Background
Methods
Study design and sample
Demographic characteristics
Measurement of activities of daily living (ADL)
Measurement of positive psychological variables
Social support
Hope
Resilience
Self-efficacy
Measurement of depression and anxiety
Depressive symptom
Anxiety symptom
Statistical analysis
Results
Descriptive statistics
Mean ± SD | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | Depression | Anxiety | Social Support | Hope | Resilience | Self- efficacy | |
Age (years) | |||||||
= < 40 | 38 (5.4) | 22.47 ± 9.47 | 53.03 ± 11.55 | 65.66 ± 15.15 | 24.13 ± 4.55 | 64.97 ± 18.20 | 28.61 ± 7.55 |
41–65 | 381 (53.7) | 23.72 ± 9.36 | 55.59 ± 10.71 | 59.82 ± 13.71 | 21.90 ± 3.76 | 64.71 ± 16.42 | 25.59 ± 5.61 |
> = 66 | 291 (41.0) | 25.30 ± 8.92 | 57.05 ± 11.42 | 59.62 ± 13.06 | 21.58 ± 3.51 | 63.63 ± 14.65 | 24.50 ± 4.69 |
F | 3.225* | 2.958 | 3.465* | 7.926** | 0.423 | 10.945** | |
Gender | |||||||
Male | 413 (58.2) | 24.77 ± 9.41 | 56.37 ± 10.91 | 59.11 ± 14.56 | 21.90 ± 3.84 | 62.86 ± 15.86 | 25.59 ± 5.46 |
Female | 297 (41.8) | 23.66 ± 8.92 | 55.61 ± 11.32 | 61.35 ± 11.98 | 21.87 ± 3.61 | 66.25 ± 15.54 | 24.92 ± 5.42 |
T | 1.571 | 0.901 | 2.243* | 0.105 | 2.828** | 1.623 | |
Marital status | |||||||
Married | 533 (75.1) | 24.05 ± 9.51 | 56.02 ± 11.17 | 60.90 ± 12.91 | 22.01 ± 3.77 | 64.78 ± 15.80 | 25.32 ± 5.48 |
Single/Divorced/Widow | 177 (24.9) | 25.08 ± 8.26 | 56.13 ± 10.85 | 57.50 ± 15.17 | 21.51 ± 3.66 | 62.76 ± 15.78 | 25.25 ± 5.36 |
T | 1.300 | 0.108 | 2.671** | 1.547 | 1.475 | 0.149 | |
Education level | |||||||
Primary school | 172 (24.2) | 24.91 ± 10.02 | 56.70 ± 11.92 | 59.20 ± 12.13 | 20.82 ± 3.67 | 62.15 ± 14.13 | 24.09 ± 5.33 |
Middle school | 425 (59.9) | 24.71 ± 8.75 | 56.83 ± 10.50 | 59.64 ± 13.62 | 21.81 ± 3.43 | 64.42 ± 15.79 | 25.05 ± 4.74 |
College | 113 (15.9) | 21.84 ± 9.36 | 52.13 ± 11.15 | 62.88 ± 15.17 | 23.78 ± 4.27 | 67.01 ± 17.86 | 28.12 ± 7.02 |
F | 4.877** | 8.579** | 3.003 | 22.725** | 3.288* | 20.958** | |
Residence types | |||||||
Urban | 429 (60.4) | 23.82 ± 9.16 | 54.99 ± 10.99 | 60.79 ± 14.14 | 22.41 ± 3.90 | 64.90 ± 16.01 | 26.27 ± 5.58 |
Rural | 281 (39.6) | 25.04 ± 9.28 | 57.67 ± 11.04 | 58.92 ± 12.61 | 21.09 ± 3.35 | 63.34 ± 15.48 | 23.84 ± 4.89 |
T | 1.720 | 3.177** | 1.794 | 4.648** | 1.281 | 5.940** | |
Chronic disease | |||||||
No | 77 (10.8) | 21.00 ± 10.31 | 51.85 ± 12.57 | 63.93 ± 16.02 | 24.27 ± 4.50 | 66.03 ± 17.59 | 29.53 ± 6.22 |
Yes | 633 (89.2) | 24.71 ± 9.00 | 56.56 ± 10.79 | 59.58 ± 13.19 | 21.60 ± 3.54 | 64.07 ± 15.58 | 24.79 ± 5.12 |
T | 3.354** | 3.550** | 2.667* | 6.061** | 0.933 | 7.474** | |
Monthly income (US dollars) | |||||||
<=381.8 | 169 (23.8) | 22.32 ± 10.31 | 54.53 ± 11.10 | 60.94 ± 11.65 | 20.33 ± 3.61 | 63.61 ± 13.68 | 23.73 ± 5.43 |
318.9–797.0 | 483 (68.0) | 24.73 ± 8.52 | 56.45 ± 10.70 | 59.15 ± 14.26 | 22.46 ± 3.66 | 64.18 ± 16.57 | 25.93 ± 5.37 |
> = 797.1 | 58 (8.2) | 26.52 ± 10.54 | 57.11 ± 13.64 | 64.98 ± 11.76 | 21.69 ± 3.60 | 67.07 ± 15.00 | 24.74 ± 5.27 |
