Background
Methods
Data and study participants
Sarcopenia
Cognitive function
Covariates
Statistical analysis
Results
Subjects characteristics
Overall | Without Sarcopenia | With Sarcopenia | P Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 428) | (n = 276) | (n = 152) | ||
Age (years), mean ± SD | 86.34 ± 3.57 | 85.72 ± 3.34 | 87.48 ± 3.68 | <.001 |
Female, n (%) | 304 (60.32%) | 171 (61.96%) | 81 (53.29%) | 0.081 |
Higher Education (above high school), n (%) | 247 (49.40%) | 139 (50.55%) | 71 (47.02%) | 0.78 |
Married, n (%) | 298 (59.72%) | 164 (59.42%) | 93 (62.00%) | 0.603 |
BMI, (kg/m2) | 24.13 ± 4.61 | 25.12 ± 4.30 | 22.23 ± 2.82 | <.001 |
Obesity, n (%) | 108 (21.43%) | 56 (20.29%) | 5 (3.29%) | |
Low physical activity | 240 (47.62%) | 126 (45.65%) | 77 (50.66%) | 0.927 |
Smoke Status, n (%) | 0.79 | |||
Previous smoker | 8 (1.60%) | 5 (1.82%) | 3 (1.97%) | |
Current smoker | 86 (17.20%) | 45 (16.42%) | 26 (17.11%) | |
Never smoker | 403 (80.60%) | 221 (80.66%) | 123 (80.92%) | |
Current Alcohol Use (> = 2–3 time/week), n (%) | 253 (51.52%) | 132 (48.88%) | 80 (53.34%) | 0.353 |
High comorbidity (Charlsen comorbidity index > 2) | 115 (22.82%) | 58 (21.01%) | 33 (21.71%) | 0.866 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 362 (73.43%) | 204 (74.73%) | 104 (70.75%) | 0.379 |
Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 137 (27.57%) | 74 (27.21%) | 42 (27.81%) | 0.893 |
History of Coronary Artery Disease, n (%) | 264 (53.88%) | 148 (54.61%) | 73 (49.66%) | 0.333 |
Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), n (%) | 152 (35.51%) | 48 (17.39%) | 44 (28.95%) | 0.005 |
Depression, n (%) | 47 (9.33%) | 23 (8.33%) | 10 (6.58%) | 0.646 |
Poor Self-reported Health, n (%) | 176 (35.20%) | 80 (28.99%) | 57 (38.00%) | 0.057 |
MNA-SF(<=11) | 65 (12.90%) | 21 (7.61%) | 31 (20.39%) | <.001 |
Physical function | ||||
Handgrip Strength (kg),median (IQR) | 22.8 (19.2–27.7) | 23.8 (20.6–29.1) | 20.65 (17.6–25.1) | <.001 |
Usual gait speed(m/s),median (IQR) | 0.85 (0.67–1.02) | 0.93 (0.73–1.06) | 0.79 (0.64–0.94) | <.001 |
Time get up and go test (s),median (IQR) | 11.92 (9.87–15.09) | 11.51 (9.71–14.23) | 13.44 (10.37–16.32) | 0.011 |
Five times Sit-to-stand(s),median (IQR) | 14 (11.25–16.78) | 13.57 (11.19–15.75) | 15.00 (11.81–20.00) | 0.011 |
SMI, median (IQR) | ||||
Appendicular Lean Mass index (kg/m2) | 6.32 (5.71–7.04) | 6.62 (6.04–7.54) | 5.60 (5.24–6.51) | 0.425 |
Appendicular Lean Mass to BMI ratio | 0.69 (0.58–0.82) | 0.72 (0.62–0.83) | 0.65 (0.54–0.78) | 0.477 |
Overall (n = 428) | Without Sarcopenia(n = 276) | With Sarcopenia(n = 152) | P Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
MoCA total score, median (IQR) | 23 (19–26) | 23 (21–26) | 22 (17–25) | 0.017 |
Visuospatial & Executive function, median (IQR) | 3 (2–5) | 4 (2–5) | 3 (2–5) | 0.056 |
Naming, median (IQR) | 3 (2–3) | 3 (2–3) | 3 (2–3) | 0.759 |
