Background
Methods
Design and setting
Participants
Pressure pain threshold
Generalized pain
Postural control
Procedure sequence
Statistical analysis
Results
Variable | Dizziness group (n = 235) | Neck pain group (n = 125) |
---|---|---|
Age | 45.7 ± 12 | 41 ± 11 |
Sex (female) (%) | 73.5% | 79.2% |
Duration dizziness, monthsa | 12 (6–38) | |
Duration neck pain, monthsa | 14 (5–89) | |
Concurrent complaints (%) | 53% | 45% |
Posturographya, sway area, mm2 | ||
-Eyes open; bare platform | 226 (148–419) | 144 (93–212) |
-Eyes closed; bare platform | 403 (243–904) | 213 (124–328) |
-Eyes open; foam mat | 544 (346–887) | 277 (194–368) |
-Eyes closed; foam mat | 1662 (1019–2956) | 639 (432–1028) |
Romberg ratioa,c | ||
-Bare platform | 1.85 (1.13–2.74) | 1.49 (1.07–1.98) |
-Foam mat | 3.12 (2.19–4.39) | 2.26 (1.71–3.14) |
PPT, kPab | ||
-Upper neck | 216.7 ± 112.8 | 219.3 ± 115.8 |
-Lower neck | 184.0 ± 86.4 | 192.8 ± 96.6 |
Generalized pain (ACR count) | 9.2 ± 5.9 | 7.7 ± 4.9 |
PPT Upper Neck | PPT Lower Neck | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Groups | B(CI) | p | R2 | B (CI) | p | R2 |
Eyes open | ||||||
Model 1: Unadjusted | ||||||
Neck Pain | −.0001 (−.0013 to .0010) | .815 | .0004 | −.0003 (−.0018 to .0011) | .637 | .0020 |
Dizziness | −.0002 (−.0013 to .0007) | .569 | .0014 | −.0007 (−.0021 to .0005) | .258 | .0055 |
Model 2: Adjusted for age and | ||||||
Neck Pain | −.0005 (−.0018 to .0008) | .5436 | .0468 | −.0007 (−.0023 to .0008) | .363 | .0485 |
Dizziness | −.0007 (−.0018to .0003) | .181 | .0318 | −.0014 (−.0028 to <−.0001) | .047 | .0409 |
Model 3: Adjusted for age, sex, and GP | ||||||
Neck Pain | −.0003 (−.0017 to .0010) | .625 | .0495 | −.0005 (−.0022 to .0012) | .548 | .0504 |
Dizziness | −.0004(−.0016 to .0007) | .432 | .0357 | −.0011(−.0027 to .0093) | .124 | .0431 |
Eyes open on foam | ||||||
Model 1: Unadjusted | ||||||
Neck Pain | <.0001(−.0009 to .0009) | .977 | <.0001 | <−.0001 (−.0012 to .0011) | .930 | .0001 |
Dizziness | −.0002 (−.0013 to .0007) | .555 | .0015 | −.0001 (−.0013 to .0009) | .769 | .0004 |
Model 2: Adjusted for age and sex | ||||||
Neck Pain | −.0001 (−.0012 to .0009) | .780 | .0492 | −.0002 (−.0014 to .0011) | .799 | .0491 |
Dizziness | −.0006 (−.0016 to .0004) | .263 | .0295 | −.0012 (−.0026 to .0001) | .086 | .0367 |
Model 3: Adjusted for age, sex, and GP | ||||||
Neck Pain | .0001 (−.0010 to .0012) | .838 | .0602 | .0002 (−.0011 to .0016) | .764 | .0606 |
Dizziness | −.0003 (−.0015 to .0009) | .626 | .0345 | −.0009 (−.0024 to .0006) | .234 | .0394 |
Eyes closed | ||||||
Model 1: Unadjusted | ||||||
Neck Pain | −.0003 (−.0017 to .0009) | .592 | .0023 | −.0004 (−.0021 to .0011) | .601 | .0022 |
Dizziness | −.0015 (−.0027 to −.0002) | .020 | .0230 | −.0026 (−.0042 to −.0009) | .002 | .0408 |
