 | 26,353, 90.315 | 52,463, 90.386 | 6302, 89.823 | 5055, 90.868 | ||
Abnormal | 11,112, 9.721 | 5836, 9.777 | 5276, 9.66 | 246, 10.34 | 202, 10.671 | 1036, 10.119 | 2826, 9.685 | 5580, 9.614 | 714, 10.177 | 508, 9.132 | ||
Birth weight (n%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||
<2500g | 3700, 3.237 | 1727, 2.893 | 1973, 3.612 | 365, 15.343 | 383, 20.232 | 1019, 9.953 | 925, 3.17 | 808, 1.392 | 93, 1.326 | 107, 1.923 | ||
≥2500g | 110,611, 96.763 | 57,967, 97.107 | 52,644, 96.388 | 2014, 84.657 | 1510, 79.768 | 9219, 90.047 | 28,254, 96.83 | 57,235, 98.608 | 6923, 98.674 | 5456, 98.077 | ||
Delivery mode | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||
Vaginal delivery | 59,625, 52.160 | 30,421, 50.962 | 29,204, 53.471 | 1208, 50.778 | 928, 49.023 | 5070, 49.521 | 13,925, 47.723 | 31,639, 54.51 | 3893, 55.487 | 2962, 53.245 | ||
Delivery with caesarean section | 54,686, 47.840 | 29,273, 49.038 | 25,413, 46.529 | 1171, 49.222 | 965, 50.977 | 5168, 50.479 | 15,254, 52.277 | 26,404, 45.49 | 3123, 44.513 | 2601, 46.755 | ||
NICU admission | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||
No | 102,833, 89.959 | 53,301, 89.290 | 49,532, 90.69 | 1891, 79.487 | 1399, 73.904 | 8206, 80.152 | 26,290, 90.099 | 53,501, 92.175 | 6420, 91.505 | 5126, 92.145 | ||
Yes | 11,478, 10.041 | 6393, 10.710 | 5085, 9.31 | 488, 20.513 | 494, 26.096 | 2032, 19.848 | 2889, 9.901 | 4542, 7.825 | 596, 8.495 | 437, 7.855 | ||
Other developmental disorders | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||
No | 113,565, 99.347 | 59,244, 99.246 | 54,321, 99.458 | 2359, 99.159 | 1867, 98.627 | 10174, 99.375 | 28,971, 99.287 | 57,702, 99.413 | 6977, 99.444 | 5515, 99.137 | ||
Yes | 746, 0.653 | 450, 0.754 | 296, 0.542 | 20, 0.841 | 26, 1.373 | 64, 0.625 | 208, 0.713 | 341, 0.587 | 39, 0.556 | 48, 0.863 | ||
Co-sleeping | 0.427 | 0.142 | ||||||||||
Yes | 93,755, 82.020 | 48,941, 81.900 | 44,814, 82.000 | 1935, 81.337 | 1530, 80.824 | 8395, 81.998 | 23,914, 81.956 | 47,717, 82.21 | 5754, 82.013 | 4510, 81.071 | ||
No | 20,556, 17.980 | 10,753, 18,100 | 9803, 18.000 | 444, 18.663 | 363, 19.176 | 1843, 18.002 | 5265, 18.044 | 10,326, 17.79 | 1262, 17.987 | 1053, 18.929 | ||
Family characteristics | ||||||||||||
Higher education of mother (n%) | 0.00195 | <0.001 | ||||||||||
No | 51,393, 44.959 | 27,098, 45.395 | 24,295, 44.482 | 1086, 45.649 | 862, 45.536 | 4578, 44.716 | 13,540, 46.403 | 24,070, 41.469 | 2929, 41.747 | 2870, 51.591 | ||
Yes | 62,918, 55.041 | 32,596, 54.605 | 30,322, 55.518 | 1293, 54.351 | 1031, 54.464 | 5660, 55.284 | 15,639, 53.597 | 33,973, 58.531 | 4087, 58.253 | 2693, 48.409 | ||
Higher education of father (n%) | 0.00498 | <0.001 | ||||||||||
No | 52,335, 45.783 | 27,566, 46.179 | 24,769, 45.35 | 1061, 44.599 | 851, 44.955 | 4496, 43.915 | 13,709, 46.982 | 24,759, 42.656 | 2940, 41.904 | 2825, 50.782 | ||
Yes | 61,976, 54.217 | 32,128, 53.821 | 29,848, 54.65 | 1318, 55.401 | 1042, 55.045 | 5742, 56.085 | 15,470, 53.018 | 33,284, 57.344 | 4076, 58.096 | 2738, 49.218 | ||
Mother’s occupation (n%) | 0.00255 | 0.013 | ||||||||||
Employed | 71,455, 62.509 | 37,561, 62.923 | 33,894, 62.058 | 1505, 63.262 | 1165, 61.543 | 6231, 60.861 | 18,247, 62.535 | 36,361, 62.645 | 4439, 63.27 | 3507, 63.042 | ||
Unemployed | 42,856, 37.491 | 22,133, 37.077 | 20,723, 37.942 | 874, 36.738 | 728, 38.457 | 4007, 39.139 | 10,932, 37.465 | 21,682, 37.355 | 2577, 36.73 | 2056, 36.958 | ||
Father’s occupation (n%) | 0.249 | <0.001 | ||||||||||
Employed | 90,554, 79.217 | 47,367, 79.35 | 43,187, 79.072 | 1834, 77.091 | 1452, 76.704 | 7755, 75.747 | 23,101, 79.17 | 46,381, 79.908 | 5655, 80.601 | 4376, 78.663 | ||
Unemployed | 23,757, 20.783 | 12,327, 20.65 | 11,430, 20.928 | 545, 22.909 | 441, 23.296 | 2483, 24.253 | 6078, 20.83 | 11,662, 20.092 | 1361, 19.399 | 1187, 21.337 | ||
Family annual per capita income (RMB) b(n%) | 0.0326 | <0.001 | ||||||||||
Below | 21,988, 19.235 | 11,340, 18.997 | 10,648, 19.496 | 526, 22.11 | 431, 22.768 | 2371, 23.159 | 5418, 18.568 | 10,683, 18.405 | 1296, 18.472 | 1263, 22.704 | ||
Above or equal to | 92,323, 80.765 | 48,354, 81.003 | 43,969, 80.504 | 1853, 77.89 | 1462, 77.232 | 7867, 76.841 | 23,761, 81.432 | 47,360, 81.595 | 5720, 81.528 | 4300, 77.296 | ||
Family structure (n%) | 0.0395 | |||||||||||
<0.001 | ||||||||||||
Single families | 2807, 2.456 | 1412, 2.365 | 1395, 2.554 | 89, 3.741 | 59, 3.117 | 340, 3.321 | 748, 2.563 | 1242, 2.140 | 155, 2.209 | 174, 3.128 | ||
Nuclear families | 70,142, 61.361 | 36,724, 61.520 | 33,418, 61.186 | 1544, 64.901 | 1225, 64.712 | 6581, 64.28 | 17,989, 61.651 | 35,235, 60.705 | 4058, 57.839 | 3510, 63.095 | ||
Extended families | 41,362, 36.184 | 21,558, 36.114 | 19,804, 36.260 | 746, 31.358 | 609, 32.171 | 3317, 32.399 | 10,442, 35.786 | 21,566, 37.155 | 2803, 39.952 | 1879, 33.777 | ||
The number of children in the family (n%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||
One | 64,273, 56.226 | 34,319, 57.492 | 29,954, 54.844 | 1390, 58.428 | 1125, 59.429 | 5616, 54.854 | 15,516, 53.175 | 33,105, 57.035 | 4201, 59.877 | 3320, 59.680 | ||