Attention, median (IQR) | 6 (4–6) | 6 (5–6) | 5 (4–6) | 0.183 |
Language, median (IQR) | 2 (1–2) | 2 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 0.328 |
Abstraction, median (IQR) | 2 (1–2) | 2 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 0.232 |
Delayed recall, median (IQR) | 2 (0–3) | 2 (0–4) | 2 (0–3) | 0.067 |
Orientation, median (IQR) | 6 (6–6) | 6 (6–6) | 6 (5–6) | 0.011 |
Association between sarcopenia, low muscle mass, low HS, low GS and MCI
Cognitive impairment | Sarcopenia | P Value | Low musclemass | P Value | Low muscle strength | P Value | Low walking speed | P Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All participants | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | ||||
Unadjusted Model | 1.935 (1.211 ~ 3.093) | 0.006 | 1.471 (0.943 ~ 2.295) | 0.089 | 2.406 (1.567 ~ 3.692) | <.001 | 1.817 (1.037 ~ 3.181) | 0.037 |
Model 1 | 1.996 (1.221 ~ 3.265) | 0.006 | 1.482 (0.933 ~ 2.354) | 0.095 | 2.233 (1.417 ~ 3.520) | 0.001 | 1.736 (0.981 ~ 3.071) | 0.058 |
Model 2 | 1.856 (1.035 ~ 3.327) | 0.038 | 1.215 (0.684 ~ 2.156) | 0.507 | 2.325 (1.396 ~ 3.873) | 0.001 | 2.311 (1.131 ~ 4.722) | 0.022 |
Association between sarcopenia, low muscle mass, low HS, low GS and performance on cognitive function
Global cognitive function | Sarcopenia | P Value | Low muscle mass | P Value | Low muscle strength | P Value | Low walking speed | P Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | |||||
Unadjusted Model | −1.382(−2.488 ~ − 0.276) | 0.014 | −0.798(− 1.860 ~ 0.263) | 0.140 | −2.694(−3.717 ~ − 1.671) | <.001 | − 1.165(− 2.268 ~ − 0.061) | 0.039 |
Model 1 | −1.306(− 2.422 ~ − 0.190) | 0.022 | − 0.693(− 1.747 ~ 0.361) | 0.197 | −2.431(− 3.476 ~ − 1.386) | <.001 | −1.029(− 2.126 ~ 0.068) | 0.066 |
Model 2 | − 0.848(− 2.108 ~ 0.412) | 0.186 | − 0.195(− 1.426 ~ 1.036) | 0.755 | −2.125(− 3.217 ~ − 1.034) | 0.022 | − 0.806(− 1.977 ~ 0.364) | 0.176 |
Visuospatial & Executive function | β (95% CI) | P Value | β (95% CI) | P Value | β (95% CI) | P Value | β (95% CI) | P Value |
Unadjusted Model | − 0.329(− 0.663 ~ 0.006) | 0.054 | − 0.250(− 0.571 ~ 0.071) | 0.127 | − 0.782(− 1.115 ~ − 0.448) | <.001 | − 0.404(− 0.741 ~ − 0.067) | 0.019 |
Model 1 | − 0.265(− 0.600 ~ 0.070) | 0.12 | − 0.199(− 0.515 ~ 0.118) | 0.218 | − 0.705(− 1.048 ~ − 0.363) | <.001 | −0.369(− 0.702 ~ − 0.036) | 0.03 |
Model 2 | − 0.149(− 0.534 ~ 0.236) | 0.446 | −0.050(− 0.426 ~ 0.325) | 0.792 | − 0.775(− 1.139 ~ − 0.412) | <.001 | − 0.059(− 0.252 ~ 0.133) | 0.544 |
Naming | β (95% CI) | P Value | β (95% CI) | P Value | β (95% CI) | P Value | β (95% CI) | P Value |
Unadjusted Model | −0.005(− 0.180 ~ 0.170) | 0.952 | − 0.024(− 0.195 ~ 0.146) | 0.78 | − 0.218(− 0.384 ~ − 0.053) | 0.01 | −0.046(− 0.222 ~ 0.130) | 0.608 |
Model 1 | −0.001(− 0.181 ~ 0.178) | 0.988 | − 0.020(− 0.193 ~ 0.153) | 0.819 | −0.225(− 0.398 ~ − 0.051) | 0.011 | −0.032(− 0.209 ~ 0.146) | 0.725 |
