Background
Methods
Data
Frailty, physical function, and mobility limitation
Oral health markers
Covariates
Statistical analyses
Results
85+ Study (n = 853) | Tooth Study (n = 542) | |
---|---|---|
Age (years), mean (±SD) | 85 (0.6) | 87 (2.2) |
Sex, n (%) | ||
Women | 530 (62) | 306 (56) |
Men | 323 (38) | 236 (44) |
Education (years), mean (±SD) | 14.6 (±1.1) | 11 (±3.2) |
Social class, n (%) | N/A | |
Higher managerial | 191 (23) | |
Intermediate occupations | 111 (13) | |
Routine and manual occupations | 543 (64) | |
Smoking, n (%) | ||
Never smoked and occasional smoker | 330 (39) | 316 (61) |
Current smoker | 45 (5) | 36 (7) |
Ex-regular smoker | 473 (56) | 170 (32) |
BMI, mean (±SD) | 24.5 (±4.4) | 21.4 (±3.2) |
SMMSE, mean (±SD) | 25.8 (±5.5) | 25.9 (±4.3) |
History of cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 409 (48) | 121 (22) |
History of hypertension, n (%) | 483 (57) | 443 (82) |
History of diabetes, n (%) | 112 (13) | 86 (16) |
Frailty | ||
Frail, n (%) | 226 (28) | 120 (22) |
Pre-frail, n (%) | 433 (54) | 339 (63) |
Robust, n (%) | 144 (18) | 83 (15) |
Mobility limitations, n (%) | 483 (57) | 170 (32) |
Grip strength (kg), mean (±SD) | 19.2 (±8) | 19.5 (±5.8) |
Gait speed (seconds), mean (±SD) | 18.7 (±14.8) | 15.2 (±8.5) |
Oral health measures | ||
Difficulty eating | ||
Severe | 77 (9)a | 68 (13)b |
Any trouble eating hard foods | 297 (37)c | 272 (51)d |
Difficulty swallowing, n (%) | 131 (16) | 69 (13) |
Dry mouth | 462 (57)e | 1.4 (1.1)f |
Complete tooth loss, n (%) | 450 (55) | 160 (30) |
At least 21 teeth, n (%) | 71 (9) | 92 (17) |
Oral health markers | Frailtya | Mobility limitationsb | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age-adjustedc | Fully-adjustedd | Age-adjustedc | Fully-adjustedd | |||
N (%) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | N (%) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Dry mouth symptoms | ||||||
No | 73 (21) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 153 (44) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 145 (32) | 1.70 (1.23,2.36) | 1.4 (0.92,2.11) e | 295 (64) | 2.26 (1.69,3.01) | 1.76 (1.26,2.46) e |
Difficulty swallowing | ||||||
No | 165 (25) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 347 (51) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 55 (43) | 2.32 (1.56,3.45) | 1.75 (1.09,2.80) | 102 (78) | 3.38 (2.17,5.26) | 2.52 (1.56,4.08) |
Difficulty Eating | ||||||
Severe difficulty eating | ||||||
0 to 2 foods | 189 (26) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 390 (53) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
3 to 10 foods | 31 (41) | 1.83 (1.12,3.00) | 1.43 (0.78,2.61) | 59 (78) | 2.87 (1.63,5.03) | 2.89 (1.52,5.50) |
Any trouble eating hard foods | ||||||
0 to 2 foods | 124 (23) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 275 (50) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
3 to 10 foods | 96 (38) | 1.98 (1.43,2.76) | 1.84 (1.26,2.70) | 174 (68) | 2.01 (1.46,2.75) | 1.92 (1.35,2.73) |
Number of teeth | ||||||
≥ 21 teeth | 13 (18) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 24 (34) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
1–20 teeth | 26 (28) | 1.41 (0.72,2.73) | 1.39 (0.64,3.01) | 61 (64) | 2.27 (1.31,3.92) | 2.43 (1.31,4.50) |
0 teeth | 20 (19) | 2.02 (1.07,3.83) | 1.84 (0.88,3.89) | 49 (46) | 2.88 (1.69,4.90) | 2.79 (1.49,5.00) |
Partial tooth loss | ||||||
≥ 21 teeth | 13 (18) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 24 (34) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
< 21 teeth | 208 (29) | 1.76 (0.94,3.30) | 1.65 (0.80,3.41) | 429 (58) | 2.61 (1.56,4.38) | 2.59 (1.44,4.65) |