Two or more | 50,038, 43.774 | 25,375, 42.508 | 24,663, 45.156 | 989, 41.572 | 768, 40.571 | 4622, 45.146 | 13,663, 46.825 | 24,938, 42.965 | 2815, 40.123 | 2243, 40.320 | ||
Maternal health characteristics | ||||||||||||
Maternal age at delivery (n%) | 0.414 | <0.001 | ||||||||||
<30 | 84,676, 74.075 | 44,158, 73.974 | 40,518, 74.186 | 1766, 74.233 | 1354, 71.527 | 7068, 69.037 | 20,500, 70.256 | 44,021, 75.842 | 5686, 81.043 | 4281, 76.955 | ||
30–34 | 21,956, 19.207 | 11,582, 19.402 | 10,374, 18.994 | 417, 17.528 | 367, 19.387 | 2224, 21.723 | 6293, 21.567 | 10,666, 18.376 | 1049, 14.952 | 940, 16.897 | ||
≥35 | 7679, 6.718 | 3954, 6.624 | 3725, 6.820 | 196, 8.239 | 172, 9.086 | 946, 9.24 | 2386, 8.177 | 3356, 5.782 | 281, 4.005 | 342, 6.148 | ||
Smoking or passive smoking during pregnancy (n%) | 0.685 | <0.001 | ||||||||||
No | 82,461, 72.137 | 43,031, 72.086 | 39,430, 72.194 | 1677, 70.492 | 1336, 70.576 | 7154, 69.877 | 21,197, 72.645 | 42,124, 72.574 | 5019, 71.536 | 3954, 71.077 | ||
Yes | 31,850, 27.863 | 16,663, 27.914 | 15,187, 27.806 | 702, 29.508 | 557, 29.424 | 3084, 30.123 | 7982, 27.355 | 15,919, 27.426 | 1997, 28.464 | 1609, 28.923 | ||
Maternal complications during pregnancy c(n%) | 0.147 | <0.001 | ||||||||||
No | 108,934, 95.296 | 56,938, 95.383 | 51,996, 95.201 | 2242, 94.241 | 1755, 92.71 | 9612, 93.886 | 27,515, 94.297 | 55,634, 95.85 | 6783, 96.679 | 5393, 96.944 | ||
Yes | 5377, 4.704 | 2756, 4.617 | 2621, 4.799 | 137, 5.759 | 138, 7.29 | 626, 6.114 | 1664, 5.703 | 2409, 4.15 | 233, 3.321 | 170, 3.056 |
Sleep disorder (CSHQ>41) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N, % | Crude OR (95% CI) | p | p* | Adjusted ORa (95% CI) | p | p* | ||
Yes | No | |||||||
Total | 87,773, 76.78% | 26,538, 23.22% | ||||||
Very-preterm(<31W) | 1932, 81.21% | 447, 18.79% | 1.322 (1.188, 1.47) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.287 (1.157, 1.433) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Moderate-preterm(32–33W) | 1527, 80.67% | 366, 19.33% | 1.276 (1.135, 1.435) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.249 (1.110, 1.405) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Late-preterm (34–36W) | 8049, 78.62% | 2189, 21.38% | 1.125 (1.065, 1.188) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.111 (1.052, 1.174) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Early-term (37–38W) | 22,345, 76.58% | 6834, 23.42% | 0.97 (0.938, 1.002) | 0.069 | 0.828 | 0.958 (0.927, 0.991) | 0.012 | 0.014 |
Full-term (39–40W) | 44,126, 76.02% | 13917, 23.98% | Reference | Reference | ||||
Late-term (41–41W) | 5390, 76.82% | 1626, 23.18% | 1.014 (0.953, 1.078) | 0.663 | 0.663 | 0.976 (0.917, 1.039) | 0.451 | 0.451 |
Post-term (>41W) | 4404, 79.17% | 1159, 20.83% | 1.162 (1.083, 1.247) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.139 (1.061, 1.222) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
3 years old | 29,658, 78.40% | 8165, 21.60% | ||||||
Very-preterm(<31W) | 599, 82.51% | 127, 17.49% | 1.308 (1.074, 1.594) | 0.008 | 0.048 | 1.267 (1.039, 1.545) | 0.019 | 0.114 |
Moderate-preterm(32–33W) | 435, 82.08% | 95, 17.92% | 1.27 (1.012, 1.594) | 0.039 | 0.078 | 1.24 (0.987, 1.558) | 0.065 | 0.195 |
Late-preterm (34–36W) | 2377, 78.66% | 645, 21.34% | 1.022 (0.925, 1.129) | 0.667 | 0.667 | 0.996 (0.901, 1.100) | 0.930 | 0.930 |
Early-term (37–38W) | 7691, 78.29% | 2133, 21.71% | 0.981 (0.925, 1.04) | 0.523 | 0.667 | 0.968 (0.912, 1.027) | 0.277 | 0.415 |
Full-term (39–40W) | 15,317, 77.96% | 4330, 22.04% | Reference | Reference | ||||
Late-term (41–41W) | 1918, 78.77% | 517, 21.23% | 1.029 (0.923, 1.147) | 0.606 | 0.667 | 0.985 (0.883, 1.099) | 0.787 | 0.930 |
Post-term (>41W) | 1321, 80.60% | 318, 19.40% | 1.152 (1.01, 1.314)* | 0.035 | 0.078 | 1.111 (0.974, 1.269) | 0.118 | 0.236 |
4 years old | 33,962, 77.46% | 9885, 22.54% | ||||||
Very-preterm(<31W) | 772, 82.30% | 166, 17.70% | 1.352 (1.137, 1.608) | 0.001 | 0.002 | 1.295 (1.088, 1.542) | 0.004 | 0.008 |
Moderate-preterm(32–33W) | 636, 82.81% | 132, 17.19% | 1.401 (1.155, 1.699) | 0.001 | 0.002 | 1.35 (1.112, 1.639) | 0.002 | 0.006 |
Late-preterm (34–36W) | 3120, 80.21% | 770, 19.79% | 1.178 (1.076, 1.29) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.155 (1.055, 1.266) | 0.002 | 0.006 |
Early-term (37–38W) | 8520, 77.48% | 2477, 22.52% | 0.942 (0.892, 0.995) | 0.031 | 0.0372 | 0.931 (0.882, 0.984) | 0.011 | 0.016 |
Full-term (39–40W) | 17,022, 76.41% | 5254, 23.59% | Reference | Reference | ||||
Late-term (41–41W) | 2140, 77.01% | 639, 22.99% | 0.974 (0.882, 1.075) | 0.597 | 0.597 | 0.945 (0.855, 1.045) | 0.269 | 0.269 |
Post-term (>41W) | 1752, 79.67% | 447, 20.33% | 1.139 (1.018, 1.276) | 0.024 | 0.036 | 1.097 (0.979, 1.229) | 0.111 | 0.133 |
5 years old | 24,153, 74.00% | 8488, 26.00% | ||||||
Very-preterm(<31W) | 561, 78.46% | 154, 21.54% | 1.321 (1.098, 1.589) | 0.003 | 0.006 | 1.293 (1.074, 1.557) | 0.007 | 0.014 |
Moderate-preterm(32–33W) | 456, 76.64% | 139, 23.36% | 1.189 (0.978, 1.447) | 0.083 | 0.1245 | 1.155 (0.949, 1.407) | 0.151 | 0.226 |
Late-preterm (34–36W) | 2552, 76.73% | 774, 23.27% | 1.195 (1.088, 1.313) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.172 (1.066, 1.288) | 0.001 | 0.006 |