Model 2: Adjusted for age and sex | ||||||
Neck Pain | −.0005 (−.0019 to .0009) | .471 | .0786 | −.0004 (−.0021 to .0012) | .613 | .0766 |
Dizziness | −.0018 (−.0032 to −.0004) | .010 | .0460 | −.0031 (−.0049 to −.0013) | .001 | .0682 |
Model 3: Adjusted for age, sex, and GP | ||||||
Neck Pain | −.0004 (−.0019 to .0011) | .592 | .0794 | −.0002 (−.0021 to .0016) | .781 | .0778 |
Dizziness | −.0016 (−.0031 to <−.0001) | .038 | .0468 | −.0031 (−.0050 to −.0011) | .002 | .0681 |
Eyes closed on foam | ||||||
Model 1: Unadjusted | ||||||
Neck Pain | −.0001 (−.0012 to .0010) | .837 | .0003 | −.0002 (−.0015 to .0012) | .792 | .0006 |
Dizziness | −.0008 (−.0017 to .0002) | .131 | .0098 | −.0014 (−.0027 to −.0002) | .028 | .0206 |
Model 2: Adjusted for age and sex | ||||||
Neck Pain | −.0008 (−.0019 to .0004) | .190 | .1254 | −.0008 (−.0022 to .0006) | .243 | .1228 |
Dizziness | −.0011 (−.0022 to −.0002) | .024 | .0659 | −.0021 (−.0034 to −.0008) | .002 | .0837 |
Model 3: Adjusted for age, sex, and GP | ||||||
Neck Pain | −.0003 (−.0015 to .0009) | .638 | .1517 | −.0003 (−.0017 to .0014) | .841 | .1504 |
Dizziness | −.0009 (−.0020 to .0003) | .134 | .0700 | −.0018 (−.0033 to −.0004) | .014 | .0852 |
PPT Upper Neck | PPT Lower Neck | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Groups | B (CI) | p | R2 | B (CI) | p | R2 |
Romberg ratio | ||||||
Model 1: Unadjusted | ||||||
Neck Pain | −.0002 (−.0011 to .0007) | .620 | .0020 | <−.0001 (−.0011 to .0009) | .881 | .0002 |
Dizziness | −.0012 (−.0019 to −.0004) | .002 | .0413 | −.0018 (−.0029 to −.0009) | <.001 | .0571 |
Model 2: Adjusted for age and sex | ||||||
Neck Pain | <−.0001 (−.0009 to .0009) | .989 | .0423 | .0002 (−.0009 to .0014) | .625 | .0442 |
Dizziness | −.0010 (−.0018 to −.0002) | .011 | .0519 | −.0017 (−.0028 to −.0006) | .002 | .0667 |
Model 3: adjusted for age, sex, and GP | ||||||
Neck Pain | <−.0001 (−.0011 to .0009) | .894 | .0430 | .0002 (−.0009 to .0014) | .625 | .0442 |
Dizziness | −.0011 (−.0020 to −.0002) | .015 | .0533 | −.0018 (−.0030 to −.0007) | .002 | .0687 |
Romberg ratio on foam | ||||||
Model 1: Unadjusted | ||||||
Neck Pain | −.0001 (−.0009 to .0007) | .749 | .0008 | −.0001 (−.0012 to .0008) | .795 | .0006 |
Dizziness | −.0005(−.0011 to .0002) | .143 | .0092 | −.0007 (−.0015 to .0009) | .082 | .0130 |
Model 2: Adjusted for age and sex | ||||||
Neck Pain | −.0006 (−.0015 to .0002) | .154 | .0746 | −.0006 (−.0016to .0004) | .207 | .0712 |
Dizziness | −.0005 (−.0012 to <.0001) | .082 | .0212 | −.0009 (−.0017 to <−.0001) | .039 | .0264 |
Model 3: Adjusted for age, sex, and GP | ||||||
Neck Pain | −.0004 (−.0013 to .0005) | .383 | .0845 | −.0003 (−.0014 to .0008) | .530 | .0817 |
Dizziness | −.0005 (−.0013 to .0002) | .120 | .0206 | −.0009 (−.0018 to <.0001) | .057 | .0258 |