Complete tooth loss | ||||||
1 or more teeth | 139 (32) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 270 (61) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
No teeth | 82 (22) | 1.53 (1.11,2.12) | 1.41 (0.95,2.07) | 183 (49) | 1.48 (1.12,1.97) | 1.32 (0.95,1.83) |
Oral health markers | Weak Grip Strengtha | Slow Gait Speedb | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age-adjustedc | Fully-adjustedd | Age-adjustedc | Fully-adjustedd | |||
N (%) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | N (%) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Dry mouth symptoms | ||||||
No | 106 (31) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 95 (28) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 160 (35) | 1.21 (0.89,1.63) | 1.04 (0.74,1.48) e | 190 (43) | 1.91 (1.41,2.58) | 1.64 (1.13,2.38) e |
Difficulty swallowing | ||||||
No | 210 (31) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 217 (33) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 58 (45) | 1.78 (1.22,2.61) | 1.36 (0.87,2.13) | 70 (58) | 3.38 (2.17,5.26) | 2.52 (1.56,4.08) |
Difficulty Eating | ||||||
Severe difficulty eating | ||||||
0 to 2 foods | 229 (31) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 247 (35) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
3 to 10 foods | 39 (51) | 2.30 (1.43,3.72) | 1.89 (1.08,3.30) | 40 (55) | 2.28 (1.40,3.72) | 2.39 (1.33,4.29) |
Any trouble eating hard foods | ||||||
0 to 2 foods | 162 (29) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 166 (31) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
3 to 10 foods | 106 (42) | 1.75 (1.27,2.39) | 1.66 (1.16,2.36) | 121 (50) | 2.24 (1.64,3.07) | 2.44 (1.70,3.51) |
Number of teeth | ||||||
≥ 21 teeth | 17 (24) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 18 (25) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
1–20 teeth | 27 (29) | 1.43 (0.79,2.62) | 1.39 (0.72,2.65) | 35 (38) | 1.39 (0.77,2.50) | 1.30 (0.67,2.55) |
0 teeth | 37 (35) | 1.84 (1.03,3.30) | 1.85 (0.97,3.51) | 27 (25) | 2.08 (1.18,3.70) | 1.86 (0.97,3.60) |
Partial tooth loss | ||||||
≥ 21 teeth | 253 (35) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 271 (38) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
< 21 teeth | 17 (24) | 1.67 (0.95,2.94) | 1.62 (0.87,3.00) | 18 (25) | 1.77 (1.02,3.09) | 1.59 (0.84,3.01) |
Complete tooth loss | ||||||
1 or more teeth | 160 (37) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 176 (42) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
No teeth | 110 (30) | 1.37 (1.01,1.85) | 1.42 (1.00,2.02) | 113 (31) | 1.60 (1.19,2.16) | 1.50 (1.05,2.14) |
Oral health markers | Frailtya | Mobility limitationsb | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age-adjustedc | Fully-adjustedd | Age-adjustedc | Fully-adjustedd | |||
N (%) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | N (%) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Dry mouth | ||||||
No | 51 (18) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 23 (8) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 30 (21) | 1.26 (0.75, 2.11) | 1.32 (0.74, 2.35) e | 15 (10) | 1.35 (0.65, 2.79) | 1.49 (0.68, 3.27) e |
Difficulty swallowing | ||||||
No | 96 (21) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 56 (12) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 19 (28) | 1.55 (0.88, 2.74) | 1.51 (0.81, 2.82) | 17 (25) | 2.31 (1.20, 4.45) | 2.07 (0.96, 4.42) |
Difficulty Eating | ||||||
Severe difficulty eating | ||||||
0 to 3 foods | 46 (16) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 54 (12) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