Early-term (37–38W) | 6134, 73.39% | 2224, 26.61% | 0.986 (0.929, 1.047) | 0.651 | 0.651 | 0.979 (0.922, 1.04) | 0.491 | 0.589 |
Full-term (39–40W) | 11,787, 73.12% | 4333, 26.88% | Reference | Reference | ||||
Late-term (41–41W) | 1332, 73.92% | 470, 26.08% | 1.028 (0.915, 1.154) | 0.646 | 0.651 | 1.002 (0.892, 1.126) | 0.975 | 0.975 |
Post-term (>41W) | 1331, 77.16% | 394, 22.84% | 1.225 (1.084, 1.384) | 0.001 | 0.003 | 1.209 (1.069, 1.368) | 0.002 | 0.006 |
Association of gestational age with childhood daily sleep hours and sleep disorder
Daily sleep hours (10.715±2.693) | CSHQ score (46.706±7.576) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude β (95% CI) | p | p* | Adjusted βa (95% CI) | p | p* | Crude β (95% CI) | p | p* | Adjusted βa (95% CI) | p | p* | |
Total | ||||||||||||
Very-preterm (<31W) | −0.371 (−0.482, −0.261) | <0.001 | <0.001 | −0.303 (−0.413, −0.193) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.917 (1.606, 2.227) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.827 (1.518, 2.136) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Moderate-preterm (32–33W) | −0.348 (−0.471, −0.224) | <0.001 | <0.001 | −0.282 (−0.405, −0.159) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.473 (1.127, 1.82) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.409 (1.064, 1.754) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Late-preterm (34–36W) | −0.275 (−0.332, −0.219) | <0.001 | <0.001 | −0.201 (−0.258, −0.145) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.878 (0.719, 1.037) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.832 (0.673, 0.991) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Early-term (37–38W) | −0.091 (−0.129, −0.053) | <0.001 | <0.001 | −0.068 (−0.106, −0.031) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.200 (0.094, 0.307) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.233 (0.127, 0.339) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Full-term (39–40W) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
Late-term (41–41W) | 0.072 (0.005, 0.138) | 0.035 | 0.0035 | 0.067 (0.001, 0.133) | 0.048 | 0.048 | 0.075 (−0.112, 0.263) | 0.430 | 0.430 | 0.005 (−0.182, 0.191) | 0.959 | 0.959 |
Post-term (>41W) | −0.166 (−0.240, −0.092) | <0.001 | <0.001 | −0.110 (−0.184, −0.036) | 0.003 | 0.0036 | 0.901 (0.693, 1.109) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.831 (0.624, 1.039) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
3 years old | ||||||||||||
Very-preterm(<31W) | −0.54 (−0.735, −0.345) | <0.001 | <0.001 | −0.473 (−0.667, −0.279) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 2.240 (1.704, 2.776) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 2.154 (1.620, 2.688) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Moderate-preterm(32–33W) | −0.448 (−0.675, −0.221) | <0.001 | <0.001 | −0.397 (−0.623, −0.171) | 0.001 | 0.002 | 1.836 (1.211, 2.46) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.810 (1.188, 2.433) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Late-preterm (34–36W) | −0.256 (−0.357, −0.155) | <0.001 | <0.001 | −0.191 (−0.291, −0.09) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.588 (0.31, 0.865) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.546 (0.268, 0.823) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Early-term (37–38W) | −0.077 (−0.141, −0.014) | 0.017 | 0.0204 | −0.059 (−0.123, 0.004) | 0.068 | 0.081 | 0.180 (0.005, 0.356) | 0.044 | 0.052 | 0.231 (0.056, 0.406) | 0.01 | 0.012 |
Full-term (39–40W) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
Late-term (41–41W) | −0.028 (−0.139, 0.082) | 0.617 | 0.617 | −0.032 (−0.142, 0.078) | 0.571 | 0.571 | −0.074 (−0.379, 0.231) | 0.634 | 0.634 | −0.163 (−0.467, 0.141) | 0.293 | 0.293 |
Post-term (>41W) | −0.215 (−0.348, −0.083) | 0.001 | 0.0015 | −0.166 (−0.298, −0.034) | 0.014 | 0.021 | 0.927 (0.562, 1.292) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.845 (0.481, 1.209) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
4 years old | ||||||||||||
Very-preterm(<31W) | −0.315 (−0.491, −0.14) | <0.001 | <0.001 | −0.248 (−0.423, −0.073) | 0.005 | 0.010 | 1.771 (1.279, 2.263) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.648 (1.157, 2.139) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Moderate-preterm(32–33W) | −0.237 (−0.43, −0.043) | 0.016 | 0.024 | −0.161 (−0.353, 0.032) | 0.102 | 0.122 | 1.472 (0.93, 2.014) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.374 (0.833, 1.914) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Late-preterm (34–36W) | −0.236 (−0.328, −0.145) | <0.001 | <0.001 | −0.166 (−0.258, −0.074) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.018 (0.762, 1.275) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.954 (0.697, 1.211) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Early-term (37–38W) | −0.113 (−0.174, −0.051) | <0.001 | <0.001 | −0.089 (−0.151, −0.028) | 0.004 | 0.010 | 0.255 (0.083, 0.427) | 0.0036 | 0.0043 | 0.283 (0.111, 0.455) | 0.001 | 0.0012 |
Full-term (39–40W) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
Late-term (41–41W) | 0.118 (0.012, 0.224) | 0.029 | 0.0348 | 0.109 (0.004, 0.215) | 0.042 | 0.063 | 0.308 (0.011, 0.605) | 0.042 | 0.042 | 0.262 (−0.034, 0.557) | 0.083 | 0.083 |