F | 6.195** | 2.174 | 5.325** | 21.441** | 1.064 | 10.815** | |
Medical payments types | |||||||
Insurance | 586 (82.5) | 24.04 ± 9.25 | 55.84 ± 11.12 | 61.54 ± 13.73 | 22.06 ± 3.83 | 65.35 ± 16.32 | 25.70 ± 5.59 |
Self-Pay | 124 (17.5) | 25.56 ± 8.99 | 57.07 ± 10.87 | 53.02 ± 10.27 | 21.06 ± 3.22 | 59.24 ± 11.93 | 23.44 ± 4.27 |
T | 1.677 | 1.126 | 7.861** | 2.723** | 4.822** | 5.043** |
Variables | Mean | SD | n (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Depressive symptoms | 24.30 | 9.22 | |
Score ≥ 16 | 600 (84.51) | ||
Anxiety symptoms | 56.05 | 11.08 | |
Score ≥ 50 | 537 (75.63) | ||
Age (years) | 61.67 | 11.97 | |
Activities of Daily Living | 67.69 | 14.37 | |
Social support | 60.05 | 13.58 | |
Hope | 21.89 | 3.75 | |
Resilience | 64.28 | 15.81 | |
Self-efficacy | 25.31 | 5.45 |
Correlations among ADL, psychological variables, depression and anxiety
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Age | 1 | |||||||
2 | Activities of Daily Living | −0.163** | 1 | ||||||
3 | Social support | 0.060 | 0.072 | 1 | |||||
4 | Hope | −0.113** | − 0.343** | 0.224** | 1 | ||||
5 | Resilience | −0.033 | − 0.236** | 0.534** | 0.250** | 1 | |||
6 | Self-efficacy | −0.160** | − 0.356** | 0.218** | 0.533** | 0.342** | 1 | ||
7 | Depression | 0.095* | −0.343** | − 0.258** | − 0.245** | − 0.322** | − 0.210** | 1 | |
8 | Anxiety | 0.089* | −0.285** | − 0.223** | − 0.216** | − 0.210** | − 0.111** | −0.821** | 1 |
Hierarchical regression analyses
Depression | Anxiety | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Step 1 (β) | Step 2 (β) | Step 3 (β) | Step 1 (β) | Step 2 (β) | Step 3 (β) | |
Step 1 Demographic Characteristics | ||||||
Age | 0.039 | 0.013 | 0.019 | 0.028 | 0.008 | 0.016 |
Gender | −0.055 | − 0.057 | − 0.030 | − 0.031 | − 0.032 | − 0.009 |
Marital status | 0.062 | 0.049 | 0.021 | 0.019 | 0.009 | −0.019 |
Education_1 | −0.048 | −0.021 | − 0.007 | −0.020 | 0.000 | 0.010 |
Education_2 | −0.124* | −0.075 | − 0.041 | −0.132** | − 0.094 | −0.070 |
Residence types | 0.067 | 0.037 | 0.035 | 0.106** | 0.082* | 0.089* |
Chronic disease | 0.094* | 0.049 | 0.031 | 0.085* | 0.049 | 0.042 |
Monthly income_1 | 0.184** | 0.218 | 0.216** | 0.142** | 0.168** | 0.165** |
Monthly income_2 | 0.179** | 0.184 | 0.195** | 0.117** | 0.121** | 0.136** |
Medical payment types | 0.074* | 0.051 | 0.000 | 0.040 | 0.022 | −0.014 |
Step 2 Activities of Daily Living (ADL) | ||||||
−0.335** | −0.271** | −0.261** | − 0.237** | |||
Step 3 Positive psychological variables | ||||||
Social support | −0.111** | −0.142** | ||||
Hope | −0.120** | −0.148** | ||||
Resilience | −0.179** | −0.083 | ||||
Self-efficacy | −0.031 | −0.135** | ||||
F | 4.704** | 11.806** | 14.009** | 4.213** | 8.114** | 9.233** |
R2 | 0.069 | 0.169 | 0.244 | 0.062 | 0.123 | 0.176 |
Adjusted R2 | 0.054 | 0.155 | 0.227 | 0.047 | 0.107 | 0.157 |
△R2 | 0.069 | 0.100 | 0.075 | 0.062 | 0.060 | 0.053 |