4 to 15 foods | 67 (29) | 1.89 (1.08, 3.33) | 1.84 (1.01, 3.36) | 17 (25) | 1.99 (1.02, 3.90) | 2.42 (1.17, 5.03) |
Any trouble eating hard foods | ||||||
0 to 1 foods | 40 (16) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 19 (7) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
2 to 5 foods | 75 (28) | 1.95 (1.27, 3.00) | 1.94 (1.23, 3.05) | 54 (20) | 2.69 (1.52, 4.75) | 2.84 (1.53, 5.26) |
Number of teeth | ||||||
≥ 21 teeth | 17 (18) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 9 (10) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
1–20 teeth | 52 (19) | 1.02 (0.55, 1.88) | 0.94 (0.48, 1.83) | 33 (12) | 1.13 (0.51, 2.50) | 1.34 (0.51, 3.54) |
0 teeth | 46 (29) | 1.53 (0.81, 2.88) | 1.77 (0.87, 3.61) | 31 (19) | 1.72 (0.75, 3.92) | 2.27 (0.82, 6.30) |
Partial tooth loss | ||||||
≥ 21 teeth | 17 (18) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 9 (10) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
< 21 teeth | 98 (22) | 1.25 (0.70, 2.23) | 0.94 (0.65, 2.27) | 64 (15) | 1.33 (0.62, 2.83) | 1.60 (0.64, 3.99) |
Complete tooth loss | ||||||
1 or more teeth | 69 (19) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 42 (11) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
No teeth | 46 (29) | 1.63 (1.06, 2.55) | 1.67 (1.05, 2.67) | 31 (19) | 1.49 (0.87, 2.54) | 1.54 (0.85, 2.78) |
Oral health markers | Weak Grip Strengtha | Slow Gait Speedb | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age-adjustedc | Fully-adjustedd | Age-adjustedc | Fully-adjustedd | |||
N (%) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | N (%) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Dry mouth | ||||||
No | 93 (32) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 100 (35) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 49 (34) | 1.14 (0.74, 1.76) | 1.12 (0.70, 1.80) e | 48 (34) | 0.97 (0.63, 1.49) | 0.95 (0.60, 1.52) e |
Difficulty swallowing | ||||||
No | 158 (34) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 132 (33) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 23 (34) | 0.95 (0.55, 1.67) | 0.88 (0.48, 1.60) | 23 (45) | 1.67 (0.91, 3.05) | 1.82 (0.97, 3.43) |
Difficulty Eating | ||||||
Severe difficulty eating | ||||||
0 to 3 foods | 147 (32) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 129 (32) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
4 to 15 foods | 33 (49) | 1.79 (1.04, 3.06) | 1.74 (0.99, 3.07) | 26 (47) | 1.64 (0.91, 2.95) | 1.71 (0.93, 3.14) |
Any trouble eating hard foods | ||||||
0 to 1 foods | 78 (30) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 61 (27) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
2 to 5 foods | 103 (38) | 1.29 (0.89, 1.97) | 1.26 (0.85, 1.86) | 94 (42) | 1.91 (1.28, 2.85) | 1.98 (1.31, 3.01) |
Number of teeth | ||||||
≥ 21 teeth | 27 (29) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 28 (36) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
1–20 teeth | 93 (34) | 1.21 (0.72, 2.04) | 1.30 (0.74, 2.30) | 74 (31) | 1.13 (0.63, 2.04) | 1.13 (0.61, 2.11) |
0 teeth | 59 (37) | 1.22 (0.69, 2.16) | 1.24 (0.66, 2.33) | 53 (40) | 0.79 (0.46, 1.36) | 0.72 (0.41, 1.27) |
Partial tooth loss | ||||||
≥ 21 teeth | 27 (29) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 28 (36) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
< 21 teeth | 152 (35) | 1.22 (0.74, 2.01) | 1.27 (0.74, 2.30) | 127 (34) | 0.89 (0.53, 1.49) | 0.83 (0.49, 1.40) |
Complete tooth loss | ||||||
1 or more teeth | 120 (33) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 102 (32) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
No teeth | 59 (37) | 1.07 (0.71, 1.60) | 1.02 (0.66, 1.57) | 53 (40) | 1.32 (0.86, 2.02) | 1.35 (0.86, 2.12) |