Post-term (>41W) | −0.126 (−0.244, −0.009) | 0.035 | 0.035 | −0.077 (−0.194, 0.04) | 0.198 | 0.198 | 1.022 (0.692, 1.352) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.900 (0.571, 1.229) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
5 years old | ||||||||||||
Very-preterm(<31W) | −0.254 (−0.462, −0.047) | 0.016 | 0.032 | −0.196 (−0.403, 0.011) | 0.063 | 0.094 | 1.823 (1.227, 2.419) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.731 (1.137, 2.326) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Moderate-preterm(32–33W) | −0.37 (−0.597, −0.144) | 0.001 | 0.003 | −0.329 (−0.555, −0.104) | 0.004 | 0.012 | 1.221 (0.57, 1.872) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.112 (0.463, 1.761) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Late-preterm (34–36W) | −0.31 (−0.414, −0.207) | <0.001 | <0.001 | −0.249 (−0.353, −0.146) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.046 (0.749, 1.343) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.953 (0.655, 1.251) | 0.001 | 0.0015 |
Early-term (37–38W) | −0.074 (−0.147, −0.001) | 0.046 | 0.0552 | −0.05 (−0.123, 0.023) | 0.182 | 0.182 | 0.162 (−0.048, 0.372) | 0.130 | 0.156 | 0.176 (−0.034, 0.386) | 0.101 | 0.120 |
Full-term (39–40W) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
Late-term (41–41W) | 0.124 (−0.011, 0.259) | 0.071 | 0.071 | 0.129 (−0.005, 0.264) | 0.056 | 0.094 | −0.112 (−0.499, 0.275) | 0.571 | 0.571 | −0.175 (−0.561, 0.211) | 0.375 | 0.375 |
Post-term (>41W) | −0.145 (−0.282, −0.007) | 0.039 | 0.0552 | −0.091 (−0.228, 0.046) | 0.179 | 0.182 | 0.78 (0.385, 1.175) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.724 (0.330, 1.118) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Gestational age | Bedtime resistance | Sleep onset delay | ||||||||||
Crude β (95% CI) |
p
|
p*
| Adjusted β
a (95% CI) |
p
|
p*
| Crude β (95% CI) |
p
|
p*
| Adjusted β
a (95% CI) |
p
|
p*
| |
Total | ||||||||||||
Very-preterm(<31W) | 0.056 (−0.036, 0.149) | 0.234 | 0.2808 | 0.116 (0.025, 0.207) | 0.012 | 0.036 | 0.057 (0.028, 0.085) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.049 (0.021, 0.078) | 0.001 | 0.006 |
Moderate-preterm(32–33W) | 0.08 (−0.023, 0.183) | 0.129 | 0.1935 | 0.149 (0.047, 0.25) | 0.004 | 0.024 | 0.054 (0.022, 0.086) | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.047 (0.016, 0.079) | 0.003 | 0.009 |
Late-preterm (34–36W) | −0.037 (−0.084, 0.011) | 0.128 | 0.1935 | 0.048 (0.002, 0.095) | 0.043 | 0.082 | 0.021 (0.007, 0.036) | 0.005 | 0.010 | 0.016 (0.001, 0.031) | 0.032 | 0.064 |
Early-term (37–38W) | −0.046 (−0.078, −0.014) | 0.004 | 0.012 | −0.008 (−0.04, 0.023) | 0.603 | 0.603 | −0.001 (−0.011, 0.008) | 0.772 | 0.772 | −0.002 (−0.011, 0.008) | 0.745 | 0.745 |
Full-term (39–40W) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
Late-term (41–41W) | 0.088 (0.032, 0.144) | 0.002 | 0.012 | 0.054 (−0.001, 0.109) | 0.055 | 0.082 | 0.017 (0, 0.034) | 0.057 | 0.085 | 0.012 (−0.005, 0.03) | 0.160 | 0.240 |
Post-term (>41W) | −0.003 (−0.065, 0.059) | 0.921 | 0.921 | 0.052 (−0.009, 0.113) | 0.096 | 0.115 | 0.013 (−0.006, 0.032) | 0.183 | 0.219 | 0.01 (−0.009, 0.029) | 0.323 | 0.387 |
3 years old | ||||||||||||
Very-preterm(<31W) | 0.095 (−0.066, 0.256) | 0.249 | 0.394 | 0.149 (−0.010, 0.308) | 0.067 | 0.402 | 0.095 (0.043, 0.147) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.090 (0.038, 0.142) | 0.001 | 0.006 |
Moderate-preterm(32–33W) | 0.065 (−0.123, 0.252) | 0,498 | 0.597 | 0.125 (−0.060, 0.310) | 0.187 | 0.561 | 0.076 (0.016, 0.136) | 0.014 | 0.042 | 0.069 (0.009, 0.129) | 0.025 | 0.075 |
Late-preterm (34–36W) | −0.107 (−0.19, −0.024) | 0.012 | 0.072 | −0.04 (−0.123, 0.042) | 0.339 | 0.591 | 0.001 (−0.026, 0.027) | 0.961 | 0.961 | −0.004 (−0.031, 0.022) | 0.743 | 0.743 |
Early-term (37–38W) | −0.053 (−0.105, 0.0001) | 0.05 | 0.072 | −0.018 (−0.07, 0.034) | 0.493 | 0.591 | −0.009 (−0.026, 0.008) | 0.285 | 0.496 | −0.008 (−0.025, 0.009) | 0.382 | 0.573 |
Full-term (39–40W) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
Late-term (41–41W) | 0.052 (−0.039, 0.144) | 0.263 | 0.394 | 0.024 (−0.066, 0.115) | 0.597 | 0.597 | 0.015 (−0.015, 0.044) | 0.331 | 0.496 | 0.009 (−0.021, 0.038) | 0.570 | 0.684 |
Post-term (>41W) | 0.015 (−0.095, 0.124) | 0.795 | 0.795 | 0.046 (−0.063, 0.154) | 0.408 | 0.591 | −0.011 (−0.046, 0.025) | 0.551 | 0.661 | −0.016 (−0.051, 0.019) | 0.380 | 0.573 |
4 years old | ||||||||||||
Very-preterm(<31W) | 0.069 (−0.076, 0.215) | 0.351 | 0.526 | 0.111 (−0.033, 0.255) | 0.131 | 0.196 | 0.011 (−0.034, 0.056) | 0.637 | 0.637 | 0.001 (−0.044, 0.046) | 0.964 | 0.964 |
Moderate-preterm(32–33W) | 0.13 (−0.03, 0.291) | 0.112 | 0.234 | 0.183 (0.024, 0.342) | 0.024 | 0.134 | 0.061 (0.011, 0.111)* | 0.017 | 0.102 | 0.050 (0.0001, 0.1) | 0.049 | 0.201 |
Late-preterm (34–36W) | 0.007 (−0.069, 0.083) | 0.855 | 0.904 | 0.07 (−0.005, 0.146) | 0.067 | 0.134 | 0.008 (−0.016, 0.032) | 0.508 | 0.609 | 0.001 (−0.023, 0.024) | 0.948 | 0.964 |
Early-term (37–38W) | −0.041 (−0.092, 0.01) | 0.117 | 0.234 | −0.006 (−0.056, 0.045) | 0.830 | 0.830 | 0.008 (−0.007, 0.024) | 0.301 | 0.451 | 0.008 (−0.008, 0.024) | 0.336 | 0.504 |