Model 2 | 0.170(−0.031 ~ 0.372) | 0.097 | 0.189(−0.011 ~ 0.389) | 0.064 | −0.214(− 0.396 ~ − 0.033) | 0.021 | 0.056(− 0.116 ~ 0.228) | 0.523 |
Attention | β (95% CI) | P Value | β (95% CI) | P Value | β (95% CI) | P Value | β (95% CI) | P Value |
Unadjusted Model | −0.191(−0.477 ~ 0.096) | 0.191 | −0.262(− 0.547 ~ 0.023) | 0.071 | −0.414(− 0.687 ~ − 0.141) | 0.003 | −0.179(− 0.466 ~ 0.108) | 0.22 |
Model 1 | −0.177(− 0.463 ~ 0.109 | 0.223 | −0.245(− 0.526 ~ 0.037) | 0.088 | −0.384(− 0.661 ~ − 0.107) | 0.007 | −0.148(− 0.429 ~ 0.133) | 0.3 |
Model 2 | −0.043(− 0.368 ~ 0.283) | 0.797 | −0.176(− 0.510 ~ 0.157) | 0.298 | −0.263(− 0.561 ~ 0.035) | 0.083 | −0.050(− 0.355 ~ 0.256) | 0.75 |
Language | β (95% CI) | P Value | β (95% CI) | P Value | β (95% CI) | P Value | β (95% CI) | P Value |
Unadjusted Model | −0.096(−0.276 ~ 0.084) | 0.294 | −0.129(− 0.300 ~ 0.041) | 0.137 | − 0.147(− 0.316 ~ 0.022) | 0.087 | −0.008(− 0.192 ~ 0.175) | 0.982 |
Model 1 | −0.042(− 0.222 ~ 0.137) | 0.643 | −0.081(− 0.249 ~ 0.086) | 0.341 | −0.031(− 0.202 ~ 0.139) | 0.719 | 0.037(− 0.142 ~ 0.217) | 0.683 |
Model 2 | −0.065(− 0.271 ~ 0.142) | 0.536 | −0.121(− 0.320 ~ 0.077 | 0.23 | 0.014(− 0.168 ~ 0.196) | 0.879 | 0.082–0.116 ~ 0.280 | 0.417 |
Delayed recall | β (95% CI) | P Value | β (95% CI) | P Value | β (95% CI) | P Value | β (95% CI) | P Value |
Unadjusted Model | −0.338(−0.698 ~ 0.022) | 0.066 | −0.287(− 0.627 ~ 0.052) | 0.097 | − 0.923(− 1.260 ~ − 0.586) | <.001 | −0.323(− 0.688 ~ 0.042) | 0.083 |
Model 1 | −0.278(− 0.643 ~ 0.086) | 0.134 | −0.232(− 0.571 ~ 0.107) | 0.179 | −0.826(− 1.168 ~ − 0.484) | <.001 | −0.229(− 0.591 ~ 0.132) | 0.213 |
Model 2 | −0.282(− 0.704 ~ 0.140) | 0.189 | −0.219(− 0.626 ~ 0.187) | 0.29 | −0.853(− 1.214 ~ − 0.491) | <.001 | −0.195(− 0.593 ~ 0.204) | 0.338 |
Abstraction | β (95% CI) | P Value | β (95% CI) | P Value | β (95% CI) | P Value | β (95% CI) | P Value |
Unadjusted Model | −0.087(−0.252 ~ 0.078) | 0.229 | −0.069(− 0.227 ~ 0.088) | 0.386 | − 0.131(− 0.287 ~ 0.025) | 0.101 | −0.184(− 0.351 ~ − 0.0177) | 0.031 |
Model 1 | −0.056(− 0.221 ~ 0.108) | 0.501 | −0.042(− 0.198 ~ 0.113) | 0.591 | −0.086(− 0.244 ~ 0.072) | 0.285 | −0.150-0.315 ~ 0.015 | 0.075 |
Model 2 | −0.015(− 0.207 ~ 0.178) | 0.881 | − 0.004(− 0.192 ~ 0.184) | 0.967 | −0.094(− 0.264 ~ 0.076) | 0.277 | −0.177(− 0.360 ~ 0.007) | 0.059 |
Orientation | β (95% CI) | P Value | β (95% CI) | P Value | β (95% CI) | P Value | β (95% CI) | P Value |
Unadjusted Model | −0.198(−0.430 ~ 0.033) | 0.093 | −0.241(− 0.482 ~ 0.000) | 0.05 | − 0.143(− 0.377 ~ 0.090) | 0.229 | −0.015(− 0.250 ~ 0.219) | 0.897 |
Model 1 | −0.184(− 0.421 ~ 0.053) | 0.128 | −0.224(− 0.468 ~ 0.019) | 0.071 | −0.088(− 0.331 ~ 0.156) | 0.48 | −0.008(− 0.243 ~ 0.227) | 0.946 |
Model 2 | 0.030(−0.238 ~ 0.298) | 0.826 | −0.012(− 0.298 ~ 0.273) | 0.932 | −0.033(− 0.291 ~ 0.224) | 0.8 | 0.021(− 0.234 ~ 0.276) | 0.873 |