Full-term (39–40W) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
Late-term (41–41W) | 0.111 (0.023, 0.199)* | 0.014 | 0.084 | 0.081 (−0.006, 0.168) | 0.067 | 0.134 | 0.028 (0.001, 0.056) | 0.043 | 0.112 | 0.025 (−0.002, 0.053) | 0.067 | 0.201 |
Post-term (>41W) | 0.006 (−0.092, 0.104) | 0.904 | 0.094 | 0.029 (−0.068, 0.125) | 0.561 | 0.672 | 0.03 (−0.001, 0.06) | 0.056 | 0.112 | 0.023 (−0.007, 0.054) | 0.133 | 0.266 |
5 years old | ||||||||||||
Very-preterm(<31W) | 0.06 (−0.115, 0.235) | 0.500 | 0.500 | 0.086 (−0.088, 0.259) | 0.333 | 0.424 | 0.085 (0.033, 0.137)* | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.074 (0.022, 0.126) | 0.005 | 0.015 |
Moderate-preterm(32–33W) | 0.126 (−0.065, 0.317) | 0.197 | 0.487 | 0.125 (−0.064, 0.314) | 0.196 | 0.392 | 0.038 (−0.019, 0.095) | 0.191 | 0.286 | 0.028 (−0.029, 0.085) | 0.332 | 0.505 |
Late-preterm (34–36W) | 0.071 (−0.016, 0.158) | 0.112 | 0.487 | 0.102 (0.015, 0.189) | 0.021 | 0.126 | 0.067 (0.041, 0.093)* | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.054 (0.028, 0.08) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Early-term (37–38W) | −0.031 (−0.093, 0.031) | 0.325 | 0.487 | −0.003 (−0.064, 0.059) | 0.934 | 0.934 | −0.003 (−0.022, 0.015) | 0.710 | 0.852 | −0.006 (−0.025, 0.012) | 0.490 | 0.588 |
Full-term (39–40W) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
Late-term (41–41W) | 0.059 (−0.055, 0.173) | 0.311 | 0487 | 0.053 (−0.059, 0.166) | 0.354 | 0.424 | −0.003 (−0.037, 0.031) | 0.860 | 0.860 | −0.006 (−0.04, 0.027) | 0.709 | 0.709 |
Post-term (>41W) | 0.049 (−0.067, 0.165) | 0.411 | 0.493 | 0.084 (−0.031, 0.199) | 0.151 | 0.392 | 0.025 (−0.01, 0.059) | 0.162 | 0.286 | 0.017 (−0.018, 0.051) | 0.337 | 0.505 |
Gestational age | Night wakings | Parasomnia | ||||||||||
Crude β (95% CI) |
p
|
p*
| Adjusted β
a (95% CI) |
p
|
p*
| Crude β (95% CI) |
p
|
p*
| Adjusted β
a (95% CI) |
p
|
p*
| |
Total | ||||||||||||
Very-preterm(<31W) | 0.237 (0.191, 0.282) | <0.001 | <0.01 | 0.227 (0.181, 0.272) | <0.001 | <0.01 | 0.526 (0.433, 0.619) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.515 (0.422, 0.608) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Moderate-preterm(32–33W) | 0.166 (0.116, 0.217) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.163 (0.112, 0.214) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.341 (0.237, 0.445) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.337 (0.233, 0.441) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Late-preterm (34–36W) | 0.122 (0.099, 0.146) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.117 (0.093, 0.14) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.241 (0.193, 0.288) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.238 (0.19, 0.286) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Early-term (37–38W) | 0.036 (0.02, 0.052) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.037 (0.022, 0.053) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.079 (0.047, 0.111) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.085 (0.053, 0.117) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Full-term (39–40W) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
Late-term (41–41W) | −0.012 (−0.04, 0.015) | 0.386 | 0.386 | −0.018 (−0.046, 0.009) | 0.190 | 0.190 | −0.001 (−0.057, 0.056) | 0.983 | 0.983 | −0.011 (−0.067, 0.045) | 0.694 | 0.694 |
Post-term (>41W) | 0.089 (0.059, 0.12) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.083 (0.052, 0.113) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.228 (0.165, 0.29) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.221 (0.158, 0.283) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
3years old | ||||||||||||
Very-preterm(<31W) | 0.246 (0.163, 0.329) | <0.001 | <0.01 | 0.24 (0.157, 0.323) | <0.001 | <0.01 | 0.607 (0.445, 0.769) | <0.001 | <0.01 | 0.599 (0.437, 0.76) | <0.001 | <0.01 |
Moderate-preterm(32–33W) | 0.21 (0.113, 0.307) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.213 (0.117, 0.31) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.459 (0.27, 0.648) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.464 (0.275, 0.652) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Late-preterm (34–36W) | 0.083 (0.04, 0.126) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.082 (0.039, 0.126) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.172 (0.088, 0.256) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.174 (0.09, 0.258) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Early-term (37–38W) | 0.024 (−0.003, 0.052) | 0.078 | 0.0936 | 0.029 (0.002, 0.056) | 0.035 | 0.042 | 0.07 (0.017, 0.123) | 0.009 | 0.010 | 0.081 (0.028, 0.134) | 0.003 | 0.0036 |
Full-term (39–40W) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
Late-term (41–41W) | 0.001 (−0.047, 0.047) | 0.995 | 0.995 | −0.007 (−0.055, 0.04) | 0.759 | 0.759 | −0.003 (−0.096, 0.089) | 0.941 | 0.941 | −0.017 (−0.109, 0.075) | 0.715 | 0.715 |
Post-term (>41W) | 0.093 (0.036, 0.149) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.089 (0.033, 0.146) | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.217 (0.107, 0.327) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.212 (0.102, 0.322) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
4 years old | ||||||||||||
Very-preterm(<31W) | 0.23 (0.158, 0.302) | <0.001 | <0.01 | 0.213 (0.142, 0.285) | <0.001 | <0.01 | 0.511 (0.363, 0.658) | <0.001 | <0.01 | 0.493 (0.345, 0.64) | <0.001 | <0.01 |
Moderate-preterm(32–33W) | 0.157 (0.078, 0.236) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.141 (0.062, 0.22) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.29 (0.127, 0.452) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.277 (0.115, 0.44) | 0.001 | 0.0012 |
Late-preterm (34–36W) | 0.159 (0.121, 0.196) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.144 (0.106, 0.182) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.283 (0.207, 0.36) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.273 (0.195, 0.35) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Early-term (37–38W) | 0.037 (0.012, 0.062) | 0.004 | 0.0048 | 0.038 (0.013, 0.063) | 0.003 | 0.0036 | 0.083 (0.032, 0.135) | 0.002 | 0.0024 | 0.087 (0.035, 0.138) | 0.001 | 0.012 |
Full-term (39–40W) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
Late-term (41–41W) | −0.006 (−0.049, 0.038) | 0.801 | 0.801 | −0.008 (−0.052, 0.035) | 0.709 | 0.709 | 0.055 (−0.035, 0.144) | 0.230 | 0.230 | 0.05 (−0.039, 0.139) | 0.274 | 0.274 |
Post-term (>41W) | 0.107 (0.058, 0.155) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.09 (0.041, 0.138) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.293 (0.194, 0.392) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.274 (0.175, 0.373) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
5 years old | ||||||||||||
Very-preterm(<31W) | 0.249 (0.165, 0.333) | <0.001 | <0.01 | 0.233 (0.15, 0.317) | <0.001 | <0.01 | 0.478 (0.301, 0.656) | <0.001 | <0.01 | 0.461 (0.284, 0.639) | <0.001 | <0.01 |
Moderate-preterm(32–33W) | 0.161 (0.069, 0.252) | 0.001 | 0.0015 | 0.15 (0.059, 0.242) | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.326 (0.132, 0.52) | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.312 (0.118, 0.506) | 0.002 | 0.004 |
Late-preterm (34–36W) | 0.132 (0.09, 0.174) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.116 (0.075, 0.158) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.271 (0.182, 0.359) | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.253 (0.164, 0.343) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Early-term (37–38W) | 0.05 (0.021, 0.08) | 0.001 | 0.0015 | 0.047 (0.017, 0.076) | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.084 (0.021, 0.146) | 0.009 | 0.0108 | 0.085 (0.022, 0.148) | 0.008 | 0.009 |
Full-term (39–40W) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
Late-term (41–41W) | −0.045 (−0.099, 0.01) | 0.107 | 0.107 | −0.051 (−0.105, 0.003) | 0.065 | 0.065 | −0.086 (−0.202, 0.029) | 0.143 | 0.143 | −0.095 (−0.211, 0.02) | 0.106 | 0.106 |
Post-term (>41W) | 0.081 (0.026, 0.136) | 0.004 | 0.0048 | 0.069 (0.014, 0.124) | 0.014 | 0.016 | 0.175 (0.057, 0.293) | 0.004 | 0.006 | 0.164 (0.046, 0.282) | 0.006 | 0.009 |
Gestational age | Sleep duration | Sleep anxiety | |||||||||||||||
Crude β (95% CI) |
p
|
p*
| Adjusted β
a (95% CI) |
p
|
p*
| Crude β (95% CI) |
p
|
p*
| Adjusted β
a (95% CI) |
p
|
p*
| ||||||
Total | |||||||||||||||||
Very-preterm(<31W) | 0.255 (0.193, 0.316) | <0.001 | <0.01 | 0.194 (0.133, 0.256) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.241 (0.175, 0.308) | <0.001 | <0.01 | 0.180 (0.114, 0.246) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
Moderate-preterm(32–33W) | 0.235 (0.166, 0.304) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.17 (0.102, 0.239) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.225 (0.151, 0.299) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.160 (0.087, 0.233) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
Late-preterm (34–36W) | 0.149 (0.118, 0.181) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.078 (0.047, 0.11) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.14 (0.106, 0.174) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.069 (0.035, 0.103) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
Early-term (37–38W) | 0.036 (0.014, 0.057) | 0.001 | 0.0012 | 0.012 (−0.009, 0.033) | 0.255 | 0.306 | 0.035 (0.012, 0.057) | 0.003 | 0.0036 | 0.011 (−0.011, 0.034) | 0.324 | 0.388 | |||||
Full-term (39–40W) | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||||||||
Late-term (41–41W) | −0.002 (−0.039, 0.036) | 0.937 | 0.937 | 0.006 (−0.031, 0.043) | 0.740 | 0.740 | −0.011 (−0.051, 0.029) | 0.590 | 0.590 | −0.003 (−0.042, 0.037) | 0.890 | 0.890 | |||||
Post-term (>41W) | 0.128 (0.087, 0.17) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.084 (0.043, 0.125) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.121 (0.076, 0.165) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.076 (0.032, 0.12) | 0.001 | 0.0015 | |||||
3 years old | |||||||||||||||||
Very-preterm(<31W) | 0.338 (0.228, 0.449) | <0.001 | <0.01 | 0.277 (0.168, 0.387) | <0.001 | <0.01 | 0.341 (0.223, 0.459) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.277 (0.16, 0.394) | <0.001 | <0.01 | |||||
Moderate-preterm(32–33W) | 0.313 (0.184, 0.442) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.253 (0.125, 0.381) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.313 (0.178, 0.449) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.255 (0.121, 0.39) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
Late-preterm (34–36W) | 0.159 (0.102, 0.216) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.094 (0.037, 0.151) | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.139 (0.078, 0.199) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.075 (0.015, 0.135) | 0.015 | 0.030 | |||||
Early-term (37–38W) | 0.044 (0.008, 0.081) | 0.016 | 0.019 | 0.024 (−0.012, 0.06) | 0.186 | 0.223 | 0.041 (0.003, 0.079) | 0.036 | 0.043 | 0.021 (−0.017, 0.059) | 0.281 | 0.337 | |||||
Full-term (39–40W) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||||||||
Late-term (41–41W) | 0.001 (−0.063, 0.063) | 0.989 | 0.989 | 0.006 (−0.056, 0.068) | 0.851 | 0.851 | −0.012 (−0.079, 0.054) | 0.717 | 0.717 | −0.006 (−0.072, 0.06) | 0.854 | 0.854 | |||||
Post-term (>41W) | 0.116 (0.04, 0.191) | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.077 (0.003, 0.152) | 0.043 | 0.064 | 0.094 (0.015, 0.172) | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.056 (−0.022, 0.135) | 0.157 | 0.235 | |||||
4 years old | |||||||||||||||||
Very-preterm(<31W) | 0.199 (0.1, 0.297) | <0.001 | <0.01 | 0.142 (0.044, 0.24) | 0.005 | 0.010 | 0.192 (0.086, 0.297) | <0.001 | <0.01 | 0.136 (0.031, 0.241) | 0.011 | 0.024 | |||||
Moderate-preterm(32–33W) | 0.239 (0.131, 0.348) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.176 (0.069, 0.284) | 0.001 | 0.006 | 0.212 (0.096, 0.328) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.149 (0.033, 0.264) | 0.012 | 0.024 | |||||
Late-preterm (34–36W) | 0.136 (0.085, 0.187) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.075 (0.023, 0.126) | 0.004 | 0.010 | 0.13 (0.075, 0.185) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.071 (0.016, 0.126) | 0.011 | 0.024 | |||||
Early-term (37–38W) | 0.041 (0.006, 0.075) | 0.020 | 0.0240 | 0.018 (−0.017, 0.052) | 0.310 | 0.310 | 0.047 (0.01, 0.083) | 0.013 | 0.015 | 0.023 (−0.013, 0.06) | 0.213 | 0.255 | |||||
Full-term (39–40W) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||||||||
Late-term (41–41W) | 0.022 (−0.037, 0.082) | 0.462 | 0.462 | 0.031 (−0.028, 0.09) | 0.307 | 0.310 | 0.017 (−0.047, 0.08) | 0.606 | 0.606 | 0.027 (−0.036, 0.09) | 0.400 | 0.400 | |||||
Post-term (>41W) | 0.101 (0.035, 0.167) | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.065 (0, 0.131) | 0.051 | 0.076 | 0.101 (0.03, 0.172) | 0.005 | 0.007 | 0.064 (−0.007, 0.134) | 0.076 | 0.114 | |||||
5 years old | |||||||||||||||||
Very-preterm(<31W) | 0.222 (0.108, 0.336) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.178 (0.065, 0.291) | 0.002 | 0.009 | 0.177 (0.055, 0.299) | 0.005 | 0.010 | 0.137 (0.015, 0.258) | 0.028 | 0.048 | |||||
Moderate-preterm(32–33W) | 0.127 (0.003, 0.251) | 0.045 | 0.067 | 0.088 (−0.035, 0.211) | 0.162 | 0.243 | 0.123 (−0.013, 0.258) | 0.076 | 0.114 | 0.085 (−0.05, 0.219) | 0.219 | 0.285 | |||||
Late-preterm (34–36W) | 0.125 (0.068, 0.181) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.069 (0.013, 0.126) | 0.016 | 0.032 | 0.119 (0.058, 0.181) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.062 (0.001, 0.123) | 0.048 | 0.096 | |||||
Early-term (37–38W) | 0.015 (−0.026, 0.055) | 0.477 | 0.477 | −0.008 (−0.048, 0.032) | 0.693 | 0.693 | 0.007 (−0.036, 0.051) | 0.746 | 0.746 | −0.015 (−0.059, 0.028) | 0.488 | 0.488 | |||||
Full-term (39–40W) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||||||||
Late-term (41–41W) | −0.028 (−0.102, 0.046) | 0.458 | 0.477 | −0.033 (−0.106, 0.041) | 0.385 | 0.462 | −0.041 (−0.122, 0.039) | 0.313 | 0.375 | −0.048 (−0.128, 0.032) | 0.238 | 0.285 | |||||
Post-term (>41W) | 0.148 (0.073, 0.224) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.113 (0.038, 0.188) | 0.003 | 0.009 | 0.148 (0.066, 0.23) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.111 (0.029, 0.192) | 0.008 | 0.048 | |||||
Gestational age | Sleep disorder breathing | Daytime sleepiness | |||||||||||||||
Crude β (95% CI) |
p
|
p*
| Adjusted β
a (95% CI) |
p
|
p*
| Crude β (95% CI) |
p
|
p*
| Adjusted β
a (95% CI) |
p
|
p*
| ||||||
Total | |||||||||||||||||
Very-preterm(<31W) | 0.221 (0.182, 0.26) | <0.001 | <0.01 | 0.208 (0.169, 0.247) | <0.001 | <0.01 | 0.424 (0.315, 0.533) | <0.001 | <0.01 | 0.377 (0.268, 0.486) | <0.001 | <0.01 | |||||
Moderate-preterm(32–33W) | 0.157 (0.113, 0.2) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.143 (0.1, 0.187) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.32 (0.198, 0.441) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.279 (0.158, 0.401) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
Late-preterm (34–36W) | 0.118 (0.098, 0.138) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.105 (0.085, 0.125) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.196 (0.14, 0.252) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.161 (0.105, 0.217) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
Early-term (37–38W) | 0.036 (0.022, 0.049) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.034 (0.021, 0.047) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.04 (0.002, 0.077)* | 0.038 | 0.0456 | 0.049 (0.012, 0.086) | 0.010 | 0.012 | |||||
Full-term (39–40W) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||||||||
Late-term (41–41W) | −0.022 (−0.046, 0.001) | 0.064 | 0.064 | −0.022 (−0.046, 0.002) | 0.067 | 0.067 | 0.013 (−0.053, 0.079) | 0.699 | 0.699 | −0.007 (−0.072, 0.059) | 0.843 | 0.843 | |||||
Post-term (>41W) | 0.097 (0.071, 0.123) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.085 (0.059, 0.111) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.29 (0.217, 0.364) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.242 (0.169, 0.314) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
3years old | |||||||||||||||||
Very-preterm(<31W) | 0.275 (0.21, 0.339) | <0.001 | <0.01 | 0.267 (0.202, 0.332) | <0.001 | <0.01 | 0.42 (0.223, 0.617) | <0.001 | <0.01 | 0.369 (0.174, 0.565) | <0.001 | <0.01 | |||||
Moderate-preterm(32–33W) | 0.123 (0.048, 0.199) | 0.001 | 0.0015 | 0.117 (0.041, 0.192) | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.401 (0.171, 0.63) | 0.001 | 0.0015 | 0.377 (0.149, 0.605) | 0.001 | 0.0015 | |||||
Late-preterm (34–36W) | 0.062 (0.028, 0.095) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.056 (0.022, 0.09) | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.168 (0.067, 0.27) | 0.001 | 0.0015 | 0.133 (0.031, 0.234) | 0.010 | 0.0015 | |||||
Early-term (37–38W) | 0.028 (0.007, 0.049) | 0.010 | 0.0012 | 0.029 (0.008, 0.05) | 0.008 | 0.0096 | 0.038 (−0.026, 0.102) | 0.246 | 0.246 | 0.052 (−0.012, 0.116) | 0.112 | 0.112 | |||||
Full-term (39–40W) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||||||||
Late-term (41–41W) | −0.026 (−0.063, 0.011) | 0.168 | 0.168 | −0.029 (−0.065, 0.008) | 0.129 | 0.129 | −0.099 (−0.211, 0.013) | 0.084 | 0.1008 | −0.131 (−0.242, −0.02) | 0.021 | 0.025 | |||||
Post-term (>41W) | 0.088 (0.044, 0.133) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.081 (0.037, 0.125) | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.335 (0.201, 0.468) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.283 (0.15, 0.416) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
4 years old | |||||||||||||||||
Very-preterm(<31W) | 0.179 (0.117, 0.241) | <0.001 | <0.01 | 0.165 (0.103, 0.228) | <0.001 | <0.01 | 0.444 (0.27, 0.617) | <0.001 | <0.01 | 0.395 (0.222, 0.568) | <0.001 | <0.01 | |||||
Moderate-preterm(32–33W) | 0.16 (0.092, 0.229) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.148 (0.08, 0.216) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.33 (0.139, 0.521) | 0.001 | 0.0015 | 0.291 (0.101, 0.481) | 0.003 | 0.0036 | |||||
Late-preterm (34–36W) | 0.139 (0.107, 0.171) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.127 (0.095, 0.16) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.2 (0.109, 0.291) | 0.001 | 0.0015 | 0.175 (0.084, 0.265) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
Early-term (37–38W) | 0.03 (0.008, 0.052) | 0.007 | 0.0084 | 0.028 (0.006, 0.05) | 0.011 | 0.0132 | 0.084 (0.023, 0.144) | 0.007 | 0.0084 | 0.093 (0.033, 0.154) | 0.003 | 0.0036 | |||||
Full-term (39–40W) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||||||||
Late-term (41–41W) | −0.009 (−0.047, 0.028) | 0.630 | 0.630 | −0.008 (−0.046, 0.029) | 0.658 | 0.658 | 0.099 (−0.006, 0.203) | 0.065 | 0.065 | 0.087 (−0.017, 0.191) | 0.102 | 0.102 | |||||
Post-term (>41W) | 0.115 (0.073, 0.157) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.104 (0.062, 0.145) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.313 (0.197, 0.43) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.262 (0.146, 0.378) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
5 years old | |||||||||||||||||
Very-preterm(<31W) | 0.217 (0.14, 0.295) | <0.001 | <0.01 | 0.205 (0.128, 0.282) | <0.001 | <0.01 | 0.377 (0.177, 0.576) | <0.001 | <0.01 | 0.36 (0.161, 0.558) | 0.001 | 0.003 | |||||
Moderate-preterm(32–33W) | 0.174 (0.09, 0.258) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.163 (0.079, 0.247) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.194 (−0.023, 0.412) | 0.080 | 0.120 | 0.172 (−0.045, 0.389) | 0.120 | 0.180 | |||||
Late-preterm (34–36W) | 0.136 (0.098, 0.175) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.124 (0.085, 0.162) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.184 (0.085, 0.284) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.174 (0.074, 0.273) | 0.001 | 0.003 | |||||
Early-term (37–38W) | 0.052 (0.024, 0.079) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.049 (0.021, 0.076) | <0.001 | <0.015 | −0.019 (−0.089, 0.051) | 0.599 | 0.599 | −0.006 (−0.076, 0.065) | 0.877 | 0.877 | |||||
Full-term (39–40W) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||||||||
Late-term (41–41W) | −0.034 (−0.084, 0.016) | 0.184 | 0.184 | −0.035 (−0.085, 0.015) | 0.166 | 0.166 | 0.042 (−0.088, 0.171) | 0.528 | 0.599 | 0.011 (−0.118, 0.14) | 0.868 | 0.877 | |||||
Post-term (>41W) | 0.075 (0.023, 0.126) | 0.004 | 0.0048 | 0.067 (0.016, 0.118) | 0.010 | 0.012 | 0.188 (0.056, 0.321)# | 0.005 | 0.010 | 0.169 (0.037, 0.300) | 0.012 | 0